CARL Ball Hockey Rules Last Updated: April 17, April 17, 2018: Added a new section on Team Name and Logo procedures.

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1 CARL Ball Hockey Rules Last Updated: April 17, Recent Updates 2. Spirit of the League 3. Team Names and Logo Procedure 4. Sportsmanship 5. CARL Associates 6. Officials 7. Alcohol Infractions 8. Forfeits 1. RECENT UPDATES 9. Weather 10. Division Alignment 11. Waiver Forms 12. Rosters & Subs 13. Schedules & Standings 14. Playoffs 15. Equipment 16. League Specific Rules April 17, 2018: Added a new section on Team Name and Logo procedures. 2. SPIRT OF THE LEAGUE The City of Waterloo RIM Park staff would like to inform and educate all RIM Park Adult League Participants of the core Principles, Values, and Visions to be shared during league participation. CARL leagues are meant to be an environment for participants of all skills levels to enjoy the value of healthy living in a social gathering through sport. It is expected that all participants enter each game in the proper frame of mind to participate for the enjoyment of the game and recreation. For more information on CARL s Spirit of the League please click here. 3. TEAM NAMES AND LOGOS PROCEDURE The City of Waterloo RIM Park staff promotes a safe environment for all individuals in our community. In accordance with the City of Waterloo s Respectful Behaviour Policy CARL Administration will review all team names and logos created for league use. Team names are displayed on the City of Waterloo website and on display screens in City facilities. To help promote a safe, healthy, respectful and positive environment at City facilities this procedure will guide CARL participants in selecting team names and logos that align with the Respectful Behaviour Policy. For more information on the CARL Team Names and Logos Procedure please click here. waterloo.ca/carl - 1 -

2 4. SPORTSMANSHIP CARL promotes a recreational league that is built on the values of the Spirit of the League. All players and spectators are expected to abide by the Spirit of the League ; failure to do so could result in either suspension or discontinuation from the league. Captains are responsible for the behaviours of their players and spectators and may be held accountable for any inappropriate actions. Spirit Rankings ZERO TOLERANCE GUIDELINES To ensure a safe and fun environment for all participants, all players must abide by the following guidelines. All CARL Staff are expected to ask any person in violation of these guidelines to leave the facility immediately, when committing any of the following acts: 1. Swearing directly at another participant, staff or official. 2. Intentionally pushing, shoving or making physical contact with another participant, staff or official. 3. Making comments to instigate or incite an altercation with another participant, staff or official. Any participant engaging in any of these acts will face a suspension upon investigation at the discretion of the CARL administration. In order to promote sportsmanlike play, all teams are required to submit a spirit ranking for their opponent following the game. The spirit ranking will be reported directly to the CARL Associate. Each team is eligible to receive a total of 5 spirit points. With 5 being the highest and 1 being the lowest. All teams will begin each game with a full 5 spirit points and the spirit ranking will be determined by the play of your team from that game. When determining the spirit ranking the following criteria will be followed: Spirit Ranking Requirements: Spirit Ranking of 5: A few penalties/fouls should not drop the rating as long as they are unintentional and/or accidental. Questioning a penalty/foul is allowed, as long as appropriate language and gestures are maintained. The flow of the game is consistent (free of intentional delays). Teams show consistent and outstanding sportsmanship. waterloo.ca/carl 2

3 Spirit Ranking of 4: The game is played with courtesy. Poor language is occasionally overheard. Some penalties/fouls are more aggressive in nature. Intense moments are short-lived and kept within the context of the game. Questioning a penalty/foul is allowed, as long as appropriate language and gestures are maintained. Spirit Ranking of 3: The game has some intense moments. Inappropriate language is used whether or not directed at other people. The odd penalty/foul is intentional/not in the flow of the game. The games integrity is not jeopardised, CARL staff does not feel that extreme measures are necessary. Spirit Ranking of 2: Continued use of inappropriate language directed at other participants. Excessive number of penalties/fouls, including intention and flagrant offences. Repeated scrums and pushing after the play has been stopped. Display a lack of respect for the other team, attempt to antagonize them. Blatant disrespect toward the referee (foul language & gestures). Requires a detailed report Spirit Ranking of 1: Team has gotten out of hand, with regards to both language and actions. The flow of the play has been continually disrupted; stoppages in play are filled with pushing/arguing. Team s actions are severe enough to consider ejecting players and/or stopping the game. A blatant disregard for the rules, opponents and the game in general is displayed. A blatant disrespect towards the referee/carl staff (foul language, gestures). Requires a detailed report Teams should always remember the Spirit of the League guidelines while participating in CARL activities. Any issues during a game should be discussed with your opponent throughout and/or prior to the end of the game to allow for improvement during the game. If a situation becomes escalated any person has the right to contact emergency services; CARL Associates may contact emergency service for any participant. End of Season Follow-Up Following the completion of each CARL Season the administration will do a review of each team s overall spirit rankings. Any team displaying continual low spirit rankings throughout the season may be subject to any of the following: Probation Any team who receives an average spirit ranking of for their season will be sent a written notice placing their team on probation for the next CARL waterloo.ca/carl 3

4 season. While a team is on probation any occurrence of issues during the season will be dealt with more severely and may lead to suspension or possible expulsion from the league without refund. CARL Administration has the right to make changes to these standards based on continual offences during a season. Review Any team who receives an average spirit ranking of for their season will be sent a written notice placing their team under review for the next CARL season. A team under review must submit; in writing, changes their team will make to ensure a better performance of sportsmanship within the league. CARL Administration will review this submission and has the right to deny acceptance into the league. Any team who receives acceptance into the league will be placed on probation for the next CARL season. CARL Administration has the right to make changes to these standards based on continual offences during the season Suspension Any team who receives an average spirit ranking less than 2.5 for their season will be sent written notice of suspension for the next CARL season. All teams who are suspended for a season will be reviewed by CARL Administration and acceptance into future seasons of CARL leagues may be denied. Any player from a suspended team may receive permission to play on another team within CARL leagues. CARL Administration has the right to make changes to these standards based on continual offences during the season. Additionally, CARL Administration has the right to deny any request to continue participation within the league. Sportsmanship Concerns If during your game you are having issues with your opponent it is expected that you discuss this matter with your opponent. If the issue persists teams are encouraged to request help from the CARL Associate on-site at an appropriate time (during play along the sidelines or halftime) in a respectful manner. If you feel the issue has not been resolved upon completion of the game we ask that you please report the issue to the CARL Administration (carl@waterloo.ca) by 5 pm the next day. All sportsmanship issues will be reviewed by CARL Administration. Sportsmanship Follow-Up CARL Administration takes all sportsmanship issues seriously and will review all reported issues. When reviewing an issue we do consider instigation and retaliation as the same. Sportsmanship issues may be followed up with in one of the following manners: Feedback Team or player(s) will receive a written or verbal notice of their infractions during the game. Further offences may lead to suspension or possible discontinuation from the league. Warning Team or player(s) will receive a written warning from CARL Administration indicating their infractions during the game or season. Further offences will lead to a suspension or possible discontinuation from the league. Suspension Team or player(s) will receive a minimum (1) one game suspension sent in writing from CARL Administration for their next scheduled game(s). Further offences will lead to more suspensions and/or discontinuation from the league without refund. waterloo.ca/carl 4

5 A team with continual offences as a part of the CARL leagues will be taken into consideration when reviewing future issues. Any team who continually shows poor sportsmanship within CARL leagues may be reviewed and possibly denied acceptance into a CARL league. Suspensions Any player or team receiving a suspension from a CARL league will not be refunded for games missed and will not be allowed to attend any CARL league games during the duration of their suspension. Failure to adhere to the guidelines of a suspension may lead to further discipline which may include more suspensions or discontinuation from the league without refund. The following are possible suspensions that could be administered for offences within a CARL league; CARL Administration has the right to make changes to these suspensions due to severity or repeat occurrences without notice. 1 Game Suspension Observed aggressive actions including but not limited to instigation or retaliation of inappropriate verbal or physical actions towards another individual. Continued offences during a CARL season. Multiple Game Suspension Continued occurrences of inappropriate sportsmanship behaviour in the league. Displaying aggressive and/or inappropriate actions towards any City of Waterloo staff. 1 Year Suspension Fighting at or on City of Waterloo property. Fighting will be deemed as but not limited to the throwing of any punch or fist shot towards another player whether or not making contact or dropping the gloves in hockey to instigate an altercation with another individual. 2 Year Suspension 2 observed or confirmed fighting occurrences in one game. 5 Year Suspension Observed or noted occurrences of multiple fighting offences during a game. May include but will not be limited to serious loss of personal control, displaying intent to injure, lack of personal safety to other individuals, severe travesty of the game and/or complete disrespect for the spirit of the league. 5. CARL ASSOCIATES CARL Associates are employees of the City of Waterloo. They are there to assist in providing a positive experience for CARL participants working to ensure a proper level of sportsmanship among all players. CARL Associates are expected to be treated with an appropriate level of respect as outlined in the Zero Tolerance Guidelines. The roles of a CARL Associate include the following: Player Liaison: Providing positive customer service to all CARL participants and general facility patrons. Recording and reporting all scores and spirit rankings from games. CARL Associates have the right to question the validity of any player on a team s roster. CARL Associates do have the right to change any spirit ranking they feel does not meet Spirit Ranking Requirements based on their observation. Reporting any sportsmanship issues to the CARL Administration. Promoting CARL programs to participants. waterloo.ca/carl 5

6 Providing First Aid assistance when required. CARL Associates have the right to speak to any/all players throughout the game about appropriate behaviours. Facility Management: Ensure all facilities and resources used by the leagues are ready for use and maintained. Ensure all facilities are safe for participants. Ensure all participants are following any facility protocols. Managing the time of all games and making any adjustments to times as needed. Mediator: CARL Associates have an understanding of the league rules for their sport. Any disagreement between teams is expected to be resolved by the players. The CARL Associate will step in when necessary to assist in this process. The CARL Associates decision will be determined as final and play should resume with no further discussion. Enforcement of the Zero Tolerance Guidelines. Assisting with the understanding of all league rules. Leagues are self-officiated; the CARL Associate is not a referee and will not be expected to make calls. Game Management: Are responsible for the time keeping of all games. CARL Associates do have the right to run the clock or end a game early should they feel it is necessary. CARL Associates have the right to suspend a game at their discretion due to any prohibited behaviour or activity. What the CARL Associate does NOT do: CARL Associates are not trained referees and therefore will not referee or make calls during the game. What to do if there is NO CARL Associate present: There should always be one CARL Associate present during your games. Should for any reason there not be a CARL Associate present we ask that you please inform the Customer Service at RIM Park to inform them of the absence. Following a game with no CARL Associate we ask that both team captains the Administration (carl@waterloo.ca) with the game scores and spirit rankings. 6. OFFICALS Most CARL leagues are self-officiated and players are expected to make their own calls to ensure sportsmanlike play of the league. Ice Hockey, Slo-Pitch and Men s Officiated Indoor Soccer are the only exceptions to this rule. These leagues will have trained officials that will make calls during the game. Calls made by an official are final and players are expected to respect them. If a team has a question or concern regarding a call they may discuss it with the official as long as it is communicated in a respectful manner. All CARL Officials are part of the Zero Tolerance Guidelines and disrespect towards an official may lead to an ejection from the waterloo.ca/carl 6

7 current game. Further suspension or expulsion from the league may apply as determined by the CARL Administration. 7. ALCOHOL INFRACTIONS Teams found or noted to have been Consuming Alcohol at or on City of Waterloo property in non-designated areas will be reprimanded as follows: 1 st Offence Verbal / Written Warning from the League Administration/City of Waterloo 2 nd Offence Removal of Team from League Play (No Refunds) Should a team receive a dressing room/dugout that has evidence of consumption of alcohol it should be brought to the attention of the Program Delivery, Customer Service or Facility Staff. They will consult with Facility Operations Staff to review the dressing room. 8. FORFEITS All teams are expected to have enough players to meet the minimum numbers at the start of the game time. Any team not meeting the minimum number of players 10 minutes past the official start of game time will be subject to a forfeit. A team may lend players to their opponent; however, they must determine if the game will be a forfeit or an official game prior to playing. The forfeit score will be recorded as 7-0. If any team forfeits 2 games during a season their status in the league will be under review and may be removed from the league without refund. In this scenario; a forfeit will be deemed as a team not showing up for a game and/or insufficient amount of communication; CARL Administration will review all forfeits for the betterment of the league. If more than 48-hours notice is given prior to your game, the possibility of a rescheduled game on a future date may occur. CARL Administration will review any team with multiple occurrences and may remove a team from the league. Teams are required to have a minimum of 4 players to avoid a forfeit. When contacting CARL Administration on weekends or after hours in addition to sending an ; carl@waterloo.ca, please ensure you contact RIM Park Customer Service at so they may notify the league and/or CARL Associate. Teams are encouraged to work with CARL Administration if they are having issues fielding a full team on a regular basis. Exception: If captains agree that a team can play with less than the minimum required the score will count and the game can be played. Furthermore forfeit or non-forfeit needs to be agreed upon by the 10 minute mark, if an agreement cannot be reached then the default stands. waterloo.ca/carl 7

8 9. WEATHER CARL does not cancel any indoor games due to inclement weather. The only time games will be cancelled and rescheduled; if possible, is when the facility has been closed by City of Waterloo officials. Teams will be contacted in this case. 10. DIVISION ALIGNMENT Teams are expected to submit a division of play at the point of registration. Consultation with CARL Administration is advised for all new teams. When creating divisions CARL takes into consideration a team s previous record, rosters and competitiveness in previous seasons. CARL will not move a team if they do not feel they could be competitive in the new division. Teams may request a division when registering for the league; however, CARL has the right to move any team into a different division for the betterment of the league. If a team finishes in the top 4 of their division in 2 consecutive seasons they are encouraged to move to a higher division. CARL Administration has the right to move any team to a higher division without permission from the team. A team may request to move to a different division after the first 3 weeks of the season; however, CARL Administration will have the final say in all division movements. To allow for any movement once the season has begun, there must be another team from the new division that is willing or able to move. CARL Administration will move a team if it is felt it is the best thing for the league. When a team moves to a different division during the season, they will inherit the record of the other team whom they switched with. 11. WAIVER FORM All CARL participants are expected to complete a wavier form before participating in any CARL league. The wavier form outlines CARL s liability and sportsmanship guidelines. Any participant playing without a signed Waiver form may be asked to leave until the form has been completed. 12. ROSTERS & SUBS A team may only have a maximum of 20 players listed on their roster. Exceptions may be made upon review from CARL Administration. A full team consists of 5 players (4 players + 1 goalie) on the court. All teams are required to have a captain present at every game. If a team s listed captain is unable to be present; an acting captain must be assigned for the game. All players must be listed on the team s official roster to be eligible to play in the league. All players must have signed the liability waiver to be eligible to play in the league. A team may bring in extra players prior to the 4 th week in the season as long as they have completed the liability wavier. Following the roster deadline; CARL staff will do regular random roster checks. waterloo.ca/carl 8

9 Following the roster deadline; a team may challenge any player on their opponent s roster during the game and must be done by the team s captain. Any challenge must be requested prior to the end of the game. If the player is being challenged on a roster the following procedure will occur: o Upon notification of the challenge the CARL Associate will record the score at the time of the challenge. o The CARL Associate will blow their whistle and force the challenged player to take a substitution to present their full name and identification; this player may reenter the game during the challenge. Upon completion of the challenge the following results will occur: o If the challenge is successful; the player will be asked to leave the game immediately. If the challenged team has scored any goals the score will be reverted back to the recorded score at the time of the challenge. If the challenging team has score any goals the score will remain the same. o If the challenge is unsuccessful; the player is deemed to be eligible. The challenging team s captain will receive a 3 minute short-handed penalty If the challenging team has scored any goals the score will be reverted back to the recorded score at the time of the challenge If the challenged team has scored any goals the score will remain the same. If a player s full name is not listed (i.e. John instead of John Smith) they will be deemed as ineligible. Players are responsible for having valid ID at the game. If a player fails to have ID, they are considered to be ineligible and will be removed from the game. Any ineligible player caught playing in a game will result with following: o The player being removed from the game. o The team s captain being suspended for the next game. o A second offence will result in a 3 game suspension for the captain. o A third offence will result in a suspension to the captain for the remainder of the season. In the spirit of the league, captains are expected to replace players with individuals of equal skill. Bringing in ringers for games is strongly discouraged. A team may use players from a previous game from that night and league; however, they may only use players from within their division of play or lower and to bring their team to the minimum full line-up of players. You may not use players from another team to give your team subs for the game. Once a legitimately rostered player arrives at the game, a borrowed sub must discontinue play, unless the opponent agrees to have the player stay in the game. You may not use players from a previous game in playoffs. A team is required to have a minimum of 4 players to avoid a forfeit. Players must be in the gym and ready to play prior to the forfeit time. waterloo.ca/carl 9

10 13. SCHEDULES & STANDINGS CARL works hard to develop an equitable schedule for all participants; ensuring each team has an average equal number of games and a fair distribution of time slots. All schedules will be sent to each captain and posted on the CARL website a minimum of 1 week prior to the start of the season; schedules are subject to change. CARL Administration will give notice of changes as soon as possible. Teams are expected to report scores and spirit ranking to the CARL Associate following their game. The CARL Administration will have standings updated on the website ( no later than 48 hours following your game. Regular season games may end in a tied score. A score cap of a 7 goal differential will be applied to all games. Once a team has reached the score cap of 7 goals; additional goals will not be recorded. Once the trailing team scores another goal, the leading team must score another goal to have it counted. The score recorded will not reflect a goal differential greater than 7 goals. How Teams are Ranked: 1 st Criteria: Total Points will be determined from a team s wins, losses and ties. Wins will be 2 points, Ties will be 1 point and a Loss will be worth 0 points. 2 nd Criteria: Point Differential; a team s difference between points for and against. If there is still a tie in the standings: 1. Record head to head between the teams involved. 2. Point Differential between games involving the teams tied only. 3. Spirit points for each team involved. 4. Coin Toss 14. PLAYOFFS Any team with an average spirit ranking of 3.5 or lower will not be eligible for playoffs. To be eligible to participate in playoffs; a player must be on their team s official team roster. All teams are guaranteed the same number of post-season games; however, not all teams will receive the opportunity to play for the championship. If a league has 8 or more teams; the top 8 teams will play for the championship in a single elimination style playoff. If a league has less than 8 teams; the top 4 teams will play for the championship in a single elimination style playoff. Losing teams will play consolation matches to finish the season. waterloo.ca/carl 10

11 Any team not part of the championship playoffs will receive consolation games that will equal the same number of games as all other teams. CARL Administration has the right to change the playoff format at any time to ensure the quality of the league. Sportsmanship is an important part of playoffs. Any team displaying poor sportsmanship in playoffs will have their win reviewed and CARL administration has the right to overturn any win. Poor sportsmanship by both teams in a playoff game may result in a loss by both teams. Playoff games cannot end in a tie, the following format will only be used in playoffs to break a tie game. Each team will quickly assemble 3 team members for a shootout. Teams will shoot in a breakaway style from the centre of the gym. In the event of a tie still remaining additional team members (who have not shot yet) will compete in a sudden death format to determine the winner. Team members cannot repeat as a shooter until everyone present for the game has been used (excluding goalies). 15. EQUIPMENT All players are required to use hockey sticks with a complete plastic blade; no composite will be allowed. For terms of reference the following blade material(s) are not allowed within RIM Park gymnasiums: Wood PVC, ABS and other High Density plastics Fiberglass Composite Blade Structures; a composite blade is defined as any blade that is manufactured by combining more than one solid product throughout the majority of the blade of a stick. Composite also refers to any handmade modifications including but not limited to hockey tape. Players will be allowed to use any stick using the material referred to as polypropylene blade. Any player who does not comply with the RIM Park stick standards may be ejected from the game. Continued infractions may lead to suspensions. Any stick found that does not comply with the RIM Park stick standards will be taken by the CARL Associate for the night; continued offense by a player may lead to a suspension. All goalies may wear full equipment; masks must be CSA approved. All players may wear hockey gloves, eye protection and/or soccer shin pads; these are recommended but not mandatory. waterloo.ca/carl 11

12 16. LEAGUE SPECIFIC RULES GAME TIMES Players should arrive 10 minutes prior to the scheduled start time of their game. They will receive this time to warm-up for their game. All players will receive a total floor time of 60 minutes. The clock will begin at the scheduled start time of the game. Players are expected to begin their match on time, beginning late will not result in extra time added to the end of the match unless otherwise noted by the CARL Associate. The match will consist of two 24 minute halves and a 2 minute intermission; teams will switch ends at half. In regular season games may end in a tie, there will be no overtime. The clock will continue to run during the game, there will be no extra time unless noted by the CARL Associate. All games will end with a whistle blast from the CARL Associate; any goal scored after the whistle will not be counted. GAME EXPECTATIONS Prior to the start of the game captains are encouraged to meet to discuss any issues. During this meeting captains are encouraged to clarify any misunderstanding of rules. The home team on the schedule may determine which side they wish to begin on. It is expected that only captains are communicating issues during the game. If there is an issue that cannot be resolved by the team captains they are expected to request the assistance of the CARL Associate to mediate the conflict. The CARL Associates decision will be final and all players are expected to accept it. Players are expected to discuss any issues with the opposing captain and/or the CARL Associate during the game. PLAYER EXPECTATIONS Players are expected to have control of their emotions and body during game play; higher levels of aggression will not be tolerated. Players should take into consideration the skill level of their opponent; CARL is meant to be a recreational league and a team s spirit ranking may be affected by over competitive play. Warm-up in the hallway is not allowed. Players are expected to use the 10 minute transition time between games for warm-ups. All players must wear some type of court shoe (basketball, tennis, jogging, etc.). A player is not allowed to play in street shoes, socks, or bare feet. All players wearing knee braces that contain plastic, metal, or bolts/screws - must have a cover. Jewelry is not to be worn by any participant during a game. The only exception is wedding bands, studs and medical bracelets. Foul language, trash talk, or any other offensive actions or words will NOT BE TOLERATED and will be followed up in accordance with the Sportsmanship Guidelines. START & RE-STARTING OF PLAY The game will begin with a face-off; the ball will be dropped by a player on the sidelines. waterloo.ca/carl 12

13 Following a goal the team who was scored on will receive the ball behind the goal line. The opposing team will back up to the centre line after scoring a goal. The second half will begin with a face-off; a player on the sidelines from the team who did not drop the ball at the beginning of the game will drop the ball. Any ball going out of bounds will be taken by the team opposite the last player who touched the ball. The opposing team must give that player 1 stick length to play the ball. There will be no face-offs for a dead ball. GENERAL PLAY GUIDELINES Playing Area : o All areas (walls, ceiling, and basketball nets) will be considered as live. o Any ball that goes into the bleachers or into the player s bench will be considered as a dead ball; possession will go to the team opposite the last player who touched the ball. o There will be no offside or icing. Substitutions: o A player may substitute at any point during the game. o The player being replaced must be at the bench before the substitute may go on the floor. Time Outs: o Each team will be allowed 1 time out per half during the game. o Time outs will be a maximum of 1 minute in length. o The clock will continue to run during all time outs. o A player may only request a time out when they or their team is in possession of the ball or during a dead ball. o A team may not take a time out during the last 5 minutes of the game. Pulling the Goalie: o Pulling the goalie will not be allowed in CARL leagues. VIOLATIONS AND PENALTIES All players are expected to know the CARL Ball Hockey rules and call their own fouls and violations during the game. Players should not wait for their opponent or expect others will call their infractions during a game. The player who commits the foul will call the foul. If teams cannot come to an agreement on an infraction; they are expected to have a face off at centre. This is a recreation league and players are expected to show respect towards their opponent and make calls within the spirit of league as outlined. Violations: o A violation is a play in ball hockey will result in a turnover of possession to the opposing team. The ball will be taken from the point of the infraction. The opposing team must give 1 stick length to the player to allow the ball to be played. waterloo.ca/carl 13

14 List of Violation Examples: o Hand Pass Passing the ball to your teammate by using your hand; whether player is on the court or in the bench. Penalties: o Fighting Fighting will not be tolerated in CARL leagues. Any player found to be fighting will be ejected from the current game and will receive a minimum of a 1 year suspension. All CARL leagues will define fighting as: A player throwing a punch at an opposing player; regardless of whether or not contact was made. A player dropping their gloves with the intent to fight; regardless of whether or not any punch was thrown. o Reckless or Unsportsmanlike Play: All players are expected to be playing in control of their emotions and body during the game. During the game if the CARL Associate deems any player to be playing in a Reckless or Unsportsmanlike manner they will have the right to ask that player to sit out for 2 minutes not shorthanded. If the CARL Associate deems the action to be severe in nature or in violation of the Zero Tolerance Guidelines they may ask the player(s) to leave. o Any player who receives a penalty during a game may receive further discipline following review from the CARL Administration. waterloo.ca/carl 14