Global Sports Impact Report 2017

Transcription

1 Global Sports Impact Report 2017

2 Masthead / Global Sports Impact Report 2016 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 GSI Report 2017 The Global Sports Impact (GSI) Report 2017 No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without prior written permission, except for permitted fair dealing under the Copyright Designs and Patent Act Application for permission for use of copyright material including permission to reproduce extracts in other published works shall be made to Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. Full acknowledgement of Sportcal Global Communications Ltd must be given. Data is published in good faith and is the best information possessed by Sportcal Global Communications Ltd at the stated date of publication. The published data does not constitute advice and should not be relied upon by any person in making (or refraining from making) any decision. All figures in US dollars unless otherwise indicated. Pictures supplied by Getty Images Copyright and Database Right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd All rights reserved ISBN Number: Allington House 25 High Street Wimbledon Village London SW19 5DX PUBLISHED MAY 2017 BY SPORTCAL GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS LTD Publisher/Editor Mike Laflin Deputy Editors Colin Stewart Andrew Horsewood Tim Smith Editorial Team Callum Murray Jonathan Rest Research & Insight Team Krzysztof Kropielnicki Tim Rollason Callum Man Production Team Sarah Danbury Chris Mann Gordon Berry Alex Clay Design and Production Whistle Agency T: F: E: sales@sportcal.com W: 2 and database right 2015 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 3

3 Contents / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Contents GSI Report 2017 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 06 2 THE GLOBAL SPORTS IMPACT PROJECT 12 What is the GSI Project? 14 The history of GSI 16 The GSI methodology 20 GSI Event Studies programme EVENT HOSTING AND BIDDING 26 Event hosting analysis ( ) 28 Event hosting analysis (2016) 34 Event bidding analysis (2016) 40 Global Sports Nations & Cities Index 54 4 ECONOMIC IMPACT 100 Economics of the Olympic Games 102 GSI attendance analysis ( ) 112 GSI attendance analysis (2016) 114 Global sports properties attendance analysis 117 Global sports properties fact files SPORT TOURISM 156 Participant and media bed night analysis (2016) 158 Spectator bed night analysis (2016) 168 Rio 2016 Olympic Games case study SPORTING IMPACT 182 analysis ( ) 184 Competing nations analysis (2016) 186 Athletes analysis 202 Summer vs winter world championships 209 Athletes gender analysis 210 Medals analysis CONCLUSIONS 232 Event hosting and bidding 235 Economic impact 236 Sport tourism 237 Sporting impact EVENT ANALYSIS 240 Overview (2016) 242 A-Z by sport (70 events) Multi-sport games (5 events) - World championships (61 events) - Continental championships (4 events) 9 CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SPORTS & EVENTS TABLES & CHARTS and database right 2015 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 5

4 Introduction / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Introduction Introduction WELCOME TO GSI REPORT 2017, THE THIRD EDITION OF THE GLOBAL SPORTS IMPACT REPORT 2016 was an Olympic year and for many sports this represents the culmination of a four-year programme. For these sports the Olympics is the pinnacle of the cycle and thus in an Olympic year sports like badminton omit their world championships, which otherwise are held annually. This accounts for the 70 events studied during 2016 in this GSI Report compared with the 83 events studied during The GSI Report 2017 analyses the impact of sport in the period 2013 through to 2016 and compares the 313 events that have been studied during this period and the cities and nations that have hosted them. The first two editions of the GSI Report focused on a broad range of indicators. Thanks to the ever-increasing scope of the project and the data gathered, the 2017 report focuses on a limited number of core sectors. Separate reports and papers will be published covering other elements of the GSI Project in the future. Analysis of the event-hosting trends during the cycle show an increase in the number of major events taking place in North America, while Europe continues to host the largest share of events overall by continent. Announced in April 2017, the Global Sports Nations and Cities Index is published in full exclusively in this report. Featuring 621 cities from 86 nations, the index analysed 705 events across 151 categories in 81 sports, including summer and winter Olympic sports and Olympic recognised sports. USA was once again named number one Global Sports Nation, while London, UK retained its place as number one Global Sports City. This year s report has also identified the top 25 most valuable events judged according to their holistic impact during the cycle. The analysis has helped answer the age-old question: which major sports event produces the largest impact, after the Olympic Games and Fifa World Cup, and can therefore be considered the world s third largest sports event? As 2016 was an Olympic year, a special analysis of the economics of the Olympic Games has been conducted, finding that revenue distribution by the International Olympic Committee to Olympic Games Organising Committees (OCOGs) has failed to increase in line with increased media and sponsorship revenues. OCOG revenues, however, have fluctuated depending on the host city. With better structured ticketing and domestic sponsorship and licensing programmes, OCOGs can significantly increase their revenues, which are used to help cover the costs of staging the Games. This underlines the importance of transferring knowledge from one host to the next in order to maximise returns and cover the costs of hosting. Host cities of the Olympic Games rely heavily on the reporting of economic impact to justify the colossal spending required to stage the Games and often fail to look at the wider, more holistic, impacts that an Olympic Games can generate. This reporting is frequently characterised by academics and economic commentators as being far too inconsistent and inaccurate. Research by leading academics in this area has shown that no Games since 1960 has come in under budget, signalling a clear problem for future potential host cities, as the substantial costs act as a deterrent for future bids. Across the Olympic cycle, a staggering 54,392,673 spectators attended the 317 events analysed as part of the GSI scope of research. Almost 16 million people attended the 70 analysed multisport games, world and continental championships in 2016, with an average of 57,233 spectators attending the 57 world championships. In addition to the 70 events within the GSI scope of research, analysis of 70 leading annual sports properties across 17 sports during the / 2016 seasons shows that a total of more than 505 million spectators attended these events. A year-on-year attendance analysis of 56 of these selected major annual properties, covering 13 sports, shows a very minor decline in attendance of 0.27 per cent overall during 2016 compared with This could raise some concern for event owners, as the data analysed contains 858 additional fixtures taking place across all of the events, with a notable increase in the number of post-season playoff matches in some sports. Sport-specific declines were found in major properties relating to American football, basketball, cycling and tennis. Increases were found in baseball, cricket, rugby union and soccer. 8 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 9

5 The GSI Project / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / The GSI Project What is the GSI Project? Working with a wide variety of stakeholders and experts worldwide, through its Global Sports Impact (GSI) Project, Sportcal has developed a methodology to measure the holistic impact of events and a standard to capture the narrative coming from these events to produce comprehensive and informative analysis and insight for the sports industry. GSI: A quick guide GSI Project GSI Report GSI Experts Programme GSI Methodology A methodology to measure the holistic impact of events, and a standard to capture the narrative. The GSI Project s annual publication, which analyses and benchmarks major events and their impacts. A programme through which experts from throughout the sports industry can input into shaping the future of the GSI Methodology. The principles and structure by which the GSI Project assesses the holistic impact of events. Sportcal has developed a knowledge-sharing portal that enables rights holders, hosts and stakeholders to understand more about the wider impacts of their events, providing greater insight into the benefits of hosting major sporting events. A range of services have been developed through the GSI Project, aimed at helping stakeholders capture information about their events, analyse the data and benchmark against other events, nations and cities. GSI Event Rating GSI Events Index GSI Global Sports Nations Index GSI Global Sports Cities Index A points score attributed to a single event, calculated using the GSI Methodology, drawing inputs from the event s raw data across key impact pillars. Ranked list of events in any given year or cycle by their GSI Event Rating. Ranked list of nations across a given period, by the cumulative score of the events that nation has hosted. Ranked list of cities across a given period, by the cumulative score of the events that city has hosted. GSI Event Studies Application of the GSI Methodology to holistically assess an individual event. We believe that sport is undervalued and that the true impact of sport is not fully understood, and thus rarely captured. Mike Laflin CEO, Sportcal GSI Event Studies Programme GSI Workshops Sportcal Events The programme that has been launched for the Olympic cycle, to assess the impact of world sport over that period. Gatherings bringing together event owners, hosts and other stakeholders to discuss the impact of sport and development of the GSI Project. Intelligence platform hosted on the Sportcal website, showcasing event impact data from 2,500+ events, live bidding information on 600+ available events, and an archive of 3,300+ past bidding processes. 14 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 15

6 The GSI Project / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / The GSI Project GSI Timeline : GSI Experts Programme #2 Global Sports Impact Report : First GSI Nations & Cities Indices (calculated bi-annually) GSI Nations & Cities Indices move to annual calculation GSI Report 2016 GSI established in November 2011 GSI Workshop #1 GSI Workshop #2 GSI Workshop #3 GSI Workshop # : GSI Experts Programme #1 First studies produced: Rabobank Hockey World Cup 2014 World Archery Championships : GSI Event Studies Programme SPORTCAL GSI EVENT STUDIES The Global Sports Impact Report 2015 A review of 2014 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 First GSI Report GSI Report : Frequent production of studies before inception of programme 18 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 19

7 Event Hosting and Bidding / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Event Hosting and Bidding Events hosted throughout Olympic cycle by continent Event Hosting and Bidding Event Hosting GSI Report 2017 provides a year by year breakdown of event hosting throughout the Olympic cycle, focussing on the ever-changing continental distribution of events, top hosting nations and cities, including an in-depth look at the year EVENT HOSTING DURING THE OLYMPIC CYCLE Throughout the cycle, 323 top-tier world championship and multisport events have been analysed as part of the GSI Project. The number of events taking place each year throughout an Olympic cycle remains broadly similar, except for in an Olympic year when the number of events decreases. During 2013, 80 events that qualify for analysis under the GSI criteria took place throughout the year whilst 86 events took place in 2014 and 87 in In 2016, the year of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, 70 events took place. As depicted in the line chart, the number of GSI events to have taken place in Europe declined throughout the Olympic cycle. The number of events to take place in Africa, Asia, North America, Oceania and South America did not differ greatly from 2013 to 2016, although the latter failed to host a single event in 2015 before hosting seven in total during NATIONS Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Throughout the cycle, Canada hosted 25 GSI events and USA hosted 24. They are the only two North American nations to feature in the top % SHARE EVENTS % SHARE EVENTS % SHARE EVENTS % SHARE EVENTS Africa 3.8% 3 2.3% 2 2.3% 2 1.4% 1 Asia 13.1% % % % 12 Europe 57.5% % % % 32 North America 16.9% % % % 16 Oceania 3.8% % 4 2.9% 2 South America 5.0% 4 5.8% 5 1.1% % 7 TOTAL (323 EVENTS) Nations hosting GSI events throughout Olympic cycle Top 10 Source: Sportcal Research NATION CONTINENT EVENTS Canada North America 25 Six European nations hosted 10 or more events throughout the cycle; Russia, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, France and the Netherlands. Asia is represented by the remaining two nations within the top 10; China and Korea. Brazil (7) topped the list of South American nations. South Africa hosted more events than any other nation in Africa (3). Both Australia and New Zealand hosted three events a piece during the Olympic cycle, representing Oceania. USA North America 24 Russia Europe 18 Germany Europe 16 China Asia 15 Italy Europe 14 United Kingdom Europe 12 France Europe 12 Netherlands Europe 10 Korea Asia 10 Source: Sportcal Research 28 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 29

8 Event Hosting and Bidding / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Event Hosting and Bidding Global Sports Nations and Cities Index GLOBAL SPORTS NATIONS INDEX APRIL 2017 The Global Sports Nations and Cities Index is based on an indepth analysis of more than 700 major multi-sport games and world championships over a rolling 14-year period, covering seven years in the past and seven years in the future. This period allows events from a minimum of three Olympic cycles to be taken in to consideration. The index incorporates more than 70 sports, including summer and winter Olympic sports and Olympic recognised sports. The aim is to identify which cities and nations are bidding for and winning the right to host global sports events. In orderfor it to be truly global the index needs to focus on events that any country can bid for, with a few exceptions for multi-sport games. This means that continental events and world series events are excluded from the current index. As discussed in the Global Sports Impact (GSI) Project chapter, this methodology is being developed in order to establish a benchmarking system whereby continental championships and world series events can be included. 705 EVENTS Thus, events such as soccer s Euro 2016, a continental championship for one sport, and golf s Ryder Cup, an event limited to only certain countries for one sport, are excluded from the current index. These events do however receive a GSI Event Rating, allowing us to compare event by event using the GSI Project methodology. These ratings are detailed in the Event Analysis chapter. Selected continental multi-sport games are included in the index such as the African Games, Asian Games, European Games, Pacific Games, Pan American Games and Commonwealth Games. Data is gathered on the events that are covered in the index and each event is given a weighting based on the GSI Events Rating system. The GSI Events Rating is calculated based on the size, scale and impact of an event using a range of data indicators which cover economic, sporting, media and social impacts. 621 CITIES USA has for the second edition in a row topped Sportcal s Global Sports Nations Index, placing ahead of the United Kingdom and Russia, finishing with a total rating of 40,555. The United Kingdom has risen two places having secured the UCI Road World Championships for Yorkshire, England in 2019; the 2019 WTF World Taekwondo Championships in Manchester, England and the Rugby League World Cup 2021 which will take place across multiple cities in England. Russia has lost ground at the top due to the Bobsleigh and Skeleton World Championships 2017 and World Biathlon Championships 2021 both being reassigned. Top 20 Global Sports Nations RANK CHANGE NATION TOTAL 1 0 USA 40,555 2 é 2 United Kingdom 39,055 3 ê 1 Russia 34,287 4 é 1 China 33,904 5 ê 2 Canada 31,585 6 é 2 Japan 28,770 7 ê 1 Germany 28,609 8 ê 1 Italy 24,708 9 é 1 France 23, ê 1 Brazil 22, é 2 Austria 21, ê 1 Korea 20, ê 1 Spain 20, é 1 Denmark 16, ê 1 Netherlands 16, é 2 Switzerland 15, ê 1 Qatar 14, ê 1 Sweden 13, Australia 13, é 2 Hungary 11, CATEGORIES SPORTS NATIONS As the index rolls in to 2017, we lose events from the year 2010 and gain events awarded for the year As a result, top scoring major events from 2010 such as the Fifa World Cup which took place across South Africa; the Asian Games in Guangzhou, China; Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver, Canada; and the Commonwealth Games in New Delhi, India no longer register points for these host cities and nations. Canada in particular, falling two places to fifth, is affected by the loss of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games. Having successfully hosted the Pan American and Para Pan American games in 2015, cities in Canada have been cautious in bidding for both the Commonwealth Games and Olympic Games due to the projected costs. Since the last index, Edmonton, Canada was awarded the ITU World Triathlon Series Grand Final 2020 which added to its total; however this was not enough to remain ahead of China and the United Kingdom. 54 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 55

9 / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / The GSI Project has established the need for a consensus surrounding the global measurement of economic impact in order to accurately compare the benefits of hosting major sporting events in different countries and between different sports. GSI Report 2017 explores the cost versus return considered by cities bidding to host the Olympic Games. Previous editions of the Global Sports Impact Report have detailed the differing models used to quantify the economic impact of major sporting events. The analysis has outlined the lack of consensus among academics and industry experts around what should and should not be included when measuring impact. To be able to accurately compare events on a like for like basis, the scope of research and methodologies used need to be the same. The GSI Project has found significant variations in the reporting of economic impact from organisations based in the same country and even when studying the same event, in part due to the differing objectives of each study commissioner. Economics of the Olympic Games The economic impact of the Olympic Games is a hotly contested topic and due to the sheer size and scale of the mega-event, is often complex to quantify. Pre-event impact estimates can often be used to justify public spending and accelerate infrastructure projects within a host city. However, citizens around the world are now better informed and have access to a wealth of information, especially through digital platforms, making it increasingly difficult for decision makers to justify the case for spending vast amounts of public money on hosting major sporting events based on the economic benefits of hosting those events. WHAT Economic impact is derived using key data indicators which feed in to a model to quantify impact, whether this be to establish the direct economic impact, or indirect and induced economic impact produced as a result of an event taking place in a specific location. Indirect and induced economic impact models rely on multipliers which produce a larger economic impact value for an event. The multiplier effect accounts for initial spending in a region which then generates further spending in the local economy. There is no consensus as to the size of the multiplier effect used to calculate economic impact, with a wide range of methodologies available, thus making it almost impossible to compare indirect and induced economic impact between events. Economic impact has been shown to revolve largely around the initial investment into the host locations, from both direct and indirect capital spending in order to bring infrastructure up to the standards required for the event. This creates numerous jobs along the supply chain due to the intensive period in which the infrastructure must be readied. The second wave of impact comes from attendance and tourism - the number of spectators attending events, whether these are locals or visitors, how much these visitors are spending during their time in the host location, for how long they stay in the location and where they are staying. WHO WHY Economic impact studies are often used to justify public spending, whether accelerating transport infrastructure (airport expansion, rail links, highways, etc.) as a result of hosting a major event or using public funds to cover some of the costs of staging the event. If the public are unaware of the benefits, they are less likely to support the staging of the event. If the benefits can be shown to outweigh the costs, the public are more likely to support the investment in hosting a major sporting event. WHEN Pre-event phase from the announcement of bidding, to the awarding of the bid, to the staging of the event Hosting phase the year in which the event is taking place Post-event phase from the end of the event to the foreseeable future, often used in the same context as legacy NEED The economic impact produced by events is an important measurement for event owners, event organisers, local or national government, and also to sponsors and broadcasters. The economic impact of an event can inform the key decision makers at city and government organisations looking to bid for major sporting events. There is a need to develop a standard global methodology for measuring the economic impact of major sporting events, thus enabling comparisons to be made between events hosted in different countries and different events from different sports. 102 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 103

10 / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Attendance ( ) Top 25 events by total attendance ( ) SPORT EVENT TOTAL ATTENDANCE Attendances at world championships, multisport games and continental championships over the Olympic cycle GSI Report 2017 has analysed the attendance of 317 events within the GSI scope of research for which data was available across the Olympic cycle. In total, 54,392,673 spectators attended these events, with 2016 contributing the most spectators at 16,006,584 despite the fewer number of events which took place (70) and for which data was available (65). Olympic Games ,150,000* FIFA World Cup ,429,873 Rugby World Cup ,477,805 UEFA Euro ,427,303 Paralympic Games ,150,000* Copa América Centenario ,483,855 FIFA Women's World Cup ,353,506 Commonwealth Games ,316,000 CONCACAF Gold Cup ,090,282 Pan American Games ,050,000 ICC Cricket World Cup ,016,421 Olympic Winter Games ,000,000 Special Olympics World Winter Games ,000,000* World Baseball Classic ,212 Summer Universiade ,000 Orange Africa Cup of Nations ,169 IIHF World Championships ,690 ICC World Twenty ,000 9,264,717 13,364, (80 events in GSI scope of research with data available) (85 events in GSI scope of research with data available) 15,756,457 16,006, (87 events in GSI scope of research with data available) (65 events in GSI scope of research with data available) IAAF World Athletics Championships ,864 FIBA Basketball World Cup for Men ,473 Copa América ,902 AFC Asian Cup ,000 UCI Road World Championships ,000 IIHF World Championships ,434 Youth Olympic Games ,000 * Estimated using a combination of factors including event owner and local organising committee estimates, previous event data and official press releases Unsurprisingly, the Olympic Games and Fifa World Cup place first and second respectively in terms of total attendance. The Rugby World Cup places third, followed by the UEFA EURO 2016 soccer tournament in fourth and the Paralympic Games in fifth ,392, events 112 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 113

11 Sport Tourism / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Sport Tourism Sport Tourism Participant and media bed nights The 70 world championships and multisport games in 2016 combined to generate 1,517,900 bed nights for their hosts, from participants (comprising athletes, team officials and technical officials) and media alone. Unsurprisingly, the Rio summer Olympics recorded the highest number of participant and media bed nights, at over 600,000. Multisport games, with high numbers of athletes and officials staying for relatively long durations, made up five of the top seven events sorted by bed nights. Soccer s major events of 2016 UEFA Euro and the Copa América Centenario also recorded high numbers of bed nights (162,700 and 67,700, respectively), principally due to the large media delegations that cover these events. 136,000 BED NIGHTS FROM MEDIA ALONE AT UEFA EURO ,517,900 PARTICIPANT AND MEDIA BED NIGHTS GENERATED IN ,600 RIO 2016 PARTICIPANT AND MEDIA BED NIGHTS The GSI Report has established an industry-leading methodology for calculating the number of bed nights an event generates from participants and media, in order to analyse the tourism impact from an event before a single ticket is even sold. This methodology is used in turn to help event owners better understand the baseline economic impact of their events, and helps event hosts calculate the projected direct economic impact of potential or newly acquired events. But the true tourism impact of these events is much higher than these figures, which do not take into account overseas spectators, athlete-accompanying friends or family members, or participants who extend their stay beyond the duration of the event for training or holiday purposes. Rather, the participant and media bed night figures give a good indication of the baseline tourism impact for any given event. Estimated participant and media bed nights Top 10 RANK SPORT EVENT ATHLETES OFFICIALS - TEAM OFFICIALS - TECHNICAL ACCREDITED MEDIA 1 Olympics Olympic Games ,600 82,500 37, , ,600 2 Soccer UEFA Euro ,100 10,200 2, , ,700 3 Paralympics Paralympic Games ,700 33,600 16,800 9, ,400 4 Games 5 Soccer Americas Masters Games 2016 Copa América Centenario 2016 TOTAL 65,000 1,700 6,500 2,000 75,200 7,500 5,100 1,200 54,000 67,800 6 Games Asian Beach Games ,600 13,600 15,800 3,100 61,100 7 Olympics Youth Olympic Winter Games ,800 13,000 5,200 5,100 37,100 8 Cricket ICC World Twenty ,800 5,000 1,600 19,100 34,500 9 Rowing 10 Cycling - road 2016 World Rowing Senior, U23 and Junior Championships UCI Road World Championships ,900 8,800 1, ,500 10,000 9, ,100 24,200 Source: Sportcal Research 158 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 159

12 Sport Tourism / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Sport Tourism Estimated participant and media bed nights Top 3 Estimated participant and media bed nights FINA World Championships (25m) 2016 World Karate Championships IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships (XCO, XCE, XCR) 2016 FIFA Futsal World Cup 2016 WBSC Women s Softball World Championship 2016 World Biathlon Championships 2016 Floorball Men s World Championships 2016 World Figure Skating Championships 2016 UCI Track World Championships 2016 Oceania Nations Cup 2016 ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championships 2016 Bobsleigh & Skeleton World Championships 2016 World Roller Speed Skating Championships 2016 Nokian Tyres World Orienteering Championships 2016 UCI Cyclo-Cross World Championships 2016 UCI BMX World Championships , , , , , , ,000 AIBA Women s World Championships 2016 ITU World Triathlon Series 2016 ITU Modern Pentathlon World Championships 2016 Athletes Officials - Team Officials - Technical Accredited Media IAAF 16th World Indoor Athletics Championships 2016 World Cup of Hockey 2016 Source: Sportcal Research IFSC World Championships 2016 UIPM Biathle and Triathle World Championships IIHF Ice Hockey Women s World Championship FINA Diving World Cup 2016 LG Presents WBSC Women s Baseball World Cup 2016 Indoor Archery World Championship 2016 Estimated participant and media bed nights 3-12 IAAF/Cardiff University World Half Marathon Championships 2016 World Field Archery Championships 2016 World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships 2016 World Beach Handball Championship 2016 JJIF World Championships 2016 Americas Masters Games 2016 World Synchronized Skating Championships 2016 Ryder Cup 2016 Copa América Centenario 2016 INS ISA World Surfing Games Asian Beach Games 2016 IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships 2016 FIBA 3x3 World Championships 2016 Youth Olympic Winter Games 2016 ICC World Twenty PSA Men s World Championship 2016 ISSF World Championship Running Target 2016 IWWF Cable Wakeboard World Championships World Rowing Senuir, U23 and Junior Championships Luge World Championships - Artificial Track 2016 UCI Road World Championships 2016 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships 2016 Fencing World Championships 2016 Perfect 2016 World Team Table Tennis Championships World Men s Curling Championship 2016 TOTAL BWF Thomas & Uber Cup Finals 2016 Ford World Women s Curling Championship WTF World Taekwondo Team Championships 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 IRF World Championships 2016 UCI Indoor Cycling World Championships 2016 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships 2016 Source: Sportcal Research World Allround Speed Skating Championships 2016 PSA Women s World Championship 2015 (delayed) World Sprint Speed Skating Championships 2016 FIS Ski Flying World Championships 2016 ISAF Women s Match Racing World Championship 2016 ITU Long Distance Triathlon World Championships 2016 ITU Cross Triathlon World Championships 2016 ITU Winter Triathlon World Championships ,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16, and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 163

13 / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / EVENTS 77 EVENTS 2014 GSI Report 2017 has analysed 70 multisport games, world and continental championships which took place in An analysis of competing athletes, competing nations, event types, gender parity and medals performance has provided a broad overview of the sporting landscape. A progressive analysis inclusive of previous GSI Reports highlights the differences between each year of the Olympic cycle and the decrease in the number of world championships in an Olympic year compared to the three previous years. With many athletes and national federations focused on the landmark event of 2016 the Olympic Games this in turn resulted in fewer world championship and multisport games taking place than in The decrease in numbers was found most prominently in summer world championships, whereby eight fewer events took place compared to This was in part due to the fact that a number of summer Olympic sport international federations do not host events in Olympic years as the magnitude of the Games would outdo the prestige of a world championship held in the same year. Sports such as badminton, canoeing, judo, weightlifting and wrestling each host annual senior world championships, except in an Olympic year. The focus for federations in the months preceding the Olympics tends to be on regional qualification events, which reward athletes with the final places available at the Olympic Games. While fewer world championships and multisport games also mean fewer athletes taking part, there were other reasons for the lower number of participants in 2016 than in previous years. The one that gained the most attention was the fall-out from the Russian doping scandal and the McLaren Report. Russia, one of the traditional powerhouses of world sport, would be represented by fewer athletes than originally intended at the Olympics, and not at all at the Paralympics. Russia had originally intended to send 387 competitors to the Olympics, and 267 to the Paralympics. Kuwait was another country which saw restrictions applied to its athletes, following the decision by the IOC (International Olympic Committee) to suspend the Kuwait Olympic Committee (KOC) in late 2015 for political interference in the affairs of the KOC and national sports federations. This had ramifications for Kuwaiti sportsmen and sportswomen in 2016, including those who competed as Independent Olympic Athletes at the Rio Games. The effect of warfare and conflict continues to linger in some parts of the world, which also has a significant impact on the ability of athletes in these places to train, qualify and compete at world championships and multisport games. This was applicable to a nation like Syria, which has been engulfed in a civil war since In 2012, Syria sent ten athletes to the Olympic Games and the 11 athletes to the Paralympic Games. For the 2016 edition, there were seven Syrian competitors in the Olympics, and two in the Paralympics, in addition to two athletes of Syrian origin who competed under the flag of the Refugee Olympic Team, and one under the Independent Paralympic Athletes Team. 54 SUMMER 6 MULTISPORT GAMES 68,416 ATHLETES 19 WINTER 67 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 59.2% / 40.8% 7.5% 92.5% DOMESTIC 50 AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMPETING NATIONS SUMMER 9 MULTISPORT GAMES 69,703 ATHLETES OVERSEAS - AVERAGE CONTINENTAL REACH FROM SIX CONTINENTS 83 EVENTS 16 WINTER 74 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 59.4% / 40.6% 8.6% 91.4% DOMESTIC 47 AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMPETING NATIONS OVERSEAS 4.9 AVERAGE CONTINENTAL REACH FROM SIX CONTINENTS 65 SUMMER 5 MULTISPORT GAMES 49,746 ATHLETES 12 WINTER 72 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 59.8% / 40.2% 6.0% 94.0% DOMESTIC 44 AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMPETING NATIONS 53 SUMMER 5 MULTISPORT GAMES 43,164 ATHLETES OVERSEAS 5.2 AVERAGE CONTINENTAL REACH FROM SIX CONTINENTS 70 EVENTS WINTER 61 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 56.4% / 43.6% 13.7% 86.3% DOMESTIC 40 AVERAGE NUMBER OF COMPETING NATIONS OVERSEAS 4.7 AVERAGE CONTINENTAL REACH FROM SIX CONTINENTS *Male / Female split calculated using mixed-gender events for which data was available Domestic / Overseas split calculated using events for which data was available Source: Sportcal research 184 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 185

14 Event Analysis / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Event Analysis Event Analysis The event analysis pages showcase data from the 70 multisport games and world championships featured in this report, complete with each event s GSI Event Rating, and its GSI Event Ranking out of all events in Up to 50 individual data points are presented for each of the 70 major events of 2016, allowing us to analyse and compare the relative impacts that are created by each event, and include tourism impact insight from Sportcal s exclusive bed nights analysis. GSI EVENT RATING The GSI Event Rating Breakdown details the proportion of the event s GSI Event Rating attributed to economic, sporting, media and social impacts. Where limited data was available for an event, this breakdown may score zero for those impacts. For example if there was no television coverage of an event, a media impact score will not be included. Each GSI Event Rating was calculated using data which was made available up to 31 March As a result of rounding up or down, the GSI Event Rating Breakdowns may not total in some cases. Additionally, impact pillar breakdowns are in some cases unavailable. This may be because there was no television media coverage of an event, or there is no data available for the event, in which case N/A is used. BED NIGHTS Bed nights detailed in the event analysis are for participants and media, comprising athletes, officials (team and technical), and accredited media only. The calculations were formed using the methodology detailed in the Sports Tourism chapter. TV AND ONLINE STREAMING COVERAGE Sportcal s analysis of TV broadcasters and TV nations is for live, delayed and highlights broadcast only. Some event pages detail extended TV coverage, which also includes news and magazine programming. Additionally, some event pages detail whether the event was available to stream online and in some instances the number of nations for which the stream was available in. Not all international federations and/or local organising committees measure media data to this extent and therefore only data which was made available has been included in this report. ESTIMATED DATA Data points marked with an asterisk (*) have been estimated using a combination of factors including international federation and local organising committee estimates, previous event data and official event communication materials. The calculations give an insight into the number of bed nights each event generates, before a single ticket is sold, or before overseas spectators are counted. Sportcal s participant and media bed nights methodology does not take into account whether accommodation was paid for by visitors or by organisers/hosts. 242 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 243

15 Event Analysis / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Event Analysis Event Analysis Olympic Games 2016 Event Analysis Youth Olympic Winter Games 2016 Sport Olympics Owner International Olympic Committee Date 05 Aug - 21 Aug Organiser Rio 2016 Organising Committee City, Nation Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Event Frequency Every four years Statistics ECONOMIC Total Attendance 6,150,000* Ticketed Attendance - Non-Ticketed Attendance - Venues 37 BED NIGHTS Visitor type Est. bed nights Athletes 168,600 Officials - Team 82,500 Officials - Technical 37,500 Accredited Media 312,000 Sport Olympics Owner International Olympic Committee Date 12 Feb - 21 Feb Organiser Lillehammer 2016 Organising Committee City, Nation Lillehammer, Norway Event Frequency Every four years Statistics ECONOMIC Total Attendance 212,604 Ticketed Attendance - Non-Ticketed Attendance - Venues 10 BED NIGHTS Visitor type Est. bed nights Athletes 13,800 Officials - Team 13,000 Officials - Technical 5,200 Accredited Media 5, GSI Overall Ranking 1 st out of 70 events GSI Event Rating Breakdown GSI Event Rating ,102 pts Total 600,600 SPORTING Competitors - Total 11,237 Men / Women Overseas / Domestic 6,178 10,774 5, GSI Overall Ranking 8 th out of 70 events GSI Event Rating Breakdown GSI Event Rating ,349 pts Total 37,100 SPORTING Competitors - Total 1,060 Men / Women Overseas / Domestic Continental Reach 6 Competing Nations 207 Continental Reach 6 Competing Nations 70 29% 26% 22% 24% ECONOMIC SPORTING MEDIA SOCIAL Competing Nations By Continent (includes Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) due to Kuwait suspension and the Refugee Olympic Team (ROT)) OFFICIALS Team - Technical 3,009 MEDIA TV Continental Reach - TV Nations 220 Broadcasters 218 Accredited Media 25,721 58% 20% 13% 9% ECONOMIC SPORTING MEDIA SOCIAL Competing Nations By Continent OFFICIALS Team - Technical - MEDIA TV Continental Reach - TV Nations 98 Broadcasters 39 Extended TV Coverage: Nations 142 Extended TV Coverage: Broadcasters 43 Streamed Online Yes Accredited Media NORTH AMERICA 12 SOUTH AMERICA 50 EUROPE 43 ASIA 54 AFRICA 17 OCEANIA SOCIAL Volunteers 40,000 Event Hosting EDITIONS First Edition 1896 Number of Editions 28 CONTINENTAL REACH Africa 0 Asia 3 Europe 16 North America 6 Oceania 2 South America 1 4 NORTH AMERICA 4 SOUTH AMERICA 46 EUROPE 12 ASIA 2 AFRICA 2 OCEANIA SOCIAL Nations Stream Available Worldwide Volunteers 3,278 Event Hosting EDITIONS First Edition 2012 Number of Editions 2 CONTINENTAL REACH Africa 0 Asia 0 Europe 2 North America 0 Oceania 0 South America 0 Past/Future Editions Past/Future Editions 2008 Beijing, China 2012 London, United Kingdom 2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2020 Tokyo, Japan 2024 TBA 2012 Innsbruck, Austria 2016 Lillehammer, Norway 2020 Lausanne, Switzerland 2025 TBA 284 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 285

16 320 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 321 Sports and Events

17 Sports and Events / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Sports and Events GSI EVENT RESEARCH SCOPE 2016 (70 EVENTS) SPORT EVENT SPORT EVENT Archery Indoor Archery World Championships 2016 Archery World Field Archery Championships 2016 Athletics IAAF 16th World Indoor Athletics Championships 2016 Athletics IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships 2016 Athletics IAAF/Cardiff University World Half Marathon Championships 2016 Badminton TOTAL BWF Thomas & Uber Cup Finals 2016 Baseball LG Presents WBSC Women s Baseball World Cup 2016 Basketball FIBA 3x3 World Championships 2016 Beach handball World Beach Handball Championship 2016 Biathlon World Biathlon Championships 2016 Bobsleigh Bobsleigh & Skeleton World Championships 2016 Boxing AIBA Women's World Championships 2016 Cricket ICC World Twenty Curling Ford World Women's Curling Championship 2016 Curling World Men's Curling Championship 2016 Cycling - BMX UCI BMX World Championships 2016 Cycling - cyclo-cross UCI Cyclo-Cross World Championships 2016 Cycling - indoor UCI Indoor Cycling World Championships 2016 Cycling - mountain bike UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships (XCO, XCE, XCR) 2016 Cycling - mountain bike UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships 2016 Cycling - road UCI Road World Championships 2016 Cycling - track UCI Track World Championships 2016 Diving FINA Diving World Cup 2016 Fencing Fencing World Championships 2016 Figure skating World Figure Skating Championships 2016 Floorball Floorball Men's World Championships 2016 Futsal FIFA Futsal World Cup 2016 Games Americas Masters Games 2016 Games Asian Beach Games 2016 Golf Ryder Cup 2016 Ice hockey 2016 IIHF Ice Hockey Women's World Championship Ice hockey 2016 IIHF Ice Hockey World Championship Ice hockey World Cup of Hockey 2016 Ju-jitsu JJIF World Championships 2016 Karate World Karate Championships 2016 Luge Luge World Championships - Artificial Track 2016 Modern pentathlon Modern Pentathlon World Championships 2016 Modern pentathlon UIPM Biathle and Triathle World Championships 2016 Olympics Olympic Games 2016 Olympics Youth Olympic Winter Games 2016 Orienteering Nokian Tyres World Orienteering Championships 2016 Paralympics Paralympic Games 2016 Racquetball IRF World Championships 2016 Roller sports World Roller Speed Skating Championships 2016 Rowing 2016 World Rowing Senior, U23 and Junior Championships Sailing ISAF Women's Match Racing World Championship 2016 Shooting ISSF World Championship Running Target 2016 Short track speed skating World Short Track Speed Skating Championships 2016 Ski jumping FIS Ski Flying World Championships 2016 Soccer Copa América Centenario 2016 Soccer Oceania Nations Cup 2016 Soccer UEFA Euro 2016 Softball WBSC Women's Softball World Championship 2016 Speed skating World Allround Speed Skating Championships 2016 Speed skating World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships 2016 Speed skating World Sprint Speed Skating Championships 2016 Sport climbing IFSC World Championships 2016 Squash PSA Men's World Championship 2016 Squash PSA Women's World Championship 2015 (Delayed) Surfing 2016 INS ISA World Surfing Games Swimming FINA World Championships (25m) 2016 Synchronized skating World Synchronized Skating Championships 2016 Table Tennis Perfect 2016 World Team Table Tennis Championships Taekwondo 2016 WTF World Taekwondo Team Championships Triathlon ITU Cross Triathlon World Championships 2016 Triathlon ITU Long Distance Triathlon World Championships 2016 Triathlon ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championships 2016 Triathlon ITU Winter Triathlon World Championships 2016 Triathlon ITU World Triathlon Series 2016 Wakeboard IWWF Cable Wakeboard World Championships and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 323

18 Sports and Events / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Sports and Events WORLD CUPS, LEAGUES, SERIES AND TOURS (70 PROPERTIES) SPORT EVENT SPORT EVENT American Football Canadian Football League (CFL) 2016 American Football National Football League (NFL) 2016 American Football NCAA National College Football (Division I-FBS) 2016 American Football NCAA National College Football (Division I-FCS) 2016 American Football NCAA National College Football (Division II) 2016 American Football NCAA National College Football (Division III) 2016 Athletics World Marathon Majors 2016 Australian Football AFL Premiership 2016 Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB) 2016 Baseball Minor League Baseball (MiLB) 2016 Baseball Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) 2016 Basketball Euroleague Basketball Spanish Liga ACB Basketball National Basketball Association (NBA) Basketball NCAA Men's Basketball (Division I) Basketball NCAA Men's Basketball (Division II) Basketball NCAA Men's Basketball (Division III) Basketball NCAA Men's Basketball (Reclassifying teams) Biathlon Biathlon World Cup Cricket Big Bash Twenty20 Cricket League Cycling Giro d'italia 2016 Cycling Tour de France 2016 Cycling Vuelta a España 2016 Golf PGA Tour 2016 Golf The Open Championship 2016 Handball EHF Champions League Ice hockey German Eishockey Liga Ice Hockey National Hockey League (NHL) Ice hockey Swiss National League A Motor Racing Formula One 2016 Motor Racing MotoGP 2016 Rugby League National Rugby League (NRL) 2016 Rugby League Super League 2016 Rugby Union English Premiership Rugby Union European Challenge Cup Rugby Union European Champions Cup Rugby Union French D Rugby Union French Top Rugby Union Pro Rugby Union Rugby Championship 2016 Rugby Union Six Nations Championship 2016 Rugby Union Super Rugby 2016 Rugby Sevens World Rugby Sevens Series Soccer Australian A-League Soccer Brazilian Serie A 2016 Soccer Chinese Super League 2016 Soccer Dutch Eredivisie Soccer English Championship Soccer English Premier League Soccer French Ligue Soccer German Bundesliga Soccer German Bundesliga Soccer Italian Serie A Soccer Japanese J1 League 2016 Soccer Mexican Liga MX Soccer Major League Soccer (MLS) 2016 Soccer Spanish La Liga Soccer AFC Champions League Soccer Copa Libertadores Soccer UEFA Champions League Soccer UEFA Europa League Tennis Australian Open 2016 Tennis French Open 2016 Tennis US Open 2016 Tennis Wimbledon 2016 Tennis Davis Cup 2016 Tennis Fed Cup 2016 Tennis ATP World Tour 2016 Tennis WTA Tour 2016 Volleyball CEV Champions League and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 325

19 Tables and Charts 326 and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 327

20 Tables and Charts / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Tables and Charts LIST OF TABLES In order of appearance CHAPTER TITLE CHAPTER TITLE Global Sports Impact (GSI) Project GSI: A quick guide Nations hosting GSI events throughout Olympic cycle Top 10 Top 10 nations hosting events in Top 10 cities hosting events in Nations hosting GSI events in 2016 Top 10 GSI events hosted in South America in 2016 Cities hosting two or more GSI events in 2016 Appendix A GSI host cities and nations in 2016 Global Sports Bidding Index 2016 Full results by nation Global Sports Bidding Index 2016 Top 5 in detail Global Sports Bidding Index 2016 By continent Global Sports Bidding Index 2016 Top 5 cities Full list of major events awarded in 2016 Top 20 Global Sports Nations Africa - Egypt Asia - China Europe - United Kingdom North America - USA Oceania - Australia South America - Brazil GSI rating points per capita: Top 10 and selected others Noticeable climbers in the Global Sports Nations index Noticeable fallers in the Global Sports Nations index Top 10 Past Sports Nations ( ) Selected major events secured by Brazil post-olympics Top 10 Future Sports Nations ( ) Selected major events due to be awarded in 2017 Top 20 Global Sports Cities Significant moves within the top 100 Global Sports Cities Noticeable fallers in the Global Sports Cities index Events hosted in Cairo ( ) Events hosted in Tokyo ( ) Events hosted in London ( ) Events hosted in Edmonton ( ) Events hosted in Auckland ( ) Events hosted in Rio de Janeiro ( ) Top 10 Past Sports Cities ( ) Selected major events secured by Budapest Top 10 Future Sports Cities ( ) Top 25 events over the Olympic cycle GSI Nations Index April 2017 Top 25 world championships over the Olympic cycle GSI Nations Index April 2017 (continued) GSI Cities Index April 2017 Operational Cost Overrun at Olympic Games ($bn at 2015 rates) Revenue vs hosting costs at 2010 and 2012 Olympic Games ($bn) Revenue vs hosting costs at 2014 and 2016 Olympic Games ($bn) Top 25 events by total attendance ( ) GSI event scope by total attendance Top 10 World championships by total attendance Top 10 Attendance of major annual sports events in 2016 Attendance of major annual events in 2015 and 2016 Top 10 sports properties by total attendance / 2016 (regular season only) Top 10 sports properties by average attendance / 2016 (regular season only) Attendances at selected non-ticketed events in 2016 Attendance of selected soccer leagues in 2016 Attendance of selected soccer leagues year-on-year comparison Attendance of selected continental club soccer competitions in 2016 North American sport total attendance in summary North American sport attendance in 2016 (selected leagues regular season only) North American regular and post-season attendance in 2016 (selected leagues) Men s American football and men s basketball US college sport attendances in 2016 Attendance of selected US college sports year-on-year comparison Major tennis events attendances in 2016 year-on-year comparison Rugby union regular and post-season attendance in 2016 (selected competitions) Attendance of selected rugby union club competition attendances year-on-year comparison Australian sport attendance in 2016 (selected leagues regular season only) Australian regular and post-season attendance in 2016 (selected leagues) Comparison of selected domestic club ice hockey leagues in Europe Appendix: Attendances at major annual sports events in /2016 (GSI 2017 list of events) Sport Tourism Estimated participant and media bed nights Top 10 Sport Tourism Sport Tourism Sport Tourism UEFA Euro 2016 Total bed nights Floorball Men s World Championships 2016 Total bed nights Tourism spend at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games (competition days only) Continental distribution of competing nations at global multisport games in 2016 Nation breakdown of the two most recent FINA World Championships (25m) Continental distribution of competing nations at world championships in 2016 Top 10 Continental distribution of competing nations at selected continental championships in and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 329

21 Tables and Charts / Global Sports Impact Report 2017 Global Sports Impact Report 2017 / Tables and Charts CHAPTER TITLE Reach of multisport games in 2016 Appendix A: Competing Nations Appendix B: Competing Nations vs IF Membership GSI scope of events by total number of athletes Top 10 World championships athlete distribution by host continent Average athlete gender percentage by event type European Soccer Spanish La Liga and German Bundesliga Origin of athletes Global athlete reach of basketball Top three nations with the highest positive balance (export vs import) Top three nations with the highest negative balance (export vs import) 2016 European Cycling Tours Appendix C: Athletes Net increase in medals won by host nations Medals increase at multisport games in 2016 Brazilian medals per athlete at London 2012 compared to Rio 2016 Host nation medals increase versus previous edition Event Analysis GSI Event Ratings and Rankings and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved and database right 2017 Sportcal Global Communications Ltd. All Rights Reserved 331