Low Stress Animal Handling Improves Both Productivity and Animal Welfare Temple Grandin Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University

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1 Low Stress Animal Handling Improves Both Productivity and Animal Welfare Temple Grandin Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University

2 Excitable cattle scored with different temperament measures have lower weight gains Excitable cattle poorer reproductive performance Many studies have replicated this result

3 Different Methods of Temperament Measurements Chute Score Works poorly if tightly held Electronic Exit Speed Walk Trot Canter Exit Speed (Vetters et al., 2013) 2 point exit speed scoring walk or trot, run, jump (Kasimanickam et al., 2014) Pen Scoring

4 Cattle that become agitated in the squeeze chute have lower weight gains Cattle that run fast out of the squeeze chute may perform poorly Voisinet et al.,1997, Fell et

5 Genetics influences temperament score Producers have been selecting for calm temperament to produce calmer, more productive animals Be careful to avoid reductions in foraging or mothering Temperament test scores are also changed by experience

6 Survey of Cattle Handling in Squeeze Chute in 28 Large Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado Feedlots Average Range Electric Prod % to 45 Vocalization % * to 6 Exit Falling % to 2 Exit Stumble % to 28 Miscaught % to 16 Exit Run % to 75 * No branding, castration, or dehorning R. Woiwode, 2015 Handling has improved

7 Advantages of Acclimating Animals to Handling Pigs easier to move and lower heart rate when acclimated to walking in alleys (Lewis et al., 2008; Geverlink et al., 1998)

8 Cattle handled quietly in the squeeze chute every day became calmer and will enter more easily each successive day Littlefield et al., 2001

9 Cattle Handling Acclimation Research Cattle handled carefully lower cortisol (Petherick et al., 2009) Heifers acclimated by walking through chutes improved reproductive performance (Cook et al., 2009, 2012) Training Brahman heifers to quietly walk through chutes produces calmer adults (Binstead, 1977; Fordyce, 1987)

10 Transport Acclimation Research Initial trip on a truck is more stressful than the 7 th or 9 th trip for both cattle and sheep. Stockman et al., 2011 Wickham et al., 2012

11 Animal memories are very specific. Acclimating cattle to close contact with people by feeding range cubes does not transfer to reduced temperament scores in the squeeze chute (Cook et al., 2009) Habituating an animal to a blue and white umbrella does not habituate an animal to other novel objects (Leiner and Fendt, 2011)

12 These objects are totally different pictures

13 Cattle perceive a man on a horse and a man on foot as two different things They need to be habituated to both

14 Acclimate Cattle to Different Vehicles and Going through the Chute

15 First experiences with new people, places, or equipment must be good Acclimating animals to handling reduces stress

16 New things are attractive when an animal is allowed to voluntarily approach, and scary when they are suddenly introduced

17

18 Animals That Fear People Less Productive Fear is a proper scientific term and it is used in the neuroscience literature Fearful sows, fewer piglets (Hemsworth, 1981) Fearful dairy cows, lower conception rates (Hemsworth, et al., 2000) Dairy cows that approach people, lower somatic cell counts (Fulwider et al., 2008)

19 An Example of Low Flight Zone Productive Dairy Cows That Approach People

20 Poor Handling Many Detrimental Effects Beef steers forced to run higher cortisol and lactate (Frese et al., 2015) and faster exit scores (Woiwode, 2015) Rough handling of feedlot cattle more bruises (Grandin, 1981) Cattle handling facilities with many acute bends and turns lower pregnancy rates compared to straight or semi-circular designs (Kasimanickam et al., 2014) High use of electric prods more downer pigs, higher lactate and glucose (Benjamin et al., 2001)

21 LOWER WEIGHT GAIN Miscatching on the animal s face, running cattle, whistling, and yelling Woiwode, 2015

22 Cattle and pigs with agitated behavior or multiple shocks with an electric prod in the stunning chute at the slaughter plant had higher lactate, tougher meat, and more PSE Gruber et al., 2010 Warner et al., 2007 Stockman et al., 2012 Edwards et al., 2010

23 A Good Attitude Towards Animals Improves Both Productivity and Handling Practices Seabrook, 1984, 2000 Training stock people improved attitudes towards animals and reduced negative behaviors (Hemsworth et al., 1994)

24 You Manage What You Measure Maintaining high standards requires continuous measurement Handling quality can be maintained by regular audits of your handling practices with an objective numerical scoring system PREVENTS BAD FROM BECOMING NORMAL

25 Scoring Animal Handling Percentage of animals that run Percentage of animals that fall during handling Percentage that stumble exiting squeeze Percentages of animals that vocalize during catching in the squeeze chute Percentage moved with electric prod

26 Comparison of Electric Prod Use Between Normal Fed Cattle and Hard to Handle Steers

27 Percentage of Beef Plants That Stunned 95% or More Cattle with the First Shot USDA survey prior to industry wide auditing McDonald s Audits started Continued auditing by major customers Continuous auditing maintains good performance

28 HACCP principles same as food safety Directly observable things that are outcomes of bad practices or bad facilities Not a paperwork audit

29 Three Types of Variables for Auditing Animal Welfare 1. Animal based outcome measure (continuous variables) 2. Prohibited practices (discreet variable) 3. Input-based engineering variables (discreet variable)

30 Example: Lameness is an Outcome of Many Bad Conditions Agitated Cattle Scuff Hooves (toe abscesses) Rapid Growth Poor Leg Conformation Poor Foot Care Foot Disease Injuries Beta-Agonists Hot Weather

31 Poor Leg Conformation Causes Lameness and Difficulty Walking Correct Collapsed Poor Straight Post Poor

32 The pig has bad leg conformation Beef should not repeat this mistake

33 Corkscrew foot A genetic defect in cattle Photo by L.A. Horstman, DVM, Purdue University, 2010

34 Examples: Prohibited Practices Poking sensitive areas to move animals Dragging downer cows or bulls Beating animals See video Proper Use of Livestock Driving Tools

35 Example: Input Base Measures Measures Space Requirements for Feeders and Waterer Space Requirements for Transport Stunning Equipment Specifications

36 Calm Animals Easier to Handle Photo by Sherry Taylor

37 20 to 30 Minutes Required to Calm Down

38 Fearful Cattle Heads up Ears alert Ears pinned back Defecation Tail switching Eye white

39 Animals may refuse to move into the sun

40 Cattle may refuse to move when they see the white jug and the red car

41 Tie up loose chain ends that scare animals

42 Cattle may refuse to enter a dark building

43 Skylights installed in the walls will improve cattle movement into an existing dark building

44 Allow the Leader Time to Look at the Puddle

45 If cattle balk at the backstop gate, tie it open

46 In Corrals Move Small Groups into the Crowd Pen

47 Good Handling Requires More Walking

48 Fill Crowd Pen Half Full

49 The Flight Zone is the Animal s Safety Zone

50 Animals turn away when the handler enters the flight zone

51

52 Solid Outer Fence Open Inner Fence People must stay outside the flight zone unless moving animals

53 If an animal rears, back up and get out of its flight zone

54 Optimal Chute Length for Following Behavior

55 Cardboard on the Back Half of Squeeze Chute Blocks Vision of a Close Person

56 Solid vs. Open sides Open Sides Must maintain people free zone around it Requires more skill Cattle acclimated to low stress handling Solid Sides Outer perimeter to block view of activity and vehicles Wild cattle Less skilled people

57 Curves reduce walking Outer perimeter solid sides most important

58 Curved systems block view of squeeze chute operator Animals will turn back in the same direction they came from

59

60 Simple Round Crowd Pen Handler Works the Pivot Point

61 Work Cattle From Crowd Gate Pivot

62 Bud Box Joe Stookey, 2014

63 Use Flags, Paddles or No Driving Aid An Electric Prod is NEVER the Primary Driving Aid

64 Curves reduce walking Outer perimeter solid sides most important

65 Design Concepts Simple, Economical Requires more Stockmanship skill More Expensive Easier for unskilled people to use

66 Behavioral Principles of Restraint Non slip flooring Prevents fear of falling No sudden jerky motion Optimal pressure not too tight, not too loose Block vision (grazing animals)

67 Dogs around the chutes stress cattle because they cannot move away. They may also teach cattle to kick

68 Non-Slip Flooring is Essential Animals get agitated when they slip Squeeze chutes, stocks, scales, unloading ramps Steer coming out of squeeze chute

69

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