The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies

Transcription

1 The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies

2 Also by Helen Jefferson Lenskyj OLYMPIC INDUSTRY RESISTANCE: Challenging Olympic Power and Propaganda A LOT TO LEARN: Girls, Women and Education in the 20th Century OUT ON THE FIELD: Gender, Sport and Sexualities THE BEST EVER OLYMPICS: Social Impacts of Sydney 2000 INSIDE THE OLYMPIC INDUSTRY: Power, Politics and Activism WOMEN, SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: Selected Research Themes WOMEN, SPORT AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: Research and Bibliography OUT OF BOUNDS: Women, Sport and Sexuality Also by Stephen Wagg THE NEW POLITICS OF LEISURE AND PLEASURE (co-edited) THE SOCIAL FACES OF HUMOUR (co-edited) BECAUSE I TELL A JOKE OR TWO: Comedy, Politics and Social Difference (edited) BRITISH FOOTBALL AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION (edited) CRICKET AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE POST- COLONIAL ERA: Following On (edited ) EAST PLAYS WEST: Essays on Sport and the Cold War (co-edited ) AMATEURISM IN BRITISH SPORT: It Matters Not Who Won or Lost? (co-edited ) KEY CONCEPTS IN SPORT STUDIES (co-authored ) SPORT, LEISURE AND CULTURE IN THE POSTMODERN CITY (co-edited ) SPORTING HEROES OF THE NORTH (co-edited ) MYTHS AND MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF SPORT (edited)

3 The Palgrave Handbook of Olympic Studies Edited by Helen Jefferson Lenskyj University of Toronto, Canada and Stephen Wagg Leeds Metropolitan University, UK

4 Selection and editorial matter Helen Jefferson Lenskyj and Stephen Wagg 2012 Individual chapters their respective authors 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

5 Contents The Writers ix Introduction 1 Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, University of Toronto, Canada and Stephen Wagg, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK Part I The Modern Olympics: Pre-history 1 The Ancient Olympics and the Modern: Mirror and Mirage 15 Mark Golden, University of Winnipeg, Canada 2 Pierre de Coubertin: Man and Myth 26 Dikaia Chatziefstathiou, Canterbury Christ Church University, UK Part II The Olympics: Case Studies 3 The 1904 Olympic Games: Triumph or Nadir? 43 David Lunt, Southern Utah University, and Mark Dyreson, Pennsylvania State University, USA 4 The Nazi Olympics: Berlin David Clay Large, Montana State University, USA 5 The Early Cold War Olympics, : Political, Economic and Human Rights Dimensions 72 Barbara Keys, University of Melbourne, Australia 6 The Winter Olympics: Geography Is Destiny? 88 Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, University of Toronto, Canada 7 Olympic Tales from the East: Tokyo 1964, Seoul 1988 and Beijing John Horne, University of Central Lancashire, UK and Wolfram Manzenreiter, University of Vienna, Austria 8 The XXI Olympiad: Canada s Claim or Montreal s Gain?: Political and Social Tensions Surrounding the 1976 Montreal Olympics 120 Terrence Teixeira, Independent Scholar, Canada v

6 vi Contents 9 A Gold Medal for the Market: The 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, the Reagan Era, and the Politics of Neoliberalism 134 Rick Gruneau and Robert Neubauer, Simon Fraser University, Canada 10 A Source of Crisis?: Assessing Athens John Karamichas, Queen s University, Belfast 11 Bringing the Mountains into the City: Legacy of the Winter Olympics, Turin Egidio Dansero and Alfredo Mela, University of Turin, Italy 12 The Social and Spatial Impacts of Olympic Image Construction: The Case of Beijing Anne- Marie Broudehoux, University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada 13 Living Lula s Passion?: The Politics of Rio Bryan C. Clift, University of Maryland, USA and David L. Andrews, University of Maryland, USA Part III The Olympics: Disciplines 14 The Making and Unmaking? of the Olympic Corporate Class 233 Alan Tomlinson, Brighton University, UK 15 The Economics and Marketing of the Olympic Games from Bid Phase to Aftermath 248 Christopher A. Shaw, University of British Columbia, Canada 16 The Rings and the Box: Television Spectacle and the Olympics 261 Garry Whannel, University of Bedfordshire, UK 17 The Olympic Movement s New Media Revolution: Monetisation, Open Media and Intellectual Property 274 Andy Miah and Jennifer Jones, University of the West of Scotland 18 Myth, Heritage and the Olympic Enterprise 289 Toby C. Rider, Pennsylvania State University, Berks, and Kevin B. Wamsley, University of Western Ontario, Canada 19 The Olympics, the Law and the Contradictions of Olympism 304 Steve Greenfield, University of Westminster, Mark James, University of Salford, and Guy Osborn, University of Westminster, UK Part IV The Olympics: Social and Political Issues 20 Tilting at Windmills? Olympic Politics and the Spectre of Amateurism 321 Stephen Wagg, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK

7 Contents vii 21 Celebrate Humanity: Cultural Citizenship and the Global Branding of Multiculturalism 337 Michael D. Giardina, Florida State University, Jennifer L. Metz, Towson University, and Kyle S. Bunds, Florida State University, USA 22 The Paralympic Movement: Empowerment or Disempowerment for People with Disabilities? 358 Otto J. Schantz, University of Koblenz- Landau, Germany, and Keith Gilbert, University of East London, UK 23 The Olympics and the Environment 381 John Karamichas, Queen s University, Belfast 24 Securing the Olympic Games: Exemplifications of Global Governance 394 Philip Boyle, Newcastle University, UK 25 The Use of Performance- enhancing Substances in the Olympic Games: A Critical History 410 Ian Ritchie, Brock University, Canada 26 The Olympic Industry and Women: An Alternative Perspective 430 Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, University of Toronto, Canada 27 Disciplining Sex: Gender Verification Policies and Women s Sport 443 Jaime Schultz, University of Maryland, USA 28 The Love That Dare Not Speak Its Name: Corruption and the Olympics 461 Andrew Jennings, Freelance Writer, UK 29 There Will Be No Law That Will Come Against Us : An Important Episode of Indigenous Resistance and Activism in Olympic History 474 Christine M. O Bonsawin, University of Victoria, Canada 30 The Olympics and Indigenous Peoples: Australia 487 Toni Bruce, University of Waikato, and Emma Wensing, Independent Scholar, Australia 31 The Olympics: East London s Renewal and Legacy 505 Gavin Poynter, University of East London, UK 32 The Olympic Games and Housing 520 Hazel Blunden, University of Western Sydney 33 Anti-Olympic Campaigns 533 Konstantinos Zervas, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK

8 viii Contents Part V The Olympics: For and Against 34 The Olympics: Why We Should Value Them 551 Ian Henry, Loughborough University, UK 35 The Case Against the Olympic Games: The Buck Stops with the IOC 570 Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, University of Toronto, Canada Index 580

9 The Writers Helen Jefferson Lenskyj is a Professor Emerita at the University of Toronto, Canada, where she had worked since A leading academic researcher on the Olympics, she has authored three books on the Games, the most recent of which is Olympic Industry Resistance: Challenging Olympic Power and Propaganda (SUNY, 2008). Her other critiques of the Olympic industry include: The Best Olympics Ever? Social Impacts of Sydney 2000 (2002); and Inside the Olympic Industry: Power, Politics, and Activism (2000). Stephen Wagg is a Professor in the Carnegie Faculty of Leeds Metropolitan University in the UK. He has edited a number of books on sport and society, including East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War (Routledge, 2006, with David Andrews) and Myths and Milestones in the History of Sport (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). Mark Golden is Professor of Classics at the University of Winnipeg in Canada, where he has worked since He is the author of Sport and Society in Ancient Greece (Cambridge University Press, 1998), Sport in the Ancient World from A to Z (Routledge, 2003) and Greek Sport and Social Status (University of Texas Press, 2008). Dikaia Chatziefstathiou is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology of Sport and Leisure at Canterbury Christ Church University in the UK. In 2009 she was awarded the first Pierre de Coubertin Prize for Olympic Research. David Lunt completed his PhD on Athletes, Heroes, and the Quest for Immortality in Ancient Greece at Pennsylvania State University in the United States in He now works as an Adjunct Instructor teaching History and Classics at Southern Utah University in the USA. Mark Dyreson is Professor of Kinesiology at Pennsylvania State University. He is the author of Making the American Team: Sport, Culture and the Olympic Experience (University of Illinois Press, 1998) and Crafting Patriotism: America at the Olympic Games (Routledge, 2008). David Clay Large is Professor of History at Montana State University in the United States and the author of Berlin (2000) and Where Ghosts Walked: Munich s Road to the Third Reich (1997). His book Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 was published by W.W. Norton in Barbara Keys is a Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Melbourne in Australia. Her book Globalizing Sport: National Rivalry and International Community in the 1930s was published by Harvard University Press in ix

10 x The Writers John Horne is Professor of Sport and Sociology and Director of the International Research Institute for Sport Studies (IRiSS), School of Sport, Tourism and the Outdoors, University of Central Lancashire in the UK. His books include Understanding the Olympics, with Garry Whannel (Routledge, 2002), Sports Megaevents: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global Phenomenon (Blackwell, 2006), Football Goes East: Business, Culture and the People s Game in China, Japan and Korea, edited with Wolfram Manzenreiter (Routledge, 2004) and Japan, Korea and the 2002 World Cup (Routledge, 2002), edited with Wolfram Manzenreiter. Wolfram Manzenreiter is Associate Professor at the Department of East Asian Studies, University of Vienna. He has published extensively on sport in East Asia. His most recent books explore the role of football in the governance of Europe (2008) and the political economy of sports and the body in Japan (2012). Terrence Teixeira is an independent scholar, based in Toronto, Canada. Rick Gruneau is a Professor in the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, Canada. A second edition of his book Class, Sports and Social Development was published by Human Kinetics Press in He is co-author (with David Whitson) of Hockey Night in Canada: Sport, Identities and Cultural Politics (1993), co-author (with Robert Hackett) of The Missing News: Filters and Blind Spots in Canada s Press (2000), and co-editor (with David Whitson) of Artificial Ice: Hockey, Commerce and Culture (2006). Robert Neubauer is a doctoral student in Communication at Simon Fraser University. John Karamichas is a lecturer in Sociology at Queen s University, Belfast in Northern Ireland. His books include Olympic Games, Mega- events and Civil Societies: Globalisation, Environment and Resistance (with Graeme Hayes, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), and Environmental Sociology (with Iosif Botetzagias, in Greek: Kritiki, 2008). Egidio Dansero is Professor of Political and Economic Geography at the University of Turin and member of OMERO (Olympics and Mega Events Research Observatory) at the University of Turin in Italy. Alfredo Mela is Professor of Urban Sociology at the Polytechnic of Turin and member of OMERO (Olympics and Mega Events Research Observatory) at the University of Turin. Anne-Marie Broudehoux is an Associate Professor in the School of Design at the University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada. Her book, The Making and Selling of Post- Mao Beijing, was published by Routledge in Bryan C. Clift is a doctoral student in the Physical Cultural Studies program in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Maryland in the United States.

11 The Writers xi David L. Andrews is a Professor in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Maryland. He has written widely on sport under late capitalism. Alan Tomlinson is Professor of Leisure Studies and Director of Research in the Centre for Sport Research, Chelsea School, University of Brighton, UK. His recent publications include National Identity and Global Sports Events: Culture, Politics and Spectacle in the Olympics and the Football World Cup, edited with Christopher Young (State University of New York Press, 2006) and Watching the Olympics: Politics, Power and Representation, edited with John Sugden (Routledge, 2011). Christopher A. Shaw is a Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the University of British Columbia in Canada. He is a leading anti-olympic activist, having been a founding member and leading spokesperson for the No Games 2010 Coalition and 2010 Watch. He is the author of Five Ring Circus: Myths and Realities of the Olympic Games (New Society, 2008). Garry Whannel is Professor of Media Cultures at the University of Bedfordshire in the UK. His books include Fields in Vision: Television Sport and Cultural Transformation (1992), Media Sport Stars, Masculinities, and Moralities (2002), and Culture, Politics and Sport (2008), all published by Routledge, and, with John Horne, Understanding the Olympics (2011). Andy Miah is Professor of Ethics and Emerging Technologies and Director of the Creative Futures Research Centre at the University of the West of Scotland. He is author of Genetically Modified Athletes (2004), The Medicalization of Cyberspace (2008) and Editor of Human Futures: Art in an Age of Uncertainty (2008). Jennifer Jones is a PhD associate at the Creative Futures Research Centre at the University of the West of Scotland. Toby C. Rider is Assistant Professor in Kinesiology at Pennsylvania State University, Berks, USA. Kevin B. Wamsley is Professor and Associate Dean in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Western Ontario. He is former Director of the International Centre for Olympic Studies and co-edited Global Olympics: Historical and Sociological Studies of the Modern Games. Steve Greenfield is a Senior Academic in the Department of Academic Legal Studies at the University of Westminster in the UK. He is co- editor of Law and Sport in Contemporary Society (Routledge, 2000), co- author of Regulating Football (Pluto, 2001) and a Founding Editor of the Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. Mark James is Reader in Law and Director of the Salford Centre of Legal Research at the University of Salford in the UK. He is the author of Sports Law (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) and an Editor of the Entertainment and Sports Law Journal.

12 xii The Writers Guy Osborn is Professor of Law in the Department of Advanced Legal Studies at the University of Westminster in the UK. He is co- editor of Law and Sport in Contemporary Society (Routledge, 2000), co- author of Regulating Football (Pluto, 2001) and a Founding Editor of the Entertainment and Sports Law Journal. Michael D. Giardina is Assistant Professor of Sport Management at Florida State University. He is the author or editor of a dozen books, including Sport, Spectacle, and NASCAR Nation: Consumption and the Cultural Politics of Neoliberalism (with Joshua I. Newman; Palgrave Macmillan, 2011). Jennifer L. Metz is an Assistant Professor of Sport Management at Towson University. Her research interests include gender, motherhood and advertising in sport. Kyle S. Bunds is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sport Management at Florida State University. Keith Gilbert is a Professor in the School of Health, Sport and Bioscience at the University of East London in the UK and Director of the Centre for Disability, Sport and Health. He has edited several books, including Paralympic Legacies, with David Legg (Commonground Publishing, 2011). Otto J. Schantz is a Professor of Cultural Studies and the Head of the Department of Sport Science at the University of Koblenz- Landau in Germany. With Keith Gilbert he edited The Paralympic Games: Empowerment or Side Show? (Meyer and Meyer, 2008). Philip Boyle holds a PhD in Sociology from the University of Alberta and is currently a Research Associate with the Global Urban Research Unit at Newcastle University, UK. Ian Ritchie is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences at Brock University in Canada. With Rob Beamish he is the author of Fastest, Highest, Strongest: A Critique of High- Performance Sport (Routledge, 2006). Jaime Schultz is an Assistant Professor in Kinesiology at Pennsylvania State University in the USA and is the author of From Sex Testing to Sports Bras: Gender, Technology and US Women s Sport (University of Illinois Press, forthcoming). Andrew Jennings is a freelance writer and investigative reporter, based in the UK. His book The Lords of the Rings: Power, Money and Drugs in the Modern Olympics (with Vyv Simson; Simon and Schuster, 1992) was listed by Sports Illustrated as one of the Top One Hundred Sports Books of all Time. His other books include The New Lords of the Rings (Pocket Books, 1996) and The Great Olympic Swindle (with Clare Sambrook; Simon and Schuster, 2000).

13 The Writers xiii Christine M. O Bonsawin is an Assistant Professor in the Department of History at the University of Victoria, Canada, where she teaches the History of the Modern Olympic Games and an Introduction to Indigenous Studies. Toni Bruce is a professor at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. Emma Wensing is an independent scholar, based in Australia. Gavin Poynter is a Professor in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of East London in the UK and Chair of the London East Research Institute. With Iain MacRury, he edited Olympic Cities and the Reshaping of London (Ashgate, 2009). Hazel Blunden has written and campaigned on a number of housing issues. She works as a researcher and tutor at the Urban Research Centre at the University of Western Sydney in Sydney, Australia. Konstantinos Zervas carried out doctoral research on anti- Olympic movements in the Carnegie Faculty at Leeds Metropolitan University between 2008 and Ian Henry is Professor of Leisure Policy and Management and Director of the Centre for Olympic Studies and Research at Loughborough University in the UK.