State of Small pelagic Fish resources and its implications for Food Security and Nutrition

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1 State of Small pelagic Fish resources and its implications for Food Security and Nutrition Manuel Barange, Stefania Vannuccini, Yimin Ye, Malcolm Beveridge Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Rome, Italy,

2 Historical trends and Sustainability

3 Global landings of Small Pelagic Fish (by family) Millions Clupeidae Engraulidae Carangidae Scombridae Osmeridae (Capelin) Other What goes up must come down

4 But not at the same time Total Landings of SPF (by FAO Area)

5

6 80 70 All (480 stocks) FAO State of Stocks Underfished Fully fished Overfished % Fully fished + Overfished = rubbish

7 FAO State of Stocks Underfished Fully fished Overfished All (480 stocks) Small Pelagic Fish (35 stocks) 50 % SPF appear to be more sustainable

8 Small Pelagic Fish as Food

9 Fish food supply by species group Crustaceans 9% Small pelagics 10% Aquatic 25 animals, Other 1% Marine, fish, Cephalopods Other 3% 20 12% Molluscs, excl. cephalopods 13% Landings (Mt) Freshwater fish excluded Demersal fish 2013 Molluscs, excl. cephalopods Small pelagics Crustaceans Marine fish, other Other pelagics Cephalopods Aquatic animals, Freshwater others and diadromous fish 38% Demersal fish 14% pickled herring is not everyone s treat

10 Use of Small Pelagic Fish Food Non-food Share non-food (%) LANDINGS (MILLION T) Mt 12.4 Mt 64.8 % Nobody has engineered this trend 12.6 Mt 13.6 Mt 48 %

11 Fish food supply (apparent consumption)

12 Per capita consumption of small pelagics per region 5 Europe Oceania Asia Africa Latin America & Caribbean North America 4 Kg / capita maybe pickled herring is a treat

13 Share of small pelagics in total fish food supply Percentage Africa Europe Oceania North America Latin America & Caribbean World Asia SPF are cheaper and accessible to the poor

14 Small Pelagics and Trade

15 Share of small pelagics in total Fish trade Quantity Value 70 Total small pelagics in total fish trade (%) Peruvian anchovy decline

16 US$/t 2500 Fishmeal and Fish oil price Fish oil Fishmeal Soybean oil Soybean meal Jan-84 Jan-85 Jan-86 Jan-87 Jan-88 Jan-89 Jan-90 Jan-91 Jan-92 Jan-93 Jan-94 Jan-95 Jan-96 Jan-97 Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 Jan-17

17 Trade of small pelagics (Quantity&Value) Million tonnes (live weight equivalent) US$ billions Food Non-food Food Non-food Selling SPF for food is economically beneficial

18 Trade of small pelagics, 2015 Share in quantity (live weight) Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 Peru - Denmark Chile - Thailand China Japan Norway Taiwan (China) 10,000,000 8,000,000 Norway China Netherlands Morocco UK Nigeria Egypt Ghana Thailand Cote d Ivoire 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 EXPORTS (Food) EXPORTS (Nonfood) IMPORTS (Food) IMPORTS (Nonfood)

19 Small Pelagic Fish and Aquaculture

20 Aquaculture Trends Production (Mt) 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0 Growth rate , 7.2%/yr growth , 5.8%/yr growth Production and Food - 35 countries produced more farmed than wildcaught fish in This group of countries has a combined population of 3.3 b, or 45% of the world s population.

21 Half of aquaculture production relies on feed and is growing Fed aquaculture source:

22 Production of Fishmeal and Fish Oil (Mt) Fishmeal Fish oil

23 Use of fishmeal Chicken Pork Aquaculture Other this is a good thing

24 Fish are highly efficient convertors of feed into flesh source:

25 Per capita fish supplies have doubled over the past half century, despite a doubling of the global population source:

26 Fish rich food for poor people? Of the top 30 fish consuming nations 22 are from Low Income Food Deficit (LIFD) countries

27 SPF are perfectly good to eat. Why are we reducing them to meal? source: Producers prefer to sell for Human Use it is much more profitable! Society has preferences SPF are often caught seasonally preservation costs too high for low price Value adding is common in food systems

28 The future of Small Pelagics and Food

29 FAO Objectives + + Max Roser (2016) Hunger and Undernourishment

30 FAO Objectives + + A morally compelling conundrum protect OR feed FAO The Future of Food 50% more food Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J FAO

31 A morally compelling conundrum protect AND feed Arable Land As % of Total Land Marine capture fisheries (Landings, no scale) (c) BBC

32 Projecting the future Mt 120 Aquaculture Capture for human consumption Capture

33 Fish Meal Production Fish Oil Production Mt Aquaculture MagMeal and MagOil AgriProtein has announced plans to build up to 200 factories globally to scale up production of insect protein for animal feeds. Each factory will produce 5,000 tonnes of MagMeal, as well as and 2,000 tonnes of MagOil per year

34 A Blue Revolution in Food Production Increasing Aquaculture production, especially in low intensity regions, but at lower rates than before, and increase diversity Stability in marine capture production, requiring strengthening management frameworks, resource rebuilding, addressing IUU fishing Significant increases in efficiencies across the entire value chain Integration of F+A in food production strategies at national and global level Changing people s behaviours (lower protein intake, fish-food diversity, lower waste, tackle obesity and malnutrition) SPF are part of the solution, not the problem