Monitoring of performance an training in rowers

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1 Monitoring of performance an training in rowers Jaak Jürimäe Demands of the Sport High maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ); Ability to perform at a high percentage of VO 2max for the duration of event; High power output or speed at the anaerobic threshold; Good technique; Ability to utlize fat as a fuel source during exercise of longer duration at high work rates. 1

2 Rowing Development Three ways to row faster: 1. Rowers can produce more energy; 2. Rowers can use their energy more efficiently; 3. Rowers can produce more energy and use their energy more efficiently. Factors that affect energy production and efficiency: Biomechanics (rowing technique, race analysis); Equipment (boat and oar developments); Physiology (training concepts, fitness monitoring); Psychology (goal setting, motivation); Sociology (team cohesion, team support); Sports medicine (injury prevention, rehabilitation). 2

3 Physiology, psychology, sociology and sports medicine allow the rower to produce more energy, while biomechanics and equipment are responsible for more efficient energy usage. Characteristics of rowing performance The typical rowing competition takes place on a 2000 meter course and lasts, depending on a boat type and weather conditions minutes. During a race muscle contraction is relatively slow and about duty cycles per minute are used. During competition, a rower depends mainly on his/her aerobic metabolism because energy stores and glycolysis are limited to cover the energy demand only for approximately minutes. 3

4 Energy contribution According to Roth et al. (1983), the energy of the 2000 meter race was provided 67% aerobically and 33% anaerobically, 21% lactic and 12 % alactic. While Secher et al. (1982) found that the aerobic energy contribution may be up to 86%. CONCLUSION: The more energy rowers can obtain aerobically, the better their basic conditions can be determined. 4

5 Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race Winning Times y = -0,0331x + 83,872 R 2 = 0, Time (min) Year FISA Men s championship 1x Winning Times ,5 9 y = -0,0137x + 34,292 R 2 = 0,5434 8,5 Time (min) 8 7,5 7 6, Year 5

6 Body-Size Requirements The average elite male heavyweight rower: Height: 197 cm (185 cm for women); Weight: 95 kg (85 for women); Body fat: < 8 % or 7.6 kg (14 % or 11.9 kg for women). 75 % of the muscle mass (30 kg or 1/3 of body mass) is used in rowing. Ned Hanlan ca cm 71kg Biglin Brothers ca cm? 75-80kg? Ward Brothers ca cm? 80+kg? Physical characteristics of rowers in 19th century. 6

7 Taller Population= Taller Elite Rowers Oxford Crew-2005 Average Height: 197cm Average Body Mass: 98.3 kg Yale University Crew, Winner of the Olympic Championship, Paris, Average height: 185 cm Average body mass: 82 kg Henderson, Y and Haggard, H.W. American J. Physiology. 72, ,1925 7

8 Development of anthropometric parameters of the elite rower from junior to senior A level. Big blades found to be 3% more hydrodynamically efficient compared to Macon blade? Affeld, K., Schichl, Ziemann, A. Assessment of rowing efficiency Int. J. Sports Med. 14 (suppl 1): S39-S41,

9 Measuring Rowing Specific Physical Capacity Concept II rowing ergometer photos 1-4 from Miller, B. The development of rowing equipment

10 Testing in Estonia Testing in Estonia 10

11 Testing in Estonia VO 2 max vs place in champiovo 2 VO 2 max vs place in championships in championshipsnships From Secher NH. Rowing. Physiology of Sports (ed. Reilly et al) pp

12 Development of VO 2max 7 6,5 7 + L/min X 6 VO2 max (L/min) 5,5 5 4,5 4??? 3, Year Typical World Class XC skiers Allometrically equivalent rower?? 6.3 L/min, 75 kg, 85 ml/kg/min 270 ml/kg 0.73 /min 7.5 L/min, 95kg, (do they exist?) 79 ml/kg/min, 270 ml/kg 0.73 /min 12

13 Development of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilation and maximal aerobic power (Pmax) of the elite rower from junior to senior A level. Table 2. Mean (±SD) characteristics of the rowers selected (SEL; n=6) and not selected (N-SEL; n=5) for the national team. Measurements Baseline SEL Baseline N-SEL 24 weeks SEL 24 weeks N-SEL Height (cm) 192.0± ± ± ±4.1 Weight (kg) 93.5± ±4.0 $ 93.5± ±5.4 Body fat (%) 10.8± ± ±2.0 & 9.1±1.2 Fat mass (kg) 9.6± ± ±1.8 & 7.7±1.0 Fat free mass (kg) 83.9± ± ±6.8 & 82.9±5.0 VO 2max (l.min -1 ) 6.4± ±0.5 $ 6.5± ±0.7 & Pa max (W) 461.8± ±38.4 $ 478.7± ±20.9 $ 2000-m sculling (s) 434.5± ±4.7 $ 435.9± ±1.6 $ $ Significantly different from SEL; P<.05. & Significantly different from baseline; P<

14 Developments in training over 3 decades (Fiskerstrand and Seiler 2004) l. min l. min l. min hrs. yr hrs. yr hr. yr hours. wk s 80s 90s Winter Summer Fiskerstrand A, Seiler KS Training and performance characteristics among Norwegian international rowers Scand J Med Sci Sports (5):

15 Physical characteristics of medal winners among Norwegian International Rowers N Height (cm) Body mass (kg) VO 2max (l/min) Highest value # 6.5# Form and intensity definitions used to quantify training among elite Norwegian rowers Long-distance rowing (La: mmol/l) min Land-based endurance training (La: mmol/l) min Interval training (85 95% VO 2max ; La: 5-10 mmol/l) 3-10 min long intermittent bouts Race pace training ( m) % VO 2max Over-speed training (~500 m) at near maximal intensity ( % VO 2max ) 15

16 Form and intensity definitions used to quantify training among elite Norwegian rowers Strength training (75-90% 1 RM) 8-12 reps Strength-endurance training (50% 1 RM) ~50 reps Flexibility training. Changes in training characteristics during preparatory period 70-90`s 16

17 Changes in training characteristics during competitive period 70-90`s Summary Annual training volume has increased about 20%, with most of the increase occuring during the preparatory period; Large increases in basic endurance training at intensities clearly below the first lactate turn point have been utilized; 17

18 Summary Training at high intensities, at or above race pace ( % VO 2max ) has been deemphasized; Greater emphasis has been placed on training at intensities requiring 90-95% of VO 2max, most often in the form of long interval bouts lasting 4-8 min. Mon 8:00 Weights 120 min 10:00 Row 70 min Steady state in pairs HR :00 Row 100 min Steady state in pairs HR Tues 8:00 Row 2 x 5x5 min ON/1 min OFF in pairs HR :30 Erg 12 kilometers HR 150 4:00 Row 100min Steady state in eight Wed 8:00 Weights 120 min 10:00 Run 3 x 10 laps :00 Row 100min steady in eight Thurs 8:00 Row 2 sets 12 x 20 power strokes in eight 10:30 Erg 75 min (about 17500m) :00 Erg 3 x 20 min Fri 8:00 Weights 120 min 10:30 Erg 15 km :30 Row 90 min steady state in eight Sat 9:00 Row 90 min steady state in eight :00 Row 90 min steady state in four Sun 9:00 Row 3 sets 4 x 4 min ON/1 min OFF in pairs US National Team training during peak loading period 3 sessions/day 30+ hr/wk 18

19 MONITORING SINGLE TRAINING SESSION IN HIGHLY TRAINED MALE ROWERS Preparatory period: % below anaerobic threshold; Competitive period: 75% below anaerobic threshold. Energy homeostasis The evaluation of different adipocytokines, osteokines and myokines during acute longdistance rowing exercise is of great interest due to their implications in the regulation of energy homeostasis in rowers. 19

20 Long-distance single sculling The participants rowed for 2 h at 80% of the HRTP (an average of 2 h 2 min over a distance of 20.6±1.5 km). The estimated energy expenditure of the exercise trial was kcal. Blood analysis (PRE, POST, POST-30 ): ADIPOCYTOKINES OSTEOKINES MYOKINES Visfatin (ng.ml -1 ) 7.0 Exercise C ontro l * ** 4.5 P R E P O S T P O S T-30 Figure 1. Plasma visfatin concentrations before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and after 30 min of recovery (POST-30) during the exercive and control trials. 20

21 1.6 Exercise Control 1.4 Leptin (ng.ml -1 ) * ** 0.4 PRE POST POST-30 Figure 3. Plasma leptin concentrations before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and after 30 min of recovery (POST-30) during the exercive and control trials. Table 1. Changes in blood biochemical variables during prolonged rowing training session. Variable PRE POST POST-30 Leptin (ng/ml) Osteocalcin (ng/ml) IL-6 (pg/ml) 1.3± ± ±0.4* 37.1± ±12.8* 47.3±11.8* 0.8 ± ±1.6* 4.1 ±1.5*# 21

22 Table 2. Changes in stress hormone variables during prolonged rowing training session. Variable PRE POST POST-30 Testosterone (ng/ml) Cortisol (ng/ml) 14.9± ± ± ± ± ±91.9 Results Plasma leptin (r=-0.59) and osteocalcin (r=0.57) concentrations measured immediately after the training session were related (P<0.05) to the distance covered. 22

23 SUMMARY The present study demonstrates a significant effect of acute on-water prolonged sculling exercise on peripheral markers of energy homeostasis produced by adipose (visfatin and leptin), skeletal (osteocalcin) and muscle (IL-6) tissues; Peripheral markers of negative energy balance, such as leptin and osteocalcin, may serve as mediators of metabolic reaction for the energy requirements during and after physical exercise in athletes. MONITORING TRAINING STATUS IN HIGHLY TRAINED MALE ROWERS: 1. Performance parameters; 2. Psychological parameters; 3. Hormonal parameters. 23

24 minutes ,2 1,2 2,3,4 2,3, week Strength Endurance Ball games Figure 1. Training volume (minutes) during a six-week training period. Table 2. Performance parameters of 2000 metre all-out rowing ergometer test during the study period. TEST 1 TEST 2 TEST 3 Time (s) Power (W) 384.5± ± ± ± ± ±

25 3 Standardized RESTQ -Inde 2,5 2 1,5 1 0, ,3,4 2,3, ,2 1,2 training load (min ,4 3, week Figure 2. RESTQ-Index during each week of the study. 3 L e p ti n (n g. m l - 1 ) 2,5 2 1,5 0 1, Cortisol (nmol.l -1 ) Week T e s t o s t e ro n e ( n m o l.l -1 ) Figure 3. Fasting leptin, cortisol and testosterone concentrations during each week of the study. 25

26 Leptin vs RESTQ-Sport 3 L e p t i n ( n g. m l - 1 ) 2,5 2 1,5 0 1, ,5 1 0,5 0-0,5-1 -1, weeks Stress Recovery Index Table 5. Exercise-induced leptin concentrations after each training phase. Parameter TEST 1 TEST 2 TEST 3 Leptin (ng.ml -1 ) PRE 2.4± ± ±0.2 2 POST 2.4± ± PRE 2.3±0.3 2 POST ± ±0.3 1 PRE 2.2±

27 GENERAL CONCLUSION Fasting plasma leptin and RESTQ-Index demonstrated a dose-response relationship with changes in training volume. Maximal exercise-induced changes in leptin could be used as the possible first sign of overreaching in the condition of increase in training volume in highly trained male rowers. THANK YOU! 27

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