Korea s Education Reform. Ju Ho Lee, KDI School

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1 Korea s Education Reform Ju Ho Lee, KDI School

2 Table of Contents I. Virtuous Circle II. Number One in Human Capital? III. Education Bubbles IV. Education reform V. Powerhouse of Global Talents

3 Socio-Economic Development of Korea Korean wave Industrialization Korean War Ⅰ. Virtuous Circle 3

4 Trend of Income Levels in US, Taiwan, Korea, Brazil, and Argentina Source: Made by Keun Lee (forthcoming) using data from Penn World Table 7.0 Ⅰ. Virtuous Circle

5 Ⅰ. Virtuous Circle

6 Ⅰ. Virtuous Circle

7 Average years of schooling (15-64 old) in Korea, Japan, USA, and China K Korea J Japan USA15-64 China source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, , NBER WP ( retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

8 Average years of schooling (15-34 old) in Korea, Japan, USA, and China Korea15-34 Japan15-34 USA15-34 China source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, , NBER WP ( retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

9 New Zealand Korea Taiwan Japan Hong Kong USA Sri Lanka Australia Iceland Greece Canada Malta Malaysia Cyprus France Czech Ireland Chile Cuba Sweden Slovenia Hungary Average years of schooling by countries pop mil source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, , NBER WP ( retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

10 Average Years of Schooling(15-64old, different years) Korea Japan Japan USA USA China China New Zealalnd source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, , NBER WP ( retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

11 Distribution of Educational Attainment of the population(15-64) 100% Korea 100% Japan 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 20% Tertiary Secondary Primary No schooling 40% 20% Tertiary Secondary Primary No schooling 0% % % USA 100% China 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 20% Tertiary Secondary Primary No schooling 40% 20% Tertiary Secondary Primary No schooling 0% % source: Barro, R. & Lee, J. (2010). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, , NBER WP ( retrieved) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

12 PISA PISA 2009 Digital Reading Assessment (1) Mean score Digital Reading Scale Range of rank OECD countries All countries/economies S.E. Upper Rank Lower Rank Upper Rank Lower Rank Korea 568 (3.0) New Zealand 537 (2.3) Australia 537 (2.8) Japan 519 (2.4) Hong Kong-China 515 (2.6) 4 7 Iceland 512 (1.4) Sweden 510 (3.3) Ireland 509 (2.8) Belgium 507 (2.1) Norway 500 (2.8) France 494 (5.2) Macao-China 492 (0.7) Denmark 489 (2.6) Spain 475 (3.8) Hungary 468 (4.2) Poland 464 (3.1) Austria 459 (3.9) Chile 435 (3.6) Colombia 368 (3.4) Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

13 Korea Japan Australia Hong Kong-China New Zealand Macao-China Ireland Iceland Sweden Norway Belgium Denmark France OECD average - 16 Spain Poland Hungary Austria Chile Colombia Percentage of students PISA 2009 Digital Reading Assessment (2): by Levels Level 5 or above Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Below Level Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

14 Number of Researchers, 2010 or Latest Available Year Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

15 United States Germany United Japan France Italy Korea Spain Canada Portugal Australia Poland Sweden Switzerland Czech Netherlands Turkey Finland Austria Mexico Belgium Ireland Slovak Greece Norway Denmark Hungary New Zealand New Graduates at Doctorate level by country of graduation, 2007 % All fields of study Science and engineering Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

16 x Outbound mobile students (students from a given country studying abroad) China India Korea USA Japan source: UNESCO I S Ⅱ. Number One in Human Capitals?

17 Education Bubbles Education Bubbles Academic Inflation Test-oriented Education & Rote Memorization 83.8% Heavy Burden of Educational Cost (Private Tutoring, College Tuition fees) Ⅲ. Education Bubbles 17

18 Ⅲ. Education Bubbles

19 Education Reform 1. Decreasing Advancement Rates to Colleges Success Strategies of Meister High Schools 1 Vision for a professional technician 2 Win-Win Partnerships with Business 3 Education tailored to Industrial Needs 4 Consistent full-scale government support Ⅳ. Education Reform

20 Ⅳ. Education Reform

21 Education Reform 2. From Test-Oriented Education to Creativity and Character Education Introduce Admission Officer system Diversify high schools Autonomous private high schools Boarding high schools Autonomous public high schools Revitalize character education in addressing school violence issues ⅣEducation Reform

22 Ⅳ. Education Reform

23 Education Reform 3. Alleviating the Burden of Private Tutoring and College Tuition Reduce the burden of Private Tutoring 1 Expand After-School Program 2 Regulate through price ceiling and limited hours of latenight private instruction 3 EBS provides quality CSAT courses 4 Encourage local communities and industries for active educational donation 5 Pulling students out of underachievement based on nation-wide assessment of all student 6 Hire principals through open competition 7 Evaluate teachers by students, parents, and colleagues Ⅳ. Education Reform

24 Ⅳ. Education Reform

25 Ⅳ. Education Reform

26 5.00 (%) Educational Investment per GDP 교육예산 Government Tuition 등록금 ( 초중고대 Payment ) 사교육비 Private ( 초중고 Tutoring ) Budget by Household

27 Educational Investment Per Student 5 (million 백만원, 실질 won, real) Government Budget Tuition Payment 교육예산 ( 유초중고대 ) 등록금 ( 초중고대 ) 사교육비 ( 초중고 ) by Household Private Tutoring

28 Education Reform 4. Strengthening the Competitiveness of Universities Establish Data-based framework for restructuring universities Indicators on employment rates of graduates, faculty-student ratios, student scholarships,. are collected and disclosed for every university University Restructuring Committee(URC) announce annual list of universities subject to limited financial support or limited subsidies for student loans, or even to be closed down World Class University (WCU) initiatives Invite 340 foreign scholars to 30 domestic universities Governance Reforms for national universities Corporatize SNU Abolish direct election system of university president Ⅳ. Positive Changes

29 Trend in Proportion of University Evaluation (SJTU 500) Total Points by Countries 7.0% 6.0% 6.0% 5.7% 5.5% 5.4% 5.3% 5.2% 5.0% 4.0% 4.5% 4.2% 4.0% Japan China 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 1.2% 1.0% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 1.5% 1.4% Korea Taiwan Hong Kong Singapore 0.0% Ⅳ. Education Reform

30 Trend in Proportion of University Evaluation (QS 200) Total Points by Countries 6.0% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% 5.1% 5.3% 5.5% 4.9% 4.9% 4.5% 3.4% 2.0% 2.3% 2.4% 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.4% 1.0% 5.4% 5.0% 2.9% Japan China Korea Hong Kong Singapore Taiwan Ⅳ. Education Reform

31 Share of Papers and Citations by Countries share of citations(%) Korea Japan China OECD countries(2011) share of papers(%)

32 Academic Ranking of World Universities (2013) by Shanghai Jiaotong Univ. Alumni: Alumni of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals (10%) Award: Staff of an institution winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals (20%) HiCi: Highly cited researchers in 21 broad subject categories (20%) N&S: Papers published in Nature and Science* (20%) PUB: Papers indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded and Social Science Citation Index (20%) PCP: Per capita academic performance of an institution (10%)

33 World University Rankings ( ) by Times Higher Education(THE) Teaching: the learning environment (30%) Research: volume, income and reputation (30%) Citations: research influence (30%) Industry income: innovation (2.5%) International outlook: staff, students and research (7.5%).

34 Education Reform 5. Fostering Creative Science and Technology Convergence Increase Government investment in R&D From $ 10 billion (2008) to $ 16 billion (2015) STEAM(Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Math) Education Double government support for research of university professors From 16% (2008) to 32% (2003) International Science Business Belt Institute of Basic Science Heavy-ion Accelerator Ⅳ. Education Reform

35 Powerhouse of Global Talents Rejuvenate the Virtuous Circle Globalize universities and Research Institutions Embrace Cultural Diversity in Schools Foster international cooperation in education, science and technology Ⅴ. Powerhouse of Global Talents

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