Many different Native American Nations lived free on the? Great Plains

Transcription

1 Social Studies -- Chapter 19, Sections 1-5 CHAPTER 19 SECTION Many different Native American Nations lived free on the Great Plains Native Americans are believed to be descendents of people who crossed over the Bering Sea on a land bridge, 12,000 years ago, from Asia In the 1600 s Plains Indians learned to tame and ride wild horses that had descended from horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish Once riding horses became part of Plains Indian life, farming became less important than hunting and following herds of Buffalo Many Plains Indians lived in a tent-like structure called a Tepee The tepees could be easily moved on horse or dog drawn sleds called Travois Plains Indians could drive a buffalo herd into an enclosure called a Corral Plains Indians depended on the buffalo to provide them with _ Food, clothing, and shelter Buffalo meat could be dried into strips called Jerky

2 A religious ceremony when thousands of Plains Indians gathered together each summer to thank the Great Spirit for helping them in times of trouble was called The Sun Dance Having great understanding and wisdom, some Plains Indian Nations relied on a to make final decisions about matters of importance? Woman A Blackfoot woman who led many hunting parties was Running Eagle

3 CHAPTER 19 SECTION Many Americans were lured west to strike it rich mining for & Gold and Silver A Western mining boom began in 1849 with The California Gold Rush A nickname for the miners of the 1849 California Gold Rush was Forty-Niners A rich vein of gold or silver is called a Lode One of the largest gold and silver strikes in the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range became known as the Comstock Lode People searching for gold and silver are called Prospectors After failing as a prospector, Samuel Clemens began writing for a Nevada newspaper. We know Samuel Clemens by his pen name Mark Twain First came a gold or silver strike, then a Boom Town would grow, then the area s precious metals would be mined out, leaving behind a Ghost Town As gold and silver ran deeper underground becoming scarce, and mining became too difficult for hand mining, miners would sell or abandon their mines to be taken over by large companies that could afford Large costly machinery

4 Much of the mining frontier was lawless, except for groups of miners banding together to become Vigilantes A common vigilante punishment for an outlaw or thief caught was a Lynching Needing supplies and the ability to ship out gold and silver, mining boomtowns caused railroad companies to rush to Lay tracks connecting railroad lines Government financial aid to railroad companies, to help them buy equipment and connect the country together quickly is called a Subsidy To connect the West with the East, in 1863, The Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads began a race to build the first Transcontinental Railroad Labor was scarce during the Civil War, so the railroads hired immigrants. Name the heritage of many of these hard working railroad builders Chinese, Irish, African American, Mexican American, & many other Europeans When on May 10, 1869, Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads met at Promontory Point,, who was the President of the Central Pacific Railroad, who hammered a golden spike that joined the two rail lines and the nation coast to coast? Leland Stanford Because of the rapid growth of railroads, many territories applied for Statehood (Nevada 1864, Colorado 1876, N. & S. Dakota Montana Washington 1889, Idaho Wyoming 1890)

5 CHAPTER 19 SECTION Roaming wild on the Texas plains were wild herds of beef cattle called Texas Longhorns The demand for beef increased after the Civil War Moving cattle great distances was called making Cattle Drives To meet the demand for beef, Texas ranchers hired to bring herds of longhorns north to railroad lines in Kansas and Missouri? Cowhands One of the most famous cattle drive routes from Texas north to the Kansas Pacific Railroad was the Chisholm Trail Skilled Spanish and Mexican cowhands were called Vaqueros Name some equipment that both vaqueros and cowhands used on cattle drives Wide-Brimmed hats, Lariats (leather ropes), Bull whips, Rifles and Pistols, Leather Chaps, Boots with spurs, Horse or Oxen drawn Chuckwagons Cattle drives ended in villages called that sprang up along railroad lines with pens built to hold the cattle before shipping? Cow Towns One famous cow town in Kansas at the north end of the Chisholm Trail starting in San Antonio, Texas, was Abilene

6 & 510 Another famous cattle drive route was the Western Trail, which started in Texas and went all the way north to Montana through the city of, which was at about the halfway point? Dodge City In the 1870 s, ranchers began raising beef cattle on the Plains from Kansas north to Montana. This cattle-raising empire became known as the Cattle Kingdom The Cattle Kingdom came to an end in 1887 because in 1886 and 1887 killed millions of cattle, causing farmers and sheep ranchers to move into the Great Plains? Severe Freezing Winters

7 CHAPTER 19 SECTION Name the Indian treaty of 1851, which, for money, animals, agricultural tools, and other goods, the U.S. Government guaranteed each Indian Nation it s own limited area of land to keep forever Fort Laramie Treaty In 1858, prospectors discovered gold on Indian land the U.S. had promised to Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes, causing a wave of miners to rush to the land at Pike s Peak, Colorado When gold was discovered at Pike s Peak, the U.S. Government forced the Indian leaders to sign a new treaty giving up the land around Pike s Peak, and causing some Indians to? Attack white settlers In 1864, upset with white settlers being attacked, Colonel John Chivington led his militia to destroy a peaceful Indian village, killing men, women, and children, even though they had raised a white flag. This became known as The Chivington Massacre Name the Lakota War Chief who said, When the white man comes in my country he leaves a trail of blood behind him. Chief Red Cloud The Chivington Massacre caused The Indian Wars between Indians and U.S. Soldiers all across The Great Plains To help end the Indian Wars, in 1867 the U.S. Government established a? Peace Commission In 1867 Southern Plains Indians were forced onto Indian Territory in what is now Oklahoma

8 In 1867 some Northern Plains Indians agreed to live on Indian Territory in what is now South Dakota A limited area of land that is set-aside for Native Americans to live on is called a Reservation What animal population fell from about 13 million in 1860, to about 200 in 1900 Buffalo With miners finding gold in the Black Hills, on Lakota and Sioux Reservations, Chief Sitting Bull and Chief Crazy Horse with their warriors fought back in what became known as The Sioux War of In 1876, Colonel George Custer and his 225 men were all killed in a battle with Lakota and Cheyenne. This battle is known as The Battle of Little Bighorn Famous leader of the Nez Perce Indians was Chief Joseph A formal end to Indian and White warfare came when this holdout Apache Chief surrendered in 1886 Geronimo This Indian religious ceremony celebrated the time Native Americans lived free on the Great Plains The Ghost Dance By 1890, settlers persuaded the Government to outlaw the Ghost Dance because settlers thought Indians were preparing for war. When police officers entered a Lakota Reservation was accidentally killed? Chief Sitting Bull

9 The death of Sitting Bull led angry groups of Lakota the leave the reservation and travel to a creek in present day South Dakota. Followed by troops, as the Lakota surrendered arms, a shot rang out provoking the deaths of 300 at this creek called Wounded Knee This daughter of an Indian Chief of the Omaha, convinced many people to take up the Indian cause with her books, articles, and lectures Susette La Flesche In 1881, another woman took up the Indian cause in her book, A Century of Dishonor that revealed the Government s cheating, robbing, [and] breaking promises. Helen Hunt Jackson Another woman who took up the Indian cause, lived with Indian Tribes, and became a worker for the U.S. Government Bureau of Indian Affairs was Alice Fletcher In 1887, the government did pass a law to try and help the Indians become farmers again, but it was a terrible failure for those Native Americans who only wanted to live free. The outcome of this law was to leave Native Americans winding up with half the land they had. The law was The Dawes Act

10 CHAPTER 19 SECTION A woman who spoke out bitterly about the low prices farmers were getting for their crops and animal stock was Mary Elizabeth Lease What was the1862 law that promised 160 acres of land if the new owner farmed it for at least five years The Homestead Act People who took advantage of Government s Homestead Act were called Homesteaders African Americans who took advantage of the Homestead Act, most able to own land for the first time, called themselves Exodusters Mexican Americans of Spanish speaking heritage, living in the Southwest, called themselves Mexicanos Mexicanos, in 1894 Arizona, to protect their rights and take political actions to fight for rights formed The Hispanic-American Alliance Southwestern English speaking white people living in the Southwest were called Anglos After the government cleared the Indians out of Oklahoma, the last land-grab was held with 100,000 boomers lined up on the Oklahoma border waiting for a shot to be fired to rush in and grab land. When they charged in, much of the best land had already been taken by Sooners

11 Farmers on the Great Plains were called Sodbusters Because lumber and trees were scarce on the Great Plains, first houses were often Sod houses By 1894, because of over-harvesting grain by numerous farmers in the Midwest, what is the crises that developed Low grain prices Pooling money and labor together to help save money on prices of materials and other needs, makes some people form a Cooperative Buying of selling something in large quantities directly from the source of the product is to sell or purchase by Wholesale In 1867, farmers banded together to purchase seeds and tools at wholesale prices, by forming a large agricultural cooperative called The National Grange Another group that formed agricultural cooperatives and warehouses was The Farmer s Alliance In 1891 farmers and labor unions wishing to gain political representation formed The Populist Party For the presidential elections of 1896, The Populist Party endorsed the Great Orator William Jennings Bryan

12 Supported by bankers and businessmen, The Republican Party winner of the 1896 Presidential Election was William McKinley 19 AMENDMENT REVIEW 13 th banned slavery 14 th citizenship (born in U.S.A.) 15 th citizens can vote 16 th income tax 17 th direct election of senators 18 th ban alcohol (prohibition) 19 th women s suffrage 20 th presidential terms 21 st prohibition repealed