Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes. Part I: The Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project. Medicine and Sport. Vol. 16.

Transcription

1 Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes Part I: The Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project Medicine and Sport Vol. 16 Series Editor E. Jokl, Lexington, Ky. Assistant Editor M. Hebbelinck, Brussels S. Karger Basel München Paris London New York Sydney Physical Structure of Olympic Athletes Parti The Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project Volume Editor j. E. L. Carter, San Diego, Calif. 70 figures and 45 tables, 1982 S. Karger Basel München Paris London New York Sydney Medicine and Sport Vol. 14: Women and Sport An Historical, Biological, Physiological and Sportsmedical Approach Editors: J. Borms, M. Hebbelinck (Brussels), A. Verierando (Rome) XIV p., 56 fig., 45 tab., ISBN X Vol. 15: The Female Athlete

2 A Socio-Psychological and Kinanthropometric Approach Editors: J. Borms, M. Hebbelinck (Brussels), A. Venerando (Rome) XIV p., 44 fig., 46 tab., ISBN X National Library of Medicine, Cataloging in Publication Physical structure of Olympic athletes volume editor, J.E.L. Carter. - Basel; New York: Karger, 1982 (Medicine and sport; v. 16) Contents: pt. 1. The Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project. 1. Anthropometry 2. Genetics, Medical 3. Sports Medicine I, Carter, J.E, Lindsay II. Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project III. Series Wl ME649P v. 16 [QT 260 P579] ISBN Drug Dosage The author and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 1982 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland) Printed in Switzerland by Buchdruckerei G. Krebs AG, Basel ISBN

3 Contents Acknowledgements VII Preface IX 1. Introduction Carter, J.E.L. (San Diego, Calif.) 1 2. Organization of the Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project Lariviere, G. (Montreal) 5 3. Age, Family Size and Birth Order in Montreal Olympic Athletes Malina, R.M. (Austin, Tex.); Bouchard, C. (Quebec); Shoup, R.F. (Austin, Tex.); Lariviere, G. (Montreal) Anthropometry of Montreal Olympic Athletes Carter, J.E.L. (San Diego, Calif.); Ross, W.D. (Burnaby); Aubry, S.P. (San Diego, Calif.); Hebbelinck, M.; Borms, J. (Brussels) Somatotypes of Montreal Olympic Athletes Carter, J.E.L.; Aubry, S.P.; Sleet, D.A. (San Diego, Calif.) Proportionality of Montreal Athletes Ross, W.D.; Ward, R.; Leahy, R.M. (Burnaby); Day, J.A.P. (Lethbridge) Body Compositon of Montreal Olympic Athletes Carter, J.E.L. (San Diego, Calif.) Growth and Maturity Status of Montreal Olympic Athletes Less than 18 Years of Age Malina, R.M. (Austin, Tex.); Bouchard, C. (Quebec); Shoup, R.F. (Austin, Tex.); Demirjian, A.; Lariviere, G. (Montreal) Exploratory Factor Analysis of Anthropometric Measurements of Montreal Olympic Athletes King, H.A.; Carter, J.E.L. (San Diego, Calif.) Summary and Applications Carter, J.E.L.; Sleet, D.A.; Climie, J.F. (San Diego, Calif.) 138 Appendix A: Anthropometric Instruments and Measurements Used in the Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project 150 Appendix B: Data Recording Forms 156 Appendix C: Data for Male and Female Athletes 158 Appendix D: Photographs of Athletes 167 Subject Index 178 Acknowledgements The data assembled in this book were compiled by investigators in the Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project. Basic funding was provided through the Université de Montréal from the Government of Quebec

4 (Haut-Commissariat à la Jeunesse, aux Loisirs et aux Sports) and with substantial support from the following sources: Vrije Universiteit Brussel; National Fund for Scientific Research (NFWO) Belgium; Université Laval; San Diego State University Foundation; Simon Fraser University: President s Research Grant and Operational grant for kinanthropometric research NRC (A9402); Speedo International, Montreal; The University of Texas at Austin; and University of Western Ontario. The directors of the project are indebted to the members of the research teams whose dedication ensured the success of the project. We owe special thanks to the Canadian Olympic Committee, and to the general director of the Olympic Village, Mr. Yvan Dubois, the assistant general director, Mr. Laurent Bélanger, and the program dirctor, Mr. Julien Forcier. Furthermore, this study would not have been possible without the cooperation of the athletes, coaches, physicians and managers of the teams. The editor is most grateful to his colleagues Stephen P. Aubry, Joanne F. Climie and David A. Sleet for their assistance in the preparation of this book. Preface The focus of this book is to provide a record of the procedures and findings of the Montreal Olympic Games Anthropological Project (MOGAP). An international group of scientists planned and implemented MOGAP under the able direction of Dr. Georges Lariviere of the Université de Montréal, with the financial assistance of the Government of Quebec and cooperating institutions. The investigators measured the physical and other related characteristics of athletes in selected sports who were at the summer Olympic Games in Montreal during July of Thus, the tradition of obtaining physical measurements on athletes at the Olympic Games that began in 1928 and was continued in 1948, 1960, 1968, and 1972, was perpetuated in A partial measure of success of the project is that the number of athletes measured was the second largest after the study in Mexico City, As a result of MOGAP several new approaches were possible. The most notable of these are the maturity status, proportionality, and body composition assessment of the athletes, as well as application of exploratory factor analysis to the male and female data. Several separate papers have been presented and published by some of the investigators involved in MOGAP, but the need was apparent for a more comprehensive collation of the various parts of the project in book form. The authors were invited to contribute chapters in their areas of expertise, and to choose their co-authors. Each chapter is an independent contribution which stands on its own merits with a minimal amount of crossreference

5 to other chapters. The authors were free to use their own selection of variables and sport or event groups, as well as their own types of analyses. There were some differences in the number of athletes for whom maturity Preface X status or family information was available but who were not included in the anthropometry. Therefore, the results must be read within the context of the chapter where any discrepancies exist. An attempt has been made to ensure as much consistency as possible among chapters. The emphasis of this book is on presentation of the scientific findings from MOGAP. It is therefore directed primarily at the sports scientist. However, if the athlete, coach or physical educator select carefully as they read through the chapters, they will find a wealth of information related to their particular interests. In addition to the tables and analyses, a listing of data for 30 measurements by subject and sport is included in an Appendix so that others may do their own analyses. Furthermore, these data were the bases for the analyses in chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9, and to a certain extent, chapters 3 and 8 as well. Little attempt has been made to make specific applications or interpretations of the findings to different sports and events. Although these aspects are most important they deserve a book of their own. It is beyond the scope of this book to suggest all the ways in which these findings may be used in sport or physical education, and to attempt to do justice to such complex matters is neither possible in the space allotted, nor practical. To do so would presume expertise by the authors in some 20 sports and 110 events. The best applications of the findings should be made by coaches and others in each sport working with scientists who understand both the sport and the measurements In spite of the considerable amount of data presented, many more analyses are possible. Furthermore, the integration of data and findings from MOGAP with those of other studies on Olympic athletes should be attempted. It is the intention of the publisher to plan another book which will accomplish this objective. San Diego, September 1981 Lindsay Carter +