Traits of a Global Market for Advanced Human Capital How can the Global Demand for Post-secondary Education be met...

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1 Traits of a Global Market for Advanced Human Capital How can the Global Demand for Post-secondary Education be met... Washington D.C. May 23, 2002

2 .why are we here?

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5 Economic and social development are increasingly driven by the advancement and application of knowledge. Education in general and tertiary education and research in particular are fundamental to the construction of a knowledge economy in all nations

6 However, S&T systems in developing and transition countries face persistent problems of finance, efficiency, equity, quality and governance New challenges linked to rapid changes in technology, communication and the globalization of trade and labor markets have amplified the traditional problems of tertiary education and S&T

7 J. A. Barton, Science 287: (2000)

8 License payments US$ per resident LAC Spain Korea United States India

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10 el país necesita sus universidades y entidades de enseñanza superior para seguir creciendo y estar en condiciones de incorporarse a ese nuevo mundo de saberes y tecnología, de descubrimiento e innovación - Ex President Eduardo Frei of Chile

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12 Brazil Tertiary Upper sec Primary Low er sec

13 Colombia 900, , , , , , , , ,000 - Total Enrollment enrolment Private Enrollment institutions Public Enrollment Institutions

14 India Korea United States Average Years of Schooling Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Mexico LAC Ireland Spain Bolivia Argentina Av. years of schooling

15 .. for a 17 years old (years) France Korea Spain USA Mexico Brazil

16 Colombia 31 Chile 64 Cuba 278 Portugal 553 Mexico 893 Canada 3,976 Brazil 5,344 Spain 5,871 USA 58,747

17 Low-income Lower-middle Upper-middle High-income Enrollments Expenditure

18 average for short and long cycle programs USA $ 15,500 Sweden $ 12,800 Japan, Germany $ 8,500 United Kingdom, Brazil $ 7,000 Chile, México $ 1,500 Colombia $ 1,000 Perú $ 610 Nigeria $ 380

19 Colombia 100% 80% 60% Public Public Private Privat e 40% 20% 0%

20 Sweden Kenya Italy Malaysia Venezuela Mexico Thailand United States Portugal Chile Jordan Netherlands Brazil India Colombia Japan Korea Phillipines

21 Colombia y Quintiles Coverage Cobertura

22 Percentage of 18 to 24 Year olds Enrolled 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Spain Peru Mexico Colombia Q1 - Poorest Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 - Richest

23 Colombia 20% 6.0 Changes Cambio en in first la time Matrículas enrolment 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% -15% Cambio GDP-growth en el in % PIB -20% -6.0 First time enrolment Private First Time Private enrollment GNP GDP growth

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25 distribution of top 30 sending countries, 1999 Middle East and North Africa 10% North America (excl. Mexico) 6% China & H.K. 14% South Asia 6% Latin America and the Caribbean 3% Europe 34% East and Southeast Asia 27%

26 Iceland Poland Finland Czech Republic Korea, Republic of Mexico Ireland New Zealand by host country, 1999 Belgium Canada Spain Austria Switzerland Sweden Italy Turkey Netherlands Denmark Norway Hungary Japan France Australia United States United Kingdom Germany

27 share of total tertiary enrolment in host country, % Switzerland Australia Austria Belgium United Kingdom Germany Sweden France Denmark Norway Ireland 0.0 New Zealand United States Hungary Canada Netherlands Iceland Turkey Czech Republic Spain Finland Japan Italy Poland Mexico Korea, Republic of

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29 , Korea, Rep. Iceland Luxe m bo urg Mexico Ireland Ireland Finland Turkey Poland Ita ly Norway Netherlands Japan Japan Czech Rep. Canada Spain Sweden Hungary Denmark Austria France Switzerland Germany Belgium B e lgium NZ UK US A Aus tra lia Australia

30 by mode of study

31 year 2000 and US$Mio (UK: Exp: 3,758; Imp: 150)..(US: Exp:10,280; Imp: 2,150) í Australia Export Italy Canada 0 Mexico Venezuela Greece Brazil Import

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33 Knowledge is a critical determinant of economic growth and quality of life Knowledge is transformed into goods and services through a country s NIS Good science (and HE) is international Trained human brains are the most effective knowledge transfer and adaptation mechanism Markets for tertiary education and advanced human capital are global

34 Target the framework (domestic regulations, GATS) Improve policies and institutions with autonomy and accountability Recognize and support human resources and management capacity Achieve funding sustainability through publicprivate interaction and cost-recovery Aim at merit and scientific rigor (through competitive funding, peer review, etc.) Establish linkages from productive and the knowledge sectors to basic research and the international knowledge base

35 mission -- to assist client countries reduce poverty and improve living standards through sustainable growth and investment in people. experience -- from discrete higher education and S&T projects strategy -- developing comprehensive plan for investing in HE and S&T actions -- innovative efforts to promote international best practice in funding within national HE and S&T systems

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37 It is not the strongest species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to change Charles Darwin

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39 Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen