METROLOGY LAB. I DEVICES BASED ON VERNIER SCALE

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1 METROLOGY LAB. I DEVICES BASED ON VERNIER SCALE

2 Indirect Measurement; two balls 2 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

3 Indirect Measurement; four balls 3 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

4 Angle measurement using two balls 4 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

5 Mechanical Devices Magnification Types: Vernier scale Screw & Nut Lever magnifications Gear magnification

6 Venier Princple 6 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

7 7 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

8 8 Vernier scale value Scale division of vernier (b) Length of vernier scale (1) Lab6: Roundness Test = a (1/n) = a (1-1/n) = a (n-1) 12/1/2017

9 Vernier magnification principle 9 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

10 Usage of vernier caliper 10 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

11 Vernier Measuring face 11 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

12 12 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

13 13 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

14 14 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

15 Vernier anvils 15 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

16 16 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

17 17 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

18 Vernier construction 18 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

19 19 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

20 20 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

21 21 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

22 Measurement of tube thickness 22 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

23 Screw and nut principle 23 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

24 Micrometer principle 24 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

25 25 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

26 26 The principle of the micrometer is based on a very accurate made screw thread that rotates in a fixed nut anvil by rotating the thimble. A graduation is engraved in the sleeve with a division equal to the thread pitch. The beveled edge of the thimble is divided into a number of divisions each of them represents a fraction value of the spindle pitch. In case that, the thread pitch is 0.5 mm and the length of the threaded part is about 25 mm, a length of 25 mm on the sleeve is divided into 50 divisions Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

27 27 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

28 Micrometer anvil 28 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

29 Measuring external Surfaces 29 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

30 Measuring Internal Surfaces 30 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

31 Parallelism & flatness 31 Measure the diameter of an accurate ball at different points across the anvils. The correct flatness and parallelism is that the readings do not vary from point to point. Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

32 Squareness of anvils 32 Measure the diameter of two balls, the diameter of one being smaller than the other by any odd multiple of half the micrometer pitch (usually 0.25 or 0.5 mm). Repeat the measurement at different points across the anvil. The anvils are square if the difference in the reading corresponds to the true difference in the diameters of the balls. Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

33 Differential Micrometer 33 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

34 34 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

35 35 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

36 36 As shown in Fig., a very high degree of accuracy can be obtained in the micrometer screw gauges utilizing the principle of differential screw on the operating spindle. In such a micrometer, the screw has two types of pitches, one smaller and one larger, instead of one uniform pitch as in conventional micrometer. Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

37 37 Both the screws are right-handed and the screws are so arranged that the rotation of the thimble member moves one forward and the other backward. If the larger screw has a pitch of 1.25 mm and smaller screw of 1.00 mm pitch, then the net result would be a total forward movement of =0.25 mm per revolution Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

38 38 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

39 39 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

40 Lever magnification 40 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

41 41 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

42 42 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

43 43 why a simple magnifying lever is limited to tilt small angle that not exceed 60. Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

44 44 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

45 Gear magnification 45 c Z2 R Zp 0 Z1 0 Z3 Z5 x Z4 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

46 Vernier caliper main parts

47 Digital caliper main parts

48 Dial caliper

49 Vernier principle Main scale: 1- Scale Value =? 2- Scale Division =? Vernier scale: 1- Scale Value =? 2- Scale Division =?

50 What is the difference? Types of Vernier Scale

51 Vernier Reading

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64 Zero Reading

65

66 Special Purpose Caliper Applications

67 Special Purpose Caliper Applications (cont.)

68 Special Purpose Caliper Applications (cont.) The main parts of a vernier height gauge. 1.base 2. beam 3.vernier slide 4. clamp screw 5. scriber

69 Special Purpose Caliper Applications (cont.) Gear tooth vernier caliper

70 Bevel Vernier Protractor Body Scale Lock Turret Scal e Blade Lock Blade Working Edge

71 How to read?

72

73

74

75 METROLOGY LAB. I DEVICES BASED ON SCREW & NUT

76 Micrometer Working Principle Frame Fixe Spindle d Anvi l Screw

77 77 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

78 78 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

79 79 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

80 80 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

81 81 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

82 82 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

83 External Micrometer Main Parts

84 External Micrometer Construction

85 External Micrometer Construction (cont.) 1-Lock nut. 2-Ratchet. (slipping clutch measuring pressure). 3-Frame. 4-Anvils faces. (Lapped, 63 HRc, tipped (tungsten carbide)). 5-Spindle nut. (fitted into the sleeve). 6-Thimble. (permanently secured with the screw). 7-Spindle. (hard thread, accurate pitch, measuring face).

86 Micrometer Types External Micrometers

87 External Micrometers (cont.)

88 Micrometer Types (cont.) Sheet metal micrometer

89 Internal Micrometers Cantilever Type Rod Type

90 Micrometer Types (cont.) Depth Micrometer

91 Special Types (cont.) Thread Micrometer Spline Micrometer

92 Micrometer Types (cont.) V-anvil Micrometer Blade Micrometer

93 Micrometer Resolution Micrometer Pitch: Pitch of Micrometer = distance on linear scale / one rotation Typically = 0.5 or 1 mm. 1/40 in. Micrometer resolution: Resolution = S.V. Main Scale (Screw pitch) / no. of thimble divisions Commercial Micrometers: Resolution = 0.01 mm, mm (With vernier scale), inch, inch (With vernier scale)

94 Micrometer Reading

95

96

97

98

99

100 Micrometer Reading (Cont.)

101

102

103 Micrometer Reading (With Vernier)

104

105

106 Micrometer Anvils Check 1- Parallelism Check. 2- Perpendicularity Check. (Two Block Gauges diff. = 0.25 mm) 3- Flatness Check.

107 Example: 107 An external Micrometer was designed and manufactured to have a pitch equals 0.5 mm. The pitch of the micrometer threaded screw was checked and found that it has an error of sin pattern. If the reading of the micrometer over a 20 mm slip gauge was mm, find the phase shift of the sin pattern. If the reading of the micrometer over a workpiece is 15.33, find the actual length of the workpiece. Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

108 METROLOGY LAB.I DEVICES BASED ON GEAR MAGNIFICATION

109 Construction of Dial Indicator Function? Function?

110 Working Principle

111 Using the Dial Indicator

112 Mechanical Comparator

113 Measurement using a Mechanical Comparator

114 Dial Indicator Magnetic Base

115 Use of Dial Indicator (Roundness test)

116 Use of Dial Indicator (Tolerance Micrometer)

117 Use of Dial Indicator (Micrometer Calibrator)

118 Use of Dial Indicator (Dial Vernier Caliper)

119 Use of Dial Indicator (Deflection test) Tested Beam Dial Indicator Weight

120 Use of Dial Indicator (Parallelism Test)

121 Types of Dial Indicators Conventional Dial Gauge

122 External Dial Caliper

123 Internal Dial Caliper

124 Depth Dial Gauge

125 Lever Type Dial Gauge

126 Back Plunger Dial Gauge

127 Resolution of Dial Indicator Commercial resolutions = 0.01 mm, mm, in, in. How can I know the scale value of the given dial indicator?

128 Reading of Dial Indicator Continuous dial (Few revolutions) Balanced dial (Part revolution)

129

130 130 An optical comparator is shown in the figure. The following dimensions are known, m1=10 mm, m2=40 mm, O1=15 mm and O2= 60 mm. Calculate the maximum acceptable angle of the scale. Calculate the minimum and maximum acceptable scale value. If it is required to decrease the minimum acceptable scale value to half of its calculated value, what dimensions you will change and what are their new values. Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

131 131 O2 O1 m1 m2 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

132 132 Calculate the mechanical magnification and the working capacity of 0.01 mm dial indicator shown in figure. The drive goes from the rack to the compound gear wheels (ZP-Z1), then the compound gear wheels (Z2-Z3) then to the control pinion (Z4). The control pinion (Z4) is driven by gear (Z5), whose axis carries the backlash eliminating torsion spring and revolution counter. The divisions and revolutions counter pointers are 30 and 8 mm in radii, respectively. The module of all gears are 0.2 mm and the number oflab6:gear for the system Roundnessteeth Test 12/1/2017 are as follows

133 133 Gear ZP Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 No. of teeth Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

134 134 c Z2 R Zp 0 Z1 0 Z3 Z5 x Z4 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

135 135 The diameter of the bore in a plain ring of height was H mm was measured using two balls. The ring was placed on a flat surface. One ball with a diameter (d1) was placed over another ball of diameter (d2). The distance from the top of the upper ball (d1 mm diameter ball) to the top of the ring was measured as (h1) mm while the distance from the top of the lower ball to the top of the ring was measured as (h2). Calculate the bore diameter then Prove that it is not affected by the ring height. If the two balls are equal, calculate the bore Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017 diameter and the error expected in the diameter

136 136 A spirit level having a level constant of 0.02 mm/m is found that when one end of its base is raised 0.03 mm above the other, the bubble moves 1.5 mm along the vial. Calculate the radius of the vial and the number of divisions through which the bubble has been deflected, if the base of the level is 200 mm long. Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

137 137 The diameter of the bore in a plain ring of height was H mm was measured using two balls. The ring was placed on a flat surface. One ball with a diameter (d1) was placed over another ball of diameter (d2). The distance from the top of the upper ball (d1 mm diameter ball) to the top of the ring was measured as (h1) mm while the distance from the top of the lower ball to the top of the ring was measured as (h2). Calculate the bore diameter then Prove that it is not affected by the ring height. If the two balls are equal the diameter. Lab6:find Roundness Test bore 12/1/2017

138 138 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

139 139 Lab6: Roundness Test 12/1/2017

140 140 Errors Combination

141 Example: Sine Bar error 141

142 142

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