THE EFFECTS OF TRAINING AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES OF THE MAXIMAL AEROBIC SPEED ON THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD IN FOOTBALL

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1 THE EFFECTS OF TRAINING AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES OF THE MAXIMAL AEROBIC SPEED ON THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD IN FOOTBALL Honceriu C. 1, Cojocariu A. 1 1 Al. I. Cuza University in Iași, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Toma Cozma, Nr. 3, , chonceri@yahoo.com ABSTRACT Evaluating the response of the blood lactate in situations which require effort and setting the anaerobic threshold is a relatively new method, widely used in high performance sport, as well as in the research field where it is correlated with the physiological and biochemical activity of the body. The purpose of the research is to compare and correlate the results of the VO 2 max and the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with the VAMEVAL field test, and the anaerobic effort threshold found by measuring the blood lactate respectively, as well as the effect of training at different percentages of MAS (85%, 100%, 120%) on the anaerobic threshold. In carrying out this research, we started from the hypothesis that training at high percentages of MAS can lead to an increase in the capacity of aerobic and anaerobic effort. The tested subjects are twelve young football players, with ages between 16 and 18. In order to single out these correlations, we have used an experimental protocol, different for each of the three groups, consisting in training at different percentages of the maximal aerobic speed. The results have proven that training at an intensity of 100 and 120% of MAS has physiological consequences on the aerobic capacity of effort, but also on the anaerobic threshold, thus, implicitly, on the anaerobic capacity of effort. Furthermore, the results show the fact that training at 80% of MAS does not influence the anaerobic threshold. KEY WORDS: blood lactate, VO 2 max, intensity. INTRODUCTION Wasserman [6] introduced the term anaerobic threshold and showed that the pulmonary gas exchange can be used to estimate the inflection point of the lactate. From a physiological point of view, the lactic acid immediately dissociates in ions and hydrogen; as a result, the terms muscular lactate and blood lactate are used, rather than muscular lactic acid and blood lactic acid [1]. Wasserman [6] defines the anaerobic threshold as the VO 2 max effort level over which the aerobic generation of energy is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms. By measuring the blood lactate, one can determine the anaerobic threshold of effort. This is useful not only for the evaluation of the training level of a sportsman, but also for the prediction of the aerobic and anaerobic effort performance that can be achieved through training [2]. The level of the blood lactate concentration provides information about the aerobic and anaerobic threshold. The intermediate values of the blood lactate determine the aerobic-anaerobic transition zone [5,4]. The value of the blood lactate concentration may well surpass these values, according to the intensity and the volume of the exercise. Cazorla and Leger [3] have done a field test (VAMEVAL) that establishes MAS and, implicitly, VO 2 max. According to their theory, MAS represents the intensity of the effort at which the sportsman reaches the first inflection point of the lactate, 2 mmol.l -1. The purpose of this research is mainly to overlap and to analyze, in a comparative manner, the values obtained as a result of applying the two methods of determining the capacity for effort. In doing this research, we started from the hypothesis that training at high percentages in MAS can lead to an increased capacity of aerobic and anaerobic effort. METHODS Subjects. They are twelve young football players, with ages between 16 and 18. All subjects have been playing football for more than 6 years and at present they are training five times a week apart from the competition. Required materials: Lactate Test apparatus, apiculturist pen, test foil, syringe needle, VAMEVAL test. Experiment protocol(p): P1 the sportsman undergoes the VAMEVAL test trying to reach the maximum threshold of his capacity for aerobic effort; P2 when the sportsman can no longer keep the pace imposed by the signal of the sound beeps, he stops and he has blood drawn by means of an apiculturist pen; P3 four of the subjects will undergo six training sessions with exercises whose intensity will be calculated at 120% of MAS, four of them at 100%, the other four at 85%. 180

2 P1 Specific protocol for the VAMEVAL test: The field test consists in running continuously and progressively on a 200m track, with ten cones, with a distance of 20m between them. The pace is imposed by a CD player which emits high sounds and the player must run the distance between two cones in the interval between sounds. The player will try to run so that he can get to the next cone the moment the sound signal occurs. At first sight this may seem difficult, but, in fact, it is very simple. Sportsmen understand easily what they have to do and they adapt quickly. The running speed starts from 8km/h and it increases with every minute by 0,5 km/h. Sportsmen will adapt their running speed to the frequency of the sounds, they will run faster trying to keep up with the imposed speed. The moment a player can no longer do this, he stops, and the coach writes down the gate at which he stopped. Gate 1 signals a 8,5 km/h speed, gate 2 is 9 km/h, gate 3 is 9,5 km/h etc. P2 Specific protocol for the Lactate Test: The sportsman is drawn a drop of blood from one of his fingers, then the finger is cleaned with alcohol. The first drop is absorbed on a piece of sterile gauze, then the finger is held tight and the second drop is taken with a test foil which will be introduced into the apparatus. In less than a minute, the concentration of blood lactate will be displayed. P3 Planning training at 120%, 100% and 85% of MAS: the first four subjects from the table below have trained with 85% of MAS, the next four with 100% of MAS, and the last four with 120% of MAS. Calculating distances and running time intervals for each group has been done with the VAMEVAL program. The sportsmen have undergone the program, according to the experiment protocol, twice a week, for six weeks. RESULTS Table 1 displays the results of the two tests, the test and the final test. Table 1. The results from the subjects of the three groups at the initial testing (Ti), and the final testing (Tf) Tested subject % MAS in training Age MAS Lactate level T i T f T i T f T i T f Subject no ,3 15,3 54,4 54,4 2,9 2,8 Subject no ,9 15,1 54,1 55,1 3,1 3,1 Subject no ,4 16,3 58,5 58 2,7 2,8 Subject no ,1 16,9 61,1 60,2 3,4 3,4 Subject no , ,9 61,9 3,6 3,3 Subject no ,8 18,1 59,8 66 3,2 2,9 Subject no ,8 17,5 57,3 63,7 3,5 3,2 Subject no ,9 17,3 53,1 62,8 3,8 3,5 Subject no ,3 18,3 61,6 65,4 3,1 2,5 Subject no ,6 18,1 60,5 66 3,4 2,9 Subject no ,9 18,3 61,4 65,4 3,7 2,6 Subject no ,8 18,4 63,4 65,6 3,3 2,7 Table 2. Statistic interpretation of the results obtained from the subjects of the three groups at the initial testing (Ti) and the final testing (Tf) the data represent the arithmetic mean (±standard deviation) Group % MAS in training MAS Lactate level T i T f T i T f T i T f Group ,925 (±1,007) 15,9# (±0,84) 57,025 (±3,37) 56,925# (±2,68) 3,025 (±0,29) 3,025# Group ,775 (±0,78) 17,475* (±0,46) 56,775 (±2,76) 63,6* (±1,76) 3,525 3,225* Group ,15 (±0,51) 18,275* (±0,12) 61,725 (±1,21) 65,6* 3,375 2,675* (±0,17) Legend: # - not significant differencies regarding the initial test (p>0,05); * - significant differencies regarding the initial test (p< 0,05) 181

3 DISCUSSIONS The results of the research (see tables 1-2) show that MAS, measured with VAMEVAL, surpasses the aerobic threshold; the effort level reaches the aerobic-anaerobic transition zone, between 2 4 mmol.l -1. This is an important detail in the planning phase of the training, when certain methods and means of preparation are set, but especially when the calculations regarding the intensity of the training are done (distances, running times, type and break length between series, etc.). Regarding the effects of training with different percentages of MAS, the calculations of the results prove the following: for the training with 85 % of MAS the players have kept the VO 2 max level, as well as the level of blood lactate concentration (p>0,05) according to the intensity of the test (VO 2 max 57,02 ml.min -1.kg -1; blood lactate - 3,02 mmol.l -1). This confirms the fact that the effects of the training with 85% of MAS are maintaining the capacity of aerobic effort, previously acquired by training, and that this effort intensity used in training does not have visible effects on the anaerobic threshold. In the case of training with 100 % of MAS one can notice an improvement of the VO 2 max level by 12, 03 % (56, 77 63, 6 ml.min -1.kg -1 ) and a decrease of 8, 52 % (3, 52 3, 22 mmol.l -1 ) in the blood lactate level, with significant differencies between the initial and final tests (p< 0,05). Results show the fact that the training intensity corresponding to 100 % of MAS is directly involved in the increase of the aerobic effort capacity; it also contributes to the decrease in the anaerobic threshold, which causes positive physiological consequences on the anaerobic effort capacity. In the case of training with 120 % of MAS one notices an improvement of the VO 2 max level by 6, 28 % (61, 72 65, 6 ml.min - 1.kg -1 ) and a decrease in the blood lactate level by 18, 78 % (3, 37-2, 67 mmol.l -1 ), with significant differencies between the initial and final tests (p< 0,05). Results prove that training at an intensity of 120 % of MAS causes physiological consequences on the aerobic effort capacity, but especially on the anaerobic threshold, therefore, implicitly, on the anaerobic effort capacity. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we consider that the hypothesis of this research has been confirmed, considering the following: Training at 85% of MAS does not have visible effects on the anaerobic threshold. The intensity of the training corresponding to 100 % of MAS has positive physiological consequences on the anaerobic effort capacity. Training at 120 % of MAS has important physiological effects, manifested by an obvious increase of the anaerobic effort capacity in the subjects. REFERENCES: 1. Apostol I. Ergofiziologie curs. Ia i: Ed. Universităţii Alexandru. I. Cuza p. Romanian 2. Bangsbo J. Lindquist F. Comparison of various exercise tests whith endurance performance during soccer in professional players. Int.J.Sports Medicine. 1992;13: Cazorla et al. Les épreuves d`effort en physiologie. Epreuves et mesures du potentiel aérobie. Paris: INSEP Editions; French 4. Jousselin E. et al. Determination of aerobic-anaerobic transition zone and practical use for training. Science et Sport French 5. Keul J. et al. La transition aérobie-anaérobie lors de la pratique de certains sports. Colloque international de Saint-Etienne; French 6. Wasserman K. et al. Principes of exercise testing and interpretation. Philadelphia; EFECTELE ANTRENAMENTULUI LA DIFERITE PROCENTAJE DIN VITEZA AEROBĂ MAXIMALĂ ASUPRA PRAGULUI ANAEROB ÎN FOTBAL Honceriu C. 1, Cojocariu A. 1 1 Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Facultatea de Educaţie Fizică şi Sport, Bd. Carol 1, nr. 11, Iaşi , ROMANIA chonceri@yahoo.com 182

4 REZUMAT Evaluarea răspunsului lactatului sangvin la efort şi determinarea pragului anaerob este o metodă relativ nouă, din ce în ce mai folosită atât în sportul de performanţă cât şi în activitatea de cercetare, unde este corelată cu activitatea fiziologică şi biochimică a organismului. Cercetarea îşi propune să realizeze o comparaţie şi o corelare a rezultatelor între VO 2 max şi viteza aerobă maximală (VAM) determinate prin testul de teren VAMEVAL, respectiv pragul anaerob de efort determinat prin măsurarea lactatului sangvin, precum şi efectul antrenamentului la diferite procentaje din VAM (85%, 100%, 120%) asupra pragului anaerob. În realizarea cercetării am pornit de la ipoteza că antrenarea la procentaje ridicate din VAM poate conduce la creşterea atât a capacităţii de efort aerobe, cât şi a celei anaerobe. Subiecţii supuşi cercetării sunt 12 tineri, practicanţi ai jocului de fotbal, cu vârste cuprinse între 16 şi 18 ani. Pentru a evidenţia aceste corelaţii, am utilizat un protocol experimental, diferenţiat pe trei grupe, care constă în antrenamentul la procentaje diferite din viteza aerobă maximală. Rezultatele demonstrează că antrenamentul la o intensitate de 100 şi 120 % din VAM are repercusiuni fiziologice atât asupra capacităţii aerobe de efort cât mai ales asupra pragului anaerob deci, implicit, asupra capacităţii anaerobe de efort. De asemenea, rezultatele indică faptul că efectuarea antrenamentului la 85% din VAM nu are influenţă asupra pragului anaerob. CUVINTE CHEIE: lactat sangvin, VO 2 max, intensitate. INTRODUCERE Wasserman [6] a introdus termenul de prag anaerob şi a arătat că schimbul de gaze pulmonar poate fi folosit pentru estimarea punctului de inflexiune a lactatului. Fiziologic, acidul lactic disociază imediat în ioni şi hidrogen, drept pentru care sunt folosiţi termenii de lactat muscular şi lactat sangvin decât termenii de acid lactic muscular şi acid lactic sanguin [1]. Wasserman [6] defineşte pragul anaerob ca fiind nivelul VO 2 max de efort peste care producerea aerobă a energiei este suplimentată prin mecanisme anaerobe. Prin măsurarea lactatului sangvin se poate determina pragul anaerob de efort. Acest lucru este util atât pentru evaluarea nivelului de antrenament al unui sportiv cât şi pentru predicţia performanţei de efort aerob şi anaerob ce poate fi atinsă prin antrenament [2]. Nivelul concentraţiei de lactat sangvin dă informaţii asupra pragului aerob şi anaerob. Astfel, specialiştii [5] consideră valoarea de 2 mmol.l -1 ca reprezentând pragul aerob, iar valoarea de 4 mmol.l -1, ca fiind pragul anaerob. Valorile intermediare ale nivelului de lactat sangvin determină zona de tranziţie aerob-anaerob [5,4]. Valoarea concentraţiei de lactat sangvin poate depăşi cu mult aceste valori, în funţie de intensitatea şi volumul exerciţiului. Cazorla şi Leger [3] au realizat un test de teren (VAMEVAL) care determină VAM şi implicit VO2 max. Conform teoriei autorilor, VAM reprezintă intensitatea efortului la care sportivul atinge primul punct de inflexiune al lactatului, respectiv valoarea de 2 mmol.l -1. Scopul cercetării este tocmai de a suprapune şi analiza comparativ valorile obţinute prin efectuarea celor două metode de determinare a capacităţii de efort. În realizarea cercetării am pornit de la ipoteza că antrenarea la procentaje ridicate din VAM poate conduce la cre terea atât a capacită ii de efort aerobe, cât i a celei anaerobe. METODE Subiecţi. Subiecţii supuşi cercetării sunt 12 tineri, practicanţi ai jocului de fotbal, cu vârste cuprinse între 16 şi 18 ani. Toţi subiecţii practică fotbalul de mai mult de 6 ani, planificarea actuală a antrenamentului incluzând 5 antrenamente pe săptămână plus jocul competiţional. Materiale necesare: aparatul Lactat Test, stilou apicultor, folie test, ac de seringă, testul VAMEVAL. Protocol (P) de experiment: P1 - sportivul realizează testul VAMEVAL încercănd să atingă palierul maxim al capacităţii sale de efort aerob; P2 - în momentul în care sportivul nu mai poate menţine ritmul impus de bipurile sonore se opreşte şi i se prelevează imediat sânge cu ajutorul stiloului apicultor; P3 patru dintre subiecţii participanţi la experiment vor executa 6 antrenamente cu exerciţii a căror intensitate va fi calculată la 120 % din VAM, patru dintre ei la 100 %, ceilalţi 4 subiecţii urmănd să execute aceleaşi exerciţii însă la o intensitate de 85 % din VAM. P1 - Protocol specific testului VAMEVAL: Testul de teren constă într-o alergare continuă progresivă în jurul unei piste de 200 metri, trasată prin 10 jaloane aşezate la o distanţă de 20 metri unul de altul. Ritmul alergării este impus de un CD-player care emite bipuri sonore, jucătorul trebuind să parcurgă distanţa dintre două jaloane în intervalul dintre bipuri. Jucătorul va cauta sa se deplaseze cu o viteză de alergare astfel încât să ajungă în dreptul următorului jalon în momentul bipului sonor. La o primă vedere poate părea greu, însă e foarte simplu. Sportivii înţeleg repede în ce constă testul şi se adaptează uşor la cerinţele acestuia. Viteza de alergare porneşte de la 8 km/h şi creşte la fiecare minut (palier) cu 0,5 km/h.. Sportivii îşi vor adapta viteza de alergare în funcţie de frecvenţa bipurilor sonore, vor alerga din ce în ce mai 183

5 repede, încercând să ţină cât de mult pot viteza de alergare impusă. În momentul în care jucătorul nu mai reuşeşte să ţină ritmul impus de bipurile sonore, se opreşte iar antrenorul notează palierul la care acesta s-a oprit, palier care este anunţat de fiecare dată de înregistrarea audio. Palierul 1 corespunde vitezei de 8,5 km, palierul 2 corespunde vitezei de 9 km/h, palierul 3 corespunde vitezei de 9,5 km/h, şamd. P2 - Protocol specific testului cu Lactat Test: sportivului i se curăţă cu alcool degetul din care se recoltează cu ajutorul stiloului apicultor o picătură de sânge. Prima picătură care iese din deget este absorbită cu o bucată de tifon steril, degetul este strâns iar a doua picătură de sânge este luată cu ajutorul foliei test care se introduce în aparat. În mai puţin de un minut, concentraţia de lactat sangvin va apărea afişat pe display-ul aparatului. P3 Planificarea antrenamentelor la 120%, 100% şi 85% din VAM: primii 4 subiecţi (grupa 1) din tabelul de mai jos au efectuat antrenamente cu 85% din VAM, următorii 4 subiecţi (grupa 2) au efectuat antrenamente cu 100% din VAM, iar ultimii 4 subiecţi (grupa 3) au efectuat antrenamente cu 120% din VAM. Calcularea distanţelor şi a timpilor de alergare, pentru fiecare grupă de studiu, a fost făcută cu ajutorul programului VAMEVAL. Sportivii au efectuat programul, conform protocolului stabilit pentru experiment, de două ori pe săptămână, timp de 6 săptămâni. VAM Distaţele şi timpii de alergare iniţial 400 m 600 m 800 m 1000 m 5 min Subiect nr.1 15,3 km/k m Subiect nr.2 14,9 km/h m Subiect nr.3 16,4 km/h m Subiect nr.4 17,1 km/h m Subiect nr.5 15,6 km/h m Subiect nr.6 16,8 km/h m Subiect nr.7 15,8 km/h m Subiect nr.8 14,9 km/h m Subiect nr.9 17,3 km/h m Subiect 16,6 km/h m nr.10 Subiect 16,9 km/h m nr.11 Subiect nr.12 17,8 km/h m REZULTATE În tabelul nr. 1 sunt afişate rezultatele obţinute în urma celor două testări, testarea şi testarea finală. Tabel. nr. 1. Rezultatele obţinute de subiecţii celor 3 grupe la testarea iniţială iniţială (Ti), respectiv cea finală (Tf) Subiect testat % VAM în Vârsta VAM Nivelul lactatului antrenament T i T f T i T f T i T f Subiect nr ,3 15,3 54,4 54,4 2,9 2,8 Subiect nr ,9 15,1 54,1 55,1 3,1 3,1 Subiect nr ,4 16,3 58,5 58 2,7 2,8 Subiect nr ,1 16,9 61,1 60,2 3,4 3,4 Subiect nr , ,9 61,9 3,6 3,3 Subiect nr ,8 18,1 59,8 66 3,2 2,9 Subiect nr ,8 17,5 57,3 63,7 3,5 3,2 Subiect nr ,9 17,3 53,1 62,8 3,8 3,5 Subiect nr ,3 18,3 61,6 65,4 3,1 2,5 Subiect nr ,6 18,1 60,5 66 3,4 2,9 Subiect nr ,9 18,3 61,4 65,4 3,7 2,6 Subiect nr ,8 18,4 63,4 65,6 3,3 2,7 184

6 Tabel. nr. 2. Prelucrarea statistică a rezultatelor obţinute de subiecţii celor 3 grupe la testarea iniţială (Ti), respectiv cea finală (Tf) datele reprezintă media aritmetică (± deviaţia standard) % VAM în VAM Nivelul lactatului antrenament T i T f T i T f T i T f nr ,925 (±1,007) 15,9# (±0,84) 57,025 (±3,37) 56,925# (±2,68) 3,025 (±0,29) 3,025# nr ,775 (±0,78) 17,475* (±0,46) 56,775 (±2,76) 63,6* (±1,76) 3,525 3,225* nr ,15 (±0,51) 18,275* (±0,12) 61,725 (±1,21) 65,6* 3,375 2,675* (±0,17) Legendă: # - diferen ă nesemnificativă statistic fa ă de testarea ini ială (p>0,05); * - diferen ă semnificativă statistic fa ă de testarea ini ială (p< 0,05) DISCUŢII Rezultatele obţinute în urma cercetării efectuate (vezi tabelele nr. 1-2) indică faptul că VAM, măsurată prin testul VAMEVAL, depăşeşte pragul aerob, nivelul efortului prestat ajungând în zona de tranziţie aerob-anaerob, adică între valorile de 2 4 mmol.l -1. Acest lucru constituie un detaliu important în faza de planificare a antrenamentului, atunci când se stabilesc metodele şi mijloacele de pregătire, dar mai ales atunci când se realizează calculele referitoare la intensitatea antrenamentului (distanţele, timpii de alergare, felul şi mărimea pauzelor dintre serii, etc.). Referitor la efectele antrenamentului cu diferite procentaje din VAM, calculele rezultatelor obţinute dau următoarele indicii: în cazul antrenamentului cu 85 % din VAM se constată faptul că jucătorii şi-au păstrat atât nivelul VO 2 max cât şi nivelul concentraţiei de lactat sanguin (p>0,05) conform intensităţii probei efectuate (VO 2 max 57,02 ml.min -1.kg -1; lactat sangvin - 3,02 mmol.l -1). Acest lucru confirmă faptul că efectele antrenamentului cu 85% din VAM sunt de menţinere a unei capacităţi de efort aerob, prealabil dobândite prin antrenament, şi că, această intensitate de efort folosită în antrenament nu are efecte vizibile asupra pragului anaerob. În cazul antrenamentului cu 100 % din VAM se constată o îmbunătăţire a nivelului VO 2 max cu un procent de 12,03 % (56,77 63,6 ml.min -1.kg -1 ) şi o scădere a nivelului de lactat sangvin de 8,52 % (3,52 3,22 mmol.l -1 ), valorile dintre cele două testări având diferen e semnificative statistic (p< 0,05). Rezultatele indică faptul că intensitatea de antrenament corespunzătoare valorii de 100 % din VAM este direct implicată în creşterea capacităţii de efort aerob, şi că, ea contribuie şi la scăderea pragului anaerob, ceea ce înseamnă repercusiuni fiziologice pozitive asupra capacităţii anaerobe de efort. În cazul antrenamentului cu 120 % din VAM se constată o îmbunătăţire a nivelului VO 2 max cu un procent de 6,28 % (61,72 65,6 ml.min -1.kg -1 ) şi o scădere a nivelului de lactat sangvin cu un procentaj de 18,78 % (3,37-2,67 mmol.l -1 ), valorile dintre cele două testări indicând din nou diferen e semnificative statistic (p< 0,05). Rezultatele demonstrează că antrenamentul la o intensitate de 120 % din VAM are repercusiuni fiziologice atât asupra capacităţii aerobe de efort cât mai ales asupra pragului anaerob deci, implicit, asupra capacităţii anaerobe de efort. CONCLUZII Aşadar, considerăm că ipoteza cercetării de faţă a fost confirmată, ca urmare a următoarelor considerente: antrenamentului cu 85% din VAM nu are efecte vizibile asupra pragului anaerob. intensitatea de antrenament corespunzătoare valorii de 100 % din are repercusiuni fiziologice pozitive asupra capacităţii anaerobe de efort. antrenamentul la o intensitate de 120 % din VAM are efecte fiziologice importante, manifestate prin creşterea evidentă a capacităţii anaerobe de efort a subiecţilor. BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Apostol I. Ergofiziologie curs. Ia i: Ed. Universităţii Alexandru. I. Cuza p. Romanian 2. Bangsbo J. Lindquist F. Comparison of various exercise tests whith endurance performance during soccer in professional players. Int.J.Sports Medicine. 1992;13: Cazorla et al. Les épreuves d`effort en physiologie. Epreuves et mesures du potentiel aérobie. Paris: INSEP Editions; French 4. Jousselin E. et al. Determination of aerobic-anaerobic transition zone and practical use for training. Science et Sport French 185

7 5. Keul J. et al. La transition aérobie-anaérobie lors de la pratique de certains sports. Colloque international de Saint-Etienne; French 6. Wasserman K. et al. Principes of exercise testing and interpretation. Philadelphia;

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