The development and organization of women s football in Denmark

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1 The development and organization of women s football in Denmark Kasper Lund Kirkegaard, Ph.D., Cand. Scient. adm. Head of Research at The National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark; Michael Fester, Assistant researcher at The National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark. Women s football: Played, Watched, Talked about! FREE Conference University of Copenhagen, June 2013

2 This paper is a work in progress. Please do not quote without explicit written permission of the author. Authors: Kasper Lund Kirkegaard, Ph.D., Cand. Scient. adm. Head of Research at The National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark; Michael Fester, Assistant researcher at The National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark. Topic: Women s Football Players, Teams and Organisations Main research question: Is the success of women s football in Denmark a matter of coincidence or largescale strategic deployment? Study questions: Member development, gender and age distribution, geographical characteristics, teenage dropout, and new ideas and development projects in DBU (the Danish Football Federation) as an explanation of the above. 3-5 keywords for abstract: Statistical approach, learning organizations, the Nordic Model, trust, associations and volunteers. Methods and approach: 1) Figures, numbers, development, members, shares etc. 2) Methods and approach Three interviews with three significant people: Jørgen Hermansen - Former responsible for the women's national football team and league structure I DBU ( ), Lennart Weber - Soccer fan and responsible for the first main sponsor for the women's football team - a male workers union (SiD). He is pt. writing a book about the history of women's football in DK., Anders Johansen - responsible for the women s football elite strategy and the national team s strategy 3) Old newspapers and pictures from the very beginning Theoretical approach: Theory about the 'learning organizations' that seek to explain why some organizations continually expand their capacity and are able to change their world/marked into a state that they desire. Organizational theory about the construction of the Nordic Sports Model, theory about voluntary associations, civil society, theory dealing with concepts concerning Trust and Cohesion. The learning organizations have some ways of thinking that differs from others. The question is about collective aspiration and objectives, where the key player is DBU as a highly professionalized organization that seeks to persuade and encourage local voluntary sportclubs (associations) and people on every level to develop and learn to see new aspects and possibilities to realize the goals of DBU concerning women s football. One could argue that only those organizations that are able to adapt changes effectively will be able to change their surroundings/world/market. However, women s football is a relatively new phenomenon and the Danish Football Federation (DBU) is more or less the only supplier of this product. Therefore one could argue that the development of a new focus on women s football are linked to internal political organizational processes and not to marked forces that forces the organization to change perspective. In order to understand this, the question about DBU as a learning organization and bottom-up/top down implementation in this highly voluntary organization on the local scale is raised.

3 The criteria for the learning organization are that there must be two conditions present. The first is the ability to design the organization to match the intended or desired outcomes. The second is that the organization has to have the ability to analyze and recognize when the initial direction of the organization is different from the desired outcome, so the organization can follow the necessary steps to correct this mismatch. One could argue that organizations that can manage this are exemplary and could be linked to the idea of the learning organization. Sport participation in Denmark Denmark have had an increased share of active people over the last years We can see there is a growing number of Danes who grow regular exercise. Both children and elderly are very active in sports in DK compared to other countries. In Denmark there are around sport clubs overall These clubs have approx. 3.0 million members all in all The Sports Confederation of Denmark (DIF) organizes over local sports clubs (associations) Approx. 1.9 million members DIF has approx volunteers (coaches, instructors, leaders, helpers etc.) Share of the Danish population, who regularly participate in sport/exercise 100 % 89,3% 86,5% 80,7% 80 % 66,8% 67,3% 62,8% 64,1% 63,4% 64,9% 57,6% 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % 7-9 år år år år år år år år år 70 år Children are attending sport associations Children (7-15 yrs.) Share of the population Associations/clubs 86% Private/Commercial 9% Self-organized 20%

4 Adults (16+ yrs.) Share of the population Associations/clubs 41% Private 20% Self-organized 58% The Danish Football Association (DBU) Founded in 1896 only for male football players Organizes today both male and female football players Overall members in DBU Large growth in the early 70 s, however a stabilization in the 80 s onwards until a major growth over the past ten years.

5 Number of female members in DBU The women s football association became a part of the official DBU in 1972 Women's football accounts today for 46% of the increase in DBU over the last decade. Women's football has increased tremendously. Women's football is steadily increasing, and has more or less been since the beginning. Female-share of DBU's members 22% 21,8% 21% 20% 19% 18% 17,3% 18,1% 18,1% 18,7% 19,1% 19,6% 19,9% 20,3% 20,8% 17% 16% 15% 15,5%

6 Number of female football players - agegroups yrs yrs yrs yrs 60+ yrs Increase in the latest years for the 0-12 year old girls Small increases in the other age groups Age groups Number of members Ranking in DK 0-12 years years years years years Total Among women football is now the third largest associations sport in Denmark The overall largest sport in associations for girls in the age of 0-24 years Not yet a popular adult-women sport for women in the age of 25+ years The history can be divided in three general eras:

7 : The 'Femina period with one silver medal in the Euro Cup, and two unofficial world titles in : The official DBU era begins and takes form Onwards: DBU's new venture and strategy : The 'Femina period 1950: The first number of women is reported in the official member statistics (703 female out of ). Where did these girls play? 1959: The well-known female football club, Femina, Is formed by a male leader. Femina also constitutes the majority of players on the unofficial national football team that participates in the unofficial Euro Cup for women in Italy. The team won silver : Struggle for recognition and acknowledgment from The Danish Football Association (DBU) : The media shows only little interest for female football often with skepticism and doubts about the raison d être of female football. 1969: Danish Women s Football Union was founded an unofficial national football association with activities mainly in East Denmark (Copenhagen County). 1969: In Copenhagen County a regional league is formed in the women s own association. 8 teams participate. 1970: The team of Femina participates as Denmark s unofficial team in the unofficial World Cup in Italy - and wins : The official DBU era begins : After the victory and gold rush in Italy we see a remarkable shift in the medias attitude. This results in both internal and external political pressure and discussions in DBU whether they should organize football for women : Femina are invited to join several international tournaments : The number of women in DBU rises from to in only one year : DBU allows women to join DBU. DBU sets up a central committee who is meant to organizes and arrange the official national league and tournament. Only men are represented in this committee for many years : Officially DBU supports the female players, but their activities are largely financed by the male national football team. 1991: Demark hosts the first official UEFA Women's Cup. 18 countries participates in the qualification round onwards: DBU's new venture and strategy

8 2004: The male workers union SiD becomes main sponsor of the women s national team. 2013: The women s national team of football participates in the UEFA Women's Euro Cup in Sweden the Danish men are not qualifying to Brazil in Main research question: Is the success of women s football in Denmark a matter of coincidence or large-scale strategic deployment? Well for us it is still too early to answer the question. But for sure the answer is for sure double-edged! At the one hand - membership statistics show great development in the last decades. At the other hand - interviews show internal disagreement in DBU about the status of women s football especially in the early years between , but also hereafter. The history of women s football in Denmark Main research question: Is the success of women s football in Denmark a matter of coincidence or largescale strategic deployment? Well - the answer is double-edged! At the one hand - membership statistics shows great development in the last decades. At the other hand - interviews with the staff at DBU, show internal disagreement in DBU and reveals that women's football had some rather difficult conditions in the first many years. Newspaper monitoring from the 1960 and onwards shows massive support to the women s football team (but also reveals some different some other approaches to the football players. Many different examples illustrate the ambivalent attitude towards women's football in DBU over the years. The interviews reveals that women had some rather difficult conditions, fighting with the male dominated culture, male dominates journalism, prejudice from political leaders in football. There are many different examples that illustrate the ambivalent attitude towards women's football both in DBU and in over the years. However the newspaper monitoring from 1959 and onwards generally shows a massive support to the women s football team (but also some different stereotyped sexist approaches to the female players).

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