Potomac River Water Quality: Current Status & Trends

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1 Potomac River Water Quality: Current Status & Trends Tom Parham Maryland Department of Natural Resources November 13 th, 2014

2 Presentation Overview 2014 Chesapeake Bay Dissolved Oxygen Conditions Historic Potomac Algal levels 2014 Potomac River Microcystis blooms

3 2014 Chesapeake Bay Dissolved Oxygen Forecast Dead Zones Areas with very low oxygen levels (less than 2mg/l) that are unsuitable for fish, crabs, oysters and other Bay organisms to survive. NOAA, USGS and University of Maryland predicted larger than average dead zone due to higher than average spring flows and Nitrogen loading

4 Chesapeake Bay Dead Zone Trends Spring/early summer dead zones were largely due to increased stratification: warmer, fresher water floating in top of cooler, saltier water. This has led to earlier, more pronounced dead zone formation caused by regional climatic factors. Analysis indicates a reduction in the late summer dead zones related to nutrient reductions that have been documented entering Chesapeake Bay at the river monitoring sites.

5 2014 Chesapeake Bay Dissolved Oxygen Conditions

6

7 2014 Chesapeake Bay Dead zone Results Chesapeake Bay Dead zone was about average in Areas of low dissolved oxygen (<2mg/l) volume ranged from 1.32 to 0.33 cubic miles. In July, Hurricane Arthur mixed and oxygenated Bay waters greatly reducing low dissolved oxygen areas during July

8 Volume x 10E06 (cubic meters) Lower Potomac River hypoxic volume 3000 Total summer volume below 2 mg/l for the lower Potomac River Year

9 Chesapeake Bay Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorophyll a Trends

10 chlorophyll a (ug/l) Historic Potomac River algal levels Phytoplankton biomass middle Potomac TF2.1 S TF2.3 S TF2.4 S

11 Tidal Water Quality Monitoring (MD) Long-term on-going monthly monitoring since 1985

12 Fail Meet Algal Density

13 Nitrogen N Load Blue Plains Loads data: N levels in tidal waters

14 Nitrogen data

15 Phosphorus P Load Blue Plains Loads data: P levels in tidal waters

16 data Phosphorus

17 Cells/milliter Potomac River Bluegreen Algae conditions 70,000 60,000 Microcystis Blue-greens 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 Year Figure 2. Historical time series ( ) for summer mean concentration of Blue-greens (filaments, colony counts plus cells/ml of Microcystis and variable Microcystis (cells/ml.) Indianhead Station. (Summer= July, August and September)

18 Liverpool Point Microcystis bloom Occurred during September 2014 Located south of Mallows Bay High Microcystis aeruginosa cell count (50 million) Charles County Health Dept issued a water advisory Bay Journal

19 Summary Dissolved Oxygen Chesapeake Bay Dead Zone average size in 2014 Lower Potomac River bottom dissolved oxygen conditions mirror nearby Bay mainstem Nutrients Improving nutrient trends in non-tidal portion of Potomac River Improving nitrogen/phosphorus conditions in upper and middle tidal areas improving throughout the river Algae Increasing chlorophyll a concentrations in Piscataway area since 2010 Large Microcystis bloom near Mallows Bay in September

20 For More Information

21 END

22 Summary: Nutrient and Sediments Nitrogen improving throughout the river levels still too high in most areas, but have dropped ~30% since 1999 Phosphorus improving in the upper and middle river levels still too high in the middle river, but have dropped ~30% since 1999 Total Suspended Sediments getting worse in the middle river, between 20-50% higher since 1999 levels borderline or too high in many areas

23 Summary Summer Bottom Dissolved Oxygen Lower river levels are dangerously low all summer Low dissolved oxygen generally in bottom waters but surface waters can also have low DO Light availability for underwater grasses Poor in upper and middle river, some locations are getting worse Poor in shallow waters Algal densities (Chlorophyll a levels) Meet underwater grass habitat levels in most of middle and lower mainstem of river but not in shallower waters But middle river is getting worse

24 Scale of bloom (% samples with blooms)- green bars Average bloom cell density (cells ml *1000) Historic Potomac River algal levels

25 Historic Potomac River algal levels Little Falls discharge spring flow summer flow 140, , ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20, ,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0

26 TN (mg/l) Major Declines in Nitrogen TN middle Potomac 5 TF2.1 S TF2.3 S TF2.4 S

27 TP (mg/l) Slight decline in Phosphorus Phosphorus middle Potomac TF2.1 S TF2.3 S TF2.4 S

28 TN:TP Upper Potomac System is P limited Nutrients above Redfield Ratio TF2.1 S TF2.3 S TF2.4 S :1

29 DIN (mg/l) DIN declines, still above SAV threshold DIN middle Potomac 5 TF2.1 S TF2.3 S TF2.4 S

30 DIP (mg/l) Phosphate declines DIP middle Potomac TF2.1 S TF2.3 S TF2.4 S

31 Annual Streamflow Point of Rocks (cfs) 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000 20,

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