UTJECAJ ŠUTEVA SA POZICIJE KRILNOG NAPADAČA NA KONAČAN PLASMAN EKIPA U RUKOMETU
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1 Proceedings (2013), Vol 4, ISSN UTJECAJ ŠUTEVA SA POZICIJE KRILNOG NAPADAČA NA KONAČAN PLASMAN EKIPA U RUKOMETU INFLUENCE OF SHOTS FROM THE WING ATTACK PLAYER POSITION ON THE FINAL RANK OF HANDBALL TEAMS Nikola Foretić 1, Ante Burger 1, and Sini{a Turković 2 1 Kineziolo{ki fakultet, Sveučili{te u Splitu, Hrvatska Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Croatia 2 Samostalni sportski djelatnik, Split, Hrvatska Freelance Sports Professional, Split, Croatia doi : /SP UDK: COBISS.BH-ID: Summary Sažetak As in most of the ball sports, expert teams dealing with handball often speculate about the importance of a game stage on the final result or team succes in a competition. In order to bring these speculations to an objective level, the game stages should be evaluated on a larger basis of relevant parameters. In this paper, we discuss several parameters of individual efficiency and fouls during defence players activity. The mentioned activities are recorded in a video analysis of 54 games played in the World Handball Cup that took place in Croatia in For the needs of this paper, only the Preliminary Round games have been analysed, whereat the efficiency variables represent regular fouls with stoppages and errors refer to the withdrawals made during the game. There was a total of 10 variables since the mentioned activities have been recorded for 4 standard defence positions: left back, right back, center back and center forward.. The total number of withdrawals and fouls of each team has also been analysed. The results of descriptive statistics have shown unequal distribution of 8 variables, undergone nonparameter statistical method application at analysis. Difference analysis (ANOVA, Kurskal-Wallis ANOVA) between the winning and beaten teams have shown that only center forward withdrawal is significant as far as winning in top men handball is concerned (p=.01). The latter underlines the importance of center forward in all types of defence, as often quoted in literature, as well as in expert theme discussions. The results of the research may be used by handball sportspersons and experts when analysing games and TE-TA team preparataions. Key words: handball, defence, withdrawals, foul. Kao {to je slučaj kod većine sportskih igara s loptom, i u rukometnim se ekspertnim krugovima često spekulira o važnosti pojedinih faza igre za konačni rezultat utakmice ili uspjeh ekipe na natjecanju. Kako bi spekulacije doveli na {to objektivniji nivo faze igre valja procjenjivati kroz {to veći broj referentnih parametara. U ovom su radu obrađeni neki parametri individualne učinkovitosti i pogre{aka tijekom obrambene aktivnosti braniča. Spomenute aktivnosti su notirane video analizom 54 utakmice Svjetskog prvenstva za rukometa{e održanog u Hrvatskoj godine. Za potrebe istraživanja analizirane su samo utakmice prvog kruga natjecanja (Preliminary Round). Varijable učinkovitosit su predstavljale regularne prekr{aje (faulove) sa prekidom igre a pogre{ke su se odnosile na načinjena isključenja. Ukupni broj varijabli bio je 10 jer su spomenute aktivnosti bilježene za 4 standardne obrambene pozicije: krajnji branič, bočni branič, sredi{nji branič i istureni branič. Također su analizirani i ukupni broj isključenja i načinjenih faulova svake ekipe. Rezultati deskriptivne statistike pokazali su nepravilnu distribuciju kod čak 8 varijabli koje su pri obradi podataka bile tretirane neparametrijskim statističkim metodama. Analiza razlika (ANOVA, Kurskal-Wallis ANOVA) između pobjedničkih i poraženih ekipa pokazala je da samo isključenja sredi{njeg braniča značajno doprinose pobjedi u vrhunskom mu{kom rukometu (p=0,01). Ovo govori u prilog važnosti sredi{njeg braniča u svim vrstama obrana {to je u literaturi ali i u trenerskim raspravama često nagla{avano. Rezultati istraživanja mogu koristiti rukometnim djelatnicima i sportskim znanstvenicima prilikom analize igre i TE-TA pripreme ekipe. Ključne riječi: rukomet, obrana, isključenja, faul. Introduction From the point of view of expert coaches, players and scientists, team sports may be conceived as dynamic systems consisting of a determined range of tasks that a player has Uvod Timski sportovi s gledi{ta ekspertnih trenera i igrača kao i znanstvenika-praktičara, mogu se promatrati kao dinamički sustavi, koji se prikazauju kao uređen niz poslova koje 120
2 Foretić, N. i saradnici: UTJECAJ NEKIH PARAMETARA OBRAMBENE... Zbornik radova 2012, to perform given his/her particular position and role within the framework of game tactics (Trninić, Visikić-[talec, [talec, Dizdar, & Brkić, 1995). Tracking parameters of situation efficiency provides experts and coaches with an insight in the quality of a team, position of players and players themselves, which contributes to a quality planning and programming of training and competitions. It is important that expert coaches and scientists know how to evaluate situation efficiency and actual quality of players (Foretić, Rogulj, & Trninić, 2010). Depending on ball possession, a handball game may be divided in two phases, offensive and defensive. Because of the length of field (40 m) the transition from one play to the other is time demanding and conditions some sub-divisions of main game phases: offensive and deffensive transition. A modern approach towards top sport analysis demands tracking of all game phases and their contributions to the final result or success in a competition regardless of the competition type (league or tournament). Such an approach may directly determine which phase is responsible for resultative team success in competition. A review of contemporary researches shows that this area has been dealt with by a large number of authors. Efficiency in relation to player position has been researched (Gruić, Vuleta, & Milanović, 2006; Ohnjec, Vuleta, Milanović, & Gruić, 2008), efficiency in relation to shooting zone (Pokrajac, 2008; Rogulj, 2000a), and efficiency in relation to different shooting styles (Delija & [imenc, 1994; Vuleta, Milanović, & Sertić, 2003). Furthermore, differences between frequency and success of shooting in relation to team success (Apitzs & Liu, 1997; Foretić et al., 2010; Rogulj, Foretić & Burger, 2011; Taborsky 2008), efficiency of tactical elements on success and influence of final offensive play on game result (Rogulj & Surhoj, 2009; Rogulj, Surhoj & Surhoj, 2004; Srhoj, Rogulj & Katić, 2001) have also been discussed by various researchers. The above mentioned researches, as well as coaching dayto-day practice often emphasize the importance of position deffense play or some of its elements on the final game result. Handball professionals often say that winning team is the one that receives fewer goals, not the one that scores more. The importance of a goalkeeper as regards team success is often emphasized, because he is the last one on ball s path towards goal and regardless of zone formations played by team, his actions may be decisive for team success (Rogulj, 2000b). This represents a theoretical basis for the research aiming to determine differences between winning and losing teams, based on individual defense indicators of situation efficiency in top handball through analysis of the World Handball Cup for men held in Croatia in svaki igrač treba obaviti s obzirom na poziciju i ulogu unutar određenog modela taktike igre (Trninić, Visikić-[talec, [talec, Dizdar i Brkić, 1995). Praćenje parametra situacijske učinkovitosti omogućava trenerima i ekspertima uvid u kvalitetu momčadi, igračkih pozicija i svakog igrača {to pridonosi kvalitetnijem planiranju i programiranju treninga i natjecanja. Za ekspertne trenere i znanstvenike-praktičare je pored navedenog nužno znati vrednovati pokazatelje situacijske učinkovitosti i ukupne stvarne kvalitete igrača (Foretić, Rogulj i Trninić, 2010). Ovisno o posjedu lopte, rukometnu igru moguće je podjeliti na dvije faze; fazu napada i fazu obrane. Zbog dužine terena (40 m) prelazak iz jedne u drugu fazu zahtjeva vrijeme koje uvjetuje podfaze osnovnih faza igre: tranziciju napada i tranziciju obrane. Moderan pristup analize vrhunskog sporta zahtjeva praćenje svih faza igre i njihovih doprinosa u finalnom rezultatu na utakmici ili ukupnom natjecateljskom uspjehu neke ekipe tijekom liga{kih ili turnirskih sustava natjecanja. Ovakav pristup može direktno odrediti koja je faza igre odgovorna za rezultatski uspjeh ekipe na utakmici. Pregled dosada{njih istraživanja pokazuje kako se ovom problematikom bavio veći broj autora. Istraživana je učinkovitost obzirom na igračke pozicije (Gruić, Vuleta i Milanović, 2006; Ohnjec, Vuleta, Milanović i Gruić, 2008), učinkovitost obzirom na zone {utiranja (Pokrajac, 2008; Rogulj, 2000a), te učinkovitost u odnosu na različite načine {utiranja (Delija i [imenc, 1994; Vuleta, Milanović i Sertić, 2003). Nadalje, istraživane su razlike između učestalosti i uspje{nosti {uta u odnosu na uspje{nost momčadi (Apitzs i Liu, 1997; Foretić i suradnici, 2010; Rogulj, Foretić i Burger, 2011; Taborsky 2008), utjecaj elemenata taktike na uspje{nost te utjecaj varijabli zavr{nice napada na zavr{ni rezultat utakmice (Rogulj i Surhoj, 2009; Rogulj, Surhoj i Surhoj, 2004; Srhoj, Rogulj i Katić, 2001). Navedena istraživanja ali i trenerska praksa često apostrofiraju važnost pozicijske obrane ili nekih njenih elemenata za konačni rezultat utakmice. Rukometni praktičari znaju reći kako pobjeđuje ona ekipa koja primi manje golova a ne ona koja ih postigne vi{e. Također se često nagla{ava i važnost vratara za uspjeh ekipe jer je on zadnji na putu lopte prema golu i neovisno o zonskoj formaciji koju neka ekipa igra njegova aktivnost može biti od presudne važnosti za rezultatski uspjeh (Rogulj, 2000b). Sve spomenuto predstavlja teorijski predložak istraživanju koje ima za cilj utvrditi i objasniti razlike između pobjedničkih i poraženih momčadi na temelju individualnih obrambenih pokazatelja situacijske učinkovitosti u vrhunskom rukometu i to putem analize Svjetskog rukometnog prvenstva za mu{karce održanog u Hrvatskoj godine. Metode Methods Entity sample Entity sample of this research is represented by teams participating in the Preliminary Round of World Handball Cup held in Croatia in Every game generated 2 entities each, totalling to 108 (54 matches) whereby all the teams played the same number of games. The games that ended in a draw are not considered. 24 teams participated in the Cup, grouped in 4, 6 teams playing per group. Uzorak entiteta Uzorak entiteta ovog istraživanja predstavljaju ekipe na utakmicama prvog kruga (Preliminary round) Svjetskog rukometnog prvenstva održanog u Hrvatskoj godine. Svaka je utakmica generirala po 2 entiteta, ukupno ih je bilo 108 (54 utakmice) prilikom čega su sve momčadi imale isti broj utakmica. Iz analize su izbačene utakmice koje su zavr{ile nerje{enim rezultatom. Na prvenstvu su sudjelovale 24 momčadi. Sve su momčadi bile razvrstane u 4 skupine po 6 i igrale međusobno. 121
3 Foretić, N. et al.: INFLUENCE OF SOME DEFENSE ACTION... Proceedings 2012, Variable sample The total of manifesting variables consists of 2 groups: regular fouls made by defense during contact action and number of suspensions. Variables are assigned to 4 defense positions: far left and far right, half left and half right, back centre (left and right) and front center. The set of variables recorded are represented by the total number of regular fouls (F TOT), number of fouls by back centre left and right (FS), number of fouls by half left and half right (FB), number of fouls by far left and far right (FK), number of fouls by front center (FI), total of suspensions (I TOT), number of suspensions of back center left and right (IS), number of suspensions of half left and half right (IB), number of suspensions of far left and far right (IK) and the number of suspensions of front center (II). Data processing methods We have come up with basic descriptive statistical parameters based on the data available: arithmetical middle (M), standard deviations (SD) and Kolmogor-Smirn test. We have used univariate variance analysis of winning and losing teams. Distribution of results per 8 variables has proved discrepant and therefore we have used nonparametric Kurskal-Wallis ANOVA method. It is important to know that result matrix has been conceived so that the analysis excludes entities with no attempts (lack of attempts implies inefficiency of entity). The analysis has been undertaken by the means of software Statistica ver. 7. Uzorak varijabli Cjelokupni uzorak manifesnih varijabli sastoji se od 2 grupe: regularni faulovi koji su načinili obrambeni igrači tijekom kontaktne aktivnosti i dosuđena isključenja obrambenim igračima. Varijable su raspoređene na 4 igračke pozicije u obrani: krajnji branič, bočni branič, sredi{nji branič te istureni branič. Set varijabli koje su bile notirane predstavljali su: ukupan broj regularnih faulova (F TOT), broj faoluva srednjeg braniča (FS), broj faoluva bočnog braniča (FB), broj faoluva krajnjeg braniča (FK), broj faoluva isturenog braniča (FI), ukupan broj isključenja (I TOT), broj isključenja srednjeg braniča (IS), broj isključenja bočnog braniča (IB), broj isključenja krajnjeg braniča (IK) te broj isključenja isturenog braniča (II). Metode obrade podataka Na temelju podataka izračunati su osnovni deskriptivni statistički parametri: aritmetičke sredine (M), standardne devijacije (SD) te Kolmogorov-Smirnovljevog testa. Za analizu razlika između pobjedničkih i poraženih ekipa koristila se jednosmjerna analiza varijance. Distribucija rezultata u 8 varijabli nije se pokazala normalnom te se za njihovu obradu koristila neparametrijska metoda Kurskal-Wallis ANOVA. Važno je napomenuti da je matrica rezultata bila koncipirana tako da se u analize ne uračunavaju oni entiteti koji u pojedinim varijablama nisu imali poku{aja (ako nema poku{aja ne znači da je entitet neefikasan). Sve analize izvr{ene su pomoću softverskog paketa Statistica ver. 7. Tabela 1: Rezultati deskriptivne statistike svih varijabli. Table 1: Descriptive statistics results of all variables. Variables N M SD Min Max Skew Kurt max D K-S F TOT FS FB FK FI I TOT , IS IB IK II Legend/Legenda: N - Number of respodent (Broj ispitanika); M - Mean (Aritmetička sredina); SD - Standard deviation (Standardna devijacija); Min - Minimum (Minimum); Max - Maximum (Maksimum); K-S - Kolmogor-Smirn test (Kolmogorov-Smirnovljevog test); F TOT - Total number of regular fouls (Ukupan broj regularnih faulova); FS - Number of fouls by back centre left and right (Broj faoluva srednjeg braniča); FB - Number of fouls by half left and half right (Broj faoluva bočnog braniča); FK - Number of fouls by far left and far right (Broj faoluva krajnjeg braniča); FI - Number of fouls by front center (Broj faoluva isturenog braniča); I TOT - Total of suspensions (Ukupan broj isključenja); IS - Number of suspensions of back center left and right (Broj isključenja srednjeg braniča); IB - Number of suspensions of half left and half right (Broj isključenja bočnog braniča); IK - Number of suspensions of far left and far right (Broj isključenja krajnjeg braniča); II - Number of suspensions of front center (Broj isključenja isturenog braniča). 122
4 Foretić, N. i saradnici: UTJECAJ NEKIH PARAMETARA OBRAMBENE... Zbornik radova 2012, Results Table 1. shows descriptive statistics results of all games. Given that out of 10 variables of total sample, 8 variables do not possess adequate result distribution and have to be processed by nonparametric statistical methods. Unequal result distribution among variables is due to small number of frequencies. Namely, it is about defense action variables that are not too frequent within the framework of game. As obvious from the table, most variables have.00 as minimal value and a large result range, which consequently influences distribution regularity. We have used nonparametric Kurskal-Wallis ANOVA test so as to prove result validity when analysing differences between the groups of variables with unequal distribution. Rezultati U Tablici 1. prikazani su dobiveni rezultati deskriptivne statistike svih utakmica. S obzirom da od 10 varijabli ukupnog uzorka 8 varijabli ne posjeduje pravilnu raspodjelu rezultata moraju biti obrađene neparametrijskim statističkim metodama. Nepravilna distribucija rezultata kod većine varijabli posljedica je malog broja frekvencija. Naime, radi se o varijablama obrambene aktivnosti koje nisu odveć frekventne u okviru jedne utakmice. Kao {to je vidljivo iz tablice većina varijabli ima minimalnu vrijednost nula i veliki raspon rezultata {to također utječe na pravilnost distribucije. Kako bi rezultati bili vjerodostojni kori{ten je neparametrijski test Kurskal-Wallis ANOVA za analizu razlike između grupa varijabli sa nepravilnom distribucijom. Tabela 2: Univarijantna analiza varijance (ANOVA) između pobjedničkih i poraženih momčadi. Table 2: Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) between winning and losing teams. Variansa Win Loss M SD M SD F/H F TOT FS FB FK FI I TOT IS IB IK II Legend/Legenda: M - Mean (Aritmetička sredina); SD - Standard deviation (Standardna devijacija); Min - Minimum (Minimum); F TOT - Total number of regular fouls (Ukupan broj regularnih faulova); FS - Number of fouls by back centre left and right (Broj faoluva srednjeg braniča); FB - Number of fouls by half left and half right (Broj faoluva bočnog braniča); FK - Number of fouls by far left and far right (Broj faoluva krajnjeg braniča); FI - Number of fouls by front center (Broj faoluva isturenog braniča); I TOT - Total of suspensions (Ukupan broj isključenja); IS - Number of suspensions of back center left and right (Broj isključenja srednjeg braniča); IB - Number of suspensions of half left and half right (Broj isključenja bočnog braniča); IK - Number of suspensions of far left and far right (Broj isključenja krajnjeg braniča); II - Number of suspensions of front center (Broj isključenja isturenog braniča). Table 2. shows results of variance analysis between winning and losing teams. Although there are no statistically important differences, winning teams effect more fouls per game (.19 more) which is the consequence of higher number of stoppages by half left and half right (.87 more). On the other hand, although statistically insignificant, losing teams effect a higher number of fouls in the center (.11 more), far (.58 more) and front center positions (.07 more). Winning teams have fewer number of suspensions of far left and right (.04 less), while losing teams have fewer number of suspensions in total (.37 less), and fewer number of suspensions of half (.28 less) and front center positions (.07 less). It arises that statistically important difference is established solely by variable IS, representing the number of suspensions of back Tablica 2. prikazuje rezultate analize varijance između pobjedničkih i poraženih momčadi. Iako nema ststistički značajnih razlika, pobjedničke ekipe stvaraju ne{to vi{e faulova po utakmici (0,19 vi{e) {to je posljedica većeg broja prekida bočnih braniča (0,87 vi{e). S druge strane, iako ne na razini statističke značajnosti, poražene ekipe stvaraju veći broj faulova na sredi{njoj (0,11 vi{e), krajnjoj (0,58 vi{e) i isturenoj poziciji (0,07 vi{e). Pobjedničke ekipe imaju manji broj isključenja krajnjih braniča (0,04 manje) dok poražene imaju ukupno manji broj isključenja (0,37 manje), te manji broj isključenja na pozicijama bočnog (0,28 manje) i isturenog braniča (0,07 manje). Uočljivo je da je statistički značajna razlika utvrđena samo kod varijable IS koja predstavlja broj isključenja sredi{njih braniča na utakmici pri 123
5 Foretić, N. et al.: INFLUENCE OF SOME DEFENSE ACTION... Proceedings 2012, center positions during a game, whereby winning teams have.59 suspensions of back center players less than losing teams. Discussion čemu pobjedničke ekipe imaju 0,59 isključenja sredi{njih braniča manje od poraženih. Diskusija The above results emphasize the importance of back center positions in defense play. As it arises from handball practice and contemporary literature (Srhoj & Rogulj, 2003), most of attacks end in central positions for geometry reasons. The reason for this is the goal position in relation to ball, for the angles are wide open when shooted at from the middle of the playing field. The most important actions are those of circle runner. His participation is significant when position offense tactic is applied (Rogulj 2000a) because of his assistance to outer players in reaching position for shooting (Daza, 2009). It is known that a significant number of shootings in position offense is effected by outer players whose shooting efficiency often determines the winner (Foretić et al., 2010). Left and right backcourt, as well as center backcourt most often shoot from the middle of the zone defended by back center. This style of defense play demands a quality selection of defense players in center positions. The role of back center depends on the way zone defense play is set, and it may not be reduced to ball blocking, contact aimed at preventing outer player to shoot and overtaking and controlling circle runner. The tasks set for players action demand a special morphological structure because those are the tallest and the heaviest defense players ([ibila & Pori 2009). These characteristics have an influence on motoric skills because they reduce speed of players who may have problems in larger space, especially during play 1:1 with pivot, and eventually be suspended. As the results of this paper have shown, the suspension of back centre may determine team success. Therefore it is important that back centre play aggressively but in a controlled manner, in order not to have a significant number of suspensions. It arises that losing teams make a higher number of contact actions with breaks in the middle of the playing field. The quality of contact is very important because too aggressive and uncontrolled contact often leads to suspensions. It is therefore possible that winning teams have had better back centre with fewer fouls, thus avoiding the possibility of higher number of suspensions, defending mostly by shoot block and space block. Conclusion Tracking situation efficiency parameters is an integral part of analysis of players and teams during training and/or competition and may provide coaches with some information as regards progress in play. This paper deals with some parameters of individual efficiency and faults (suspensions) during defense actions. The analysis of differences between winning and losing teams has shown that fewer number of suspensions of back center contributes significantly to winning in top men handball. The quality of back center is obvious in controlled contact, not too aggressive to be suspended, and strong enough to prevent the attacker from shooting from the best center position of the playing field. We may say that the team whose backs play aggressively, without effecting a significant number of suspensions, is winning. The latter is due to the fact that the center of playing field is hardest to defend because of the tendency of fast Prethodno navedeni rezultati naglasili su važnost sredi{njice u pozicijskoj obrani. Iz rukometne prakse ali i iz pregleda literature (Srhoj i Rogulj, 2003) jasno je da iz geometrijskih razloga većina napada zavr{ava na sredni{njoj poziciji. Razlog tome je položaj gola u odnosu na položaj lopte pri čemu su kutovi gola najotvoreniji kada sa {utira sa sredine terena. Aktivnost kružnog napadača, koji značajno sudjeluje u taktici igre pozicijskog napada (Rogulj 2000a), tu je najveća zbog pomoći vanjskim igračima da {to lak{e dođu do pozicije za udarac na gol (Daza, 2009). Poznat je podatak da značajnu većinu udaraca u pozicijskom napadu izvode vanjski igrači čija učinkovitost {utiranja često određuje pobjednika na utakmici (Foretić i suradnici, 2010). Bočni vanjski napadači ali i srednji vanjski napadači najče{će svoje udarce izvode sa sredine terena koju brani sredi{nji branič. Ovakav način obrambene aktivnosti zahtjeva kvalitetnu selekciju obrambenih igrača na sredi{njoj poziciji. Uloge sredi{njeg braniča ovise o zonskoj obrani koja je postavljena, a one se mogu sažeti na blokiranje lopte, kontakt sa ciljem spriječavanja vanjskog igrača prije udarca na gol te preuzimanje i kontrolu kružnog napadača. Zadaće koje se pred ove igrače postavljaju zahtjevaju i posebnu morfolo{ku strukturu jer su to uvijek najvi{i i najteži obrambeni igrači ([ibila i Pori, 2009). Ovakve karakteristike utječu na motoričke sposobnosti jer smanjuju brzinu igrača koji se na {irem prostoru može naći u problemima, poglavito tijekom igre 1:1 sa srednjim vanjskim, i načiniti isključenje. Kao {to su rezultati ovog rada i pokazali upravo isključenja sredi{njih braniča mogu odrediti uspjeh pojedine ekipe na utakmici. Stoga je važno da sredi{nji braniči igraju agresivno ali i kontrolirano kako ne bi načinili značajan broj isključenja. Pokazalo se da poražene ekipe rade veći broj kontakata s prekidom na sredini terena. Pritom, je kvaliteta kontakta vrlo važna jer odveć agresivan i nekontroliran kontakt često dovodi do isključenja. Moguće je, dakle, utvrditi da u pobjedničke ekipe imale bolje sredi{nje braniče koji su stvarali ne{to manje prekr{aja, time izbjegavali mogućnost većeg broja isključenja i pritom se vi{e branili blokiranjem {uta i zatvaranjem prostora. Zaključak Praćenje parametra situacijske učinkovitosti sastavni je dio analize igrača i ekipe tijekom treninga i natjecanja koji treneru može dati odgovarajuće informacije o napretku u igri. U ovom su radu obrađeni neki parametri individualne učinkovitosti i pogre{aka (načinjena isključenja) tijekom obrambene aktivnosti braniča. Analiza razlika između pobjedničkih i poraženih ekipa pokazala je da samo smanjeni broj isključenja sredi{njeg braniča značajno doprinosi pobjedi u vrhunskom mu{kom rukometu. Kvaliteta sredi{njeg braniča ogledava se u kontroliranom kontaktu koji nije odveć agresivan da bi načinio isključenje ali je dovoljno čvrst da spriječi napadača u {utiranju iz najpovoljnije sredi{nje pozicije terena. Može se, dakle, reći kako ekipa u kojoj sredi{nji braniči igraju agresivno, a da pri tome ne rade značajan broj isključenja, pobjeđuje. Razlog je u tome {to je u vrhunskom rukometu najteže braniti sredinu terena 124
6 Foretić, N. i saradnici: UTJECAJ NEKIH PARAMETARA OBRAMBENE... Zbornik radova 2012, and tall center backcourt and pivot players to shoot from those positions. Consequently, lack of one defender in the center of defense zone represents an important advantage for the attacking team. However, this does not reduce the value of other defense positions, especially back center and front center positions. Subsequent researches should deal with higher quality games (Main Round), but also with a higher number of situation variables referring to the roles and assignments defense positions are tasked with in various types of zone defense play. The results of this research may be used by handball coaches and experts while analysing games and preparing their teams, having in mind the importance of TE-TA preparations of back center. zbog velike tendencije brzih i visokih bočnih i srednjih vanjskih napadača da {utiraju upravo iz te pozicije, pa je nedostatak jednog braniča u sredini obrane velika prednost za napad. Ipak, ovo ne umanjuje vrijednost ostalih obrambenih pozicija, posebno bočnih i isturenih braniča. Naredna istraživanja trebala bi obraditi utakmice veće kvalitete (Main Round) ali i sa većim broj situacijskih varijabli koje se odnose na uloge i zadaće pojedinih obrambenih igračkih pozicija u različitim vrstama zonskih obrana. Rezultati istraživanja mogu koristiti rukometnim trenerima i sportskim znanstvenicima prilikom analize igre i pripreme ekipe, pri čemu treba imati u vidu veliku važnost pripreme TE-TA sredi{njih braniča. Reference Apitzs, E., & Liu, W. H. (1997). Correlation between field dependance-independance and handball shooting by Swedish national male players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, doi: / pms c.1395 Daza, G. S. (2009). Las habilidades del pivote en la alta competicion de balonmano ŠSkills competition senior handball pivot¹. Unpublished doctoral disertation, Universitat de Barcelona. Delija, K., & [imenc, Z. (1994). Utjecaj nekih općih i situacijskih motoričkih sposobnosti i znanja na uspjeh u rukometu ŠImpact of the general and situational motor abilities and skills on the success in handball¹. Kinezilogija, 26, Foretić, N., Rogulj, N., & Trninić, M. (2010). The influence of situation efficiency on the result of a handball match. Sport Science. 3(2), Gruić, I., Vuleta, D., & Milanović, D., (2006). Performance indicators of teams at the 2003 men s world handball championship in Portugal. Kinesiology, 38(2), Ohnjec, K., Vuleta, D., Milanović, D., & Gruić, I. (2008). Performance indicators of teams at the 2003 world handball championship for women in Croatia. Kinesiology, 40(1), Pokrajac, B. (2008). EHF Men s Euro 2008 Analysis, discussion, comparison, tendencies in modern handball. EHF Periodical. Rogulj, N. (2000a). Differences in situation-related indicators of handball game in relation to the achieved competitive results of the teams at 1999 World Championship in Egypt. Kinesiology, 32(2), Rogulj, N. (2000b). Tehnika, taktika i trening vratara u rukometu ŠTechniques, tactics, and training the goalkeeper in handball¹. Split, HR: Fakultet prirodoslovno- -matematičkih znanosti i odgojnih područja u Splitu, Zavod za fizičku kulturu. Rogulj, N., Srhoj, V., & Srhoj, Lj. (2004). The contribution of collective attack tactics in differentiating handball score efficiency. Collegium Antropologicum, 28(2), Rogulj, N., V. Srhoj (2009). Influence of the collective attack tactics on handball match outcome. Fizička kultura, 37, Rogulj, N., Foretić, N., & Burger, A. (2011). Differences in the course of result between the winning and losing teams in top handball. Homo Sporticus, 13(1), Srhoj, V., Rogulj, N., & Katić, R. (2001). Influence of the attack end conduction on match result in handball. Collegium Antropologicum, 25(2), Srhoj, V., & Rogulj, N. (2003). Osnovne značajke igre vrhunskih ekipa u suvremenom rukometu ŠBasic features of the game top teams in the modern handball¹. Savremeni sport, 1(2), [ibila, M., & Pori, P. (2009). Position-Related Differences in Selected Morphological Body Characteristics of Top-Level Handball Players. Collegium Antropologicum, 33(4), Taborsky, F. (2008). Cumulative indicators of team playing performance in handball (Olympic Games Tournaments 2008). EHF Periodical. Trninić, S., Viskić-[talec, N., [talec, J., Dizdar, D., & Birkić, Ž. (1995). Latentna struktura standardnih pokazatelja situacijske efikasnosti u ko{arka{koj igri ŠLatent structure of standard indicators of situational efficiency in basketball game¹. Kineziologija, 27(1), Vuleta, D., Milanović, D., & Sertić, H. (2003). Povezanost varijabli {utiranja na gol s konačnim rezultatom rukometnih utakmica Europskog prvenstva godine za mu{karce ŠRelationship between variables kicking at goal with the final result handball match of the European Championship 2000th for men¹. Kinesiology, 35(2), Korespodencija/Correspondence to: Nikola Foretić, PhD Phone: nikolaforeticªhotmail.com 125
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