Advanced Sailing Course Student Syllabus

Transcription

1 24707 Dana Drive, Dana Point, CA Advanced Sailing Course Student Syllabus We Can Teach You How to Sail and Keep You Sailing! Mark W. Howe Director of Education Programs

2 Student Syllabus Table of Contents Course Outline 2 Terms & Conditions of Enrollment 3 Page No. Sail Balance - Weather Helm 4-5 Sail Shape vs. Trim 6 Tuning Standing Rigging 7 Local Marine Weather 8 Fog and Currents 9 Knot List 10 Marine Electronics 11 Diesel Engine Fuel Flow Diagram 12 Anchoring Techniques Under Sail 13 Velocity Made Good Chart 14

3 Advanced Sailing Course Outline 2 Lectures Lecture 1 Review Aerodynamics Apparent Wind; Header/Lift Balance of Sail Design Static vs. Dynamic Weather Helm Characteristics Tuning the Rig Advanced Sailing Techniques Sail Shape and Trim Light Air vs. Heavy Air Hull Speed Lecture 2 Maneuvers Under Power Local Weather Systems Fog Currents Coves and Anchorage More Knots Marlinspike Lecture 3 Night Sailing Marine Electronics A Sextant Diesel Engine Mechanics Lecture 4 Anchoring Techniques Aground/Kedging Heavy Weather Sailing Labs Advance Sail 1 Sail Shape and Trim Sailing Maneuvers on a Large Boat Use of Equipment Traveler, Vang, Backstay Adjuster Whisker Pole, Cunningham Barberhauler Position the Jib Leads Advance Sail 2 Docking and Undocking Under Power and Sail Power Maneuvers Backing a Boat Advance Sail 3 Night Piloting Techniques Marine Electronics, Fathometer, GPS Use of a Sextant Advance Sail 4 (Final Exam) Anchoring Under Sail Heavy Weather Sailing Note: This lab will be inserted into the above schedule where appropriate to weather conditions. Heaving To, Reefing, Changing Jibs Control of Helm Balance of Rig Please Fill in Your Course Schedule Below (See Terms and Conditions on next page) Lecture Dates Labs - On the Water Sail Dates

4 Terms & Conditions of Enrollment 3 General Members Enrollment is for a specifically scheduled class session with meetings agreed upon during application. Failure to attend class lectures and sail training as scheduled will jeopardize a student s ability to successfully complete the course. Where a conscientious student unavoidably misses a class or meeting, every effort will be made to reschedule the student into another session. It must be recognized however, that some classes are repeated no more often than 3 times per year. Final completion of course requirements may be extended 30 days (or until completion of the following class session), to allow for agreed upon make-up work to be completed. Students failing to successfully complete the course, including a passing score on the written examination, by the end of the 30 day grace period may be terminated from the course Members successfully completing all course work according to the above will receive certification for chartering boats, or other recognition appropriate to the course. Members failing to complete the course in the time allotted, consequently failing to receive certification for chartering boats, must apply separately for certification and pay such fees as may be necessary for that purpose. Non-Members 1. Non-members who successfully complete the course and desire to join the Aventura Sailing Association, may do so without payment of the certification fee if they act within 30 days of the completion of their course work. Otherwise, it will be necessary to go through certification as with any new member Terminated students will be required to pay the scheduled rate for all subsequent make-up instruction, as will students falling to attend class for reasons of personal convenience or forgetfulness. Lab sessions can be made up privately with lessons by special arrangement and may be shared. 2. Non-members failing to complete the course in the time allotted will not receive any recognition and will be placed in the dead file. They will not be reconsidered until reapplication is made, along with payment of whatever fees are necessary.

5 Sail Balance - Weather Helm 4 Static vs. Dynamic Static In one plane (plane of the axis of a vertical boat). CE (Center of Effort) Center of wind forces on the sails. Proportional to sail area. Center of the triangle 1/3 up from the foot. CLR Center of lateral water resistance on the hull. Acts on the wetted surfaces. More on the rear than the front. Like a see-saw with the CLR as fulcrum. CEs of multiple sails combine, proportional to size of sail area. Moving CE forward reduces Weather Helm. Conversely or opposite for CLR.

6 Sail Balance - Weather Helm 5 Dynamic in 3 Dimensions Forces Generated By The Hull Shape and Rudder Without heel no forces. With heel Bow inclines to weather, Rudder compensates creating lift. Lift Lift Forces Generated by Sails Aerodynamic lift acting on a 3 dimensional sail foil. Not in the plane of the vertical boat to the side. At a forward angle not lateral. Otherwise acting at the CE 1/3 up from the foot. Force is transmitted from the sails to the boat through The Rig mast, shrouds, stays, sheets. To visualize the dramatic effect heeling angle has on the weather helm of a sailboat, think of a tugboat towing it with a towing line attached 1/3 of the way up the mast. The more vertical the boat, the more the tow will push the bow downward. The more heeled the boat, the more it will leverage it to weather. The combination does both. Weather Helm Generated by... Location of CE relative to CLR but offset by location of CE off the midline of the boat. Offset increased by heeling angle and amount of wind force. Heeling angle determines location of CE relative to the axis of the boat. CLR affected by amount of rudder lift generated by weather helm [the more weather helm, the greater the lift]. The result from failure to understand: CHAOS

7 Sail Shape vs. Trim 6 Shape Trim Draft of the Sail Baggy for light winds, flatter for heavy winds. Gizmos halyard tension, out haul tension, Cunningham Sail Twist Angle of Attack of the leading edge of the sail foil to the wind from top to bottom. (Draft will also be affected from top to bottom.) Judged by the shape of the curve of the leech when viewed from a position below it. Also by telltales top, middle, & bottom. A twisted sail will luff (spilling wind) at the top while not at the bottom. Sheet for Shape - Traveler for Trim In for in; Out for out. Main Traveler Sheet & Boom Vang. Jib Sheet Barber Hauler Inside/Outside Tracks Twist Twisting forces are generated by the force of wind into a sail causing the clew to try to lift upward. The greater the wind forces, the greater the twisting forces. A leech that is too flat will stall at the top losing power. Actions Taken to Affect Twisting Forces Mainsheet tension, boom vang (boom lift for light air). Jib lead position forward for stronger winds, aft for lighter winds, aft to increase twist. The Boom Vang is very useful when the mainsheet and traveler combination is exhausted; downwind. When is Twisting Useful? To reduce heeling angle and reduce weather helm. To save the trouble of reefing (called a fisherman s reef).

8 Tuning Standing Rigging 7 Inspection (Do this before attempting any adjustments) Inspect all fittings for damage, all spar connections for signs of weakness and all cotter pins, fastenings, bolts, and screws for signs of wear or looseness. Replace/repair all unsatisfactory hardware. Tuning will be done initially when the mast is installed, and again after the rig has had a chance to stretch (stormy weather). After that it will only happen when inspection while sailing indicates it is needed. Initial Mast Alignment 1. Boat should be in calm water, with minimum wind, and level fore and aft and side to side. Shrouds and stays should be slack to start. 2. Attach a large plumb bob to the end of the halyard. If there is wind, a larger weight will be necessary. (For rough check and adjustments, a bucket of water may be hung from the halyard.) 3. Adjust the fore and aft mast rake to designer s specifications. (If these are not known, try about 1:50; plumb bob 1 foot from base of 50 foot mast) Stays should be taut, drum tight but just barely. Halyard Plumb Bob Halyard Equidistant 4. Adjust athwartship alignment by making the top of the mast equidistant from each side of the boat as measured by the halyard. Adjust the upper shrouds until the halyard measures the same at each side. Take up slack equally in the lower shrouds. Sight along mast to make certain there are no bends or curves. In order of tension: stays should be tightest, upper shrouds next, and lower shrouds just tight enough to keep the mast straight in between. Upper Shroud Forestay (Headstay) Mast Backstay Lower Shroud 5. Under sail, leeward upper shrouds should be slack but not floppy and the mast straight. If they are floppy the excessive play can damage the rig. Take up tension equally on both sides to ensure the mast remains centered. Adjust lower shrouds sufficiently to keep the middle centered and the mast straight. 6. When tuning is complete lock the turnbuckles and spray with WD-40. Rake Adjustments Small adjustments in weather or lee helm may be made by adjusting the rake of the mast. By adjusting the rake of the mast forward, the center of effort (CE) of the sail area is moved forward relative to the center of lateral resistance (CLR). This adjustment will reduce weather helm slightly. Aft adjustments increase weather helm slightly. Larger adjustments require moving the step of the mast.

9 Local Marine Weather 8 Prevailing Westerly Normal daily weather light and variable night and morning hours becoming westerly in the afternoon. Santana Caused by high pressure inland Offshore winds (N-NE), heavy below canyons. Sea conditions flat along the coast but awesome this side of Catalina. Watch for fog formations after it ends. Aleutian Storm Caused by low pressure (front) from the Gulf of Alaska. First indication is wind shifting to the south. Cold, wet, blustery storm within 24 hours. Terminology 1. Convection/Convective - Heated fluids/gases rise 2. Advection/Advective - Cooled fluids/gases sink 3. Coriolis Effect - Mass in motion will veer to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere due to the rotation of the earth. 4. Dew Point - Temperature at which relative humidity is 100% and condensation/precipitation takes place. 5. Left Hand Rule - Put your back to the wind, your left arm out will point to the low pressure center. Tropical Storm Low pressure cyclone from the tropics off Mexico or Hawaii. Wind from North to the East. Cold, wet, and blustery but usually much less so than Aleutian type. Evaporation from the Sea Summer Winter Warm Cool Advective - Marine Layer forms, beaches are cool. Cool Warm Convective - Marine Layer disappears, rises into the clouds.

10 Fog and Currents 9 Fog Sea Smoke - Convective Fog Occurs when air temperature is much colder than sea temperature. Radiation Fog - Advective Fog Land fog occurring at night in clear air when heat of the earth radiates into space. Cool ground may cool air to dew point depending on humidity, causing fog to form as an advective layer. Marine Fog - Advective Fog Sea fog occurring in the Marine Layer. Cool water interfaces with warmer air above it, cooling the air and causing it to settle. This cooled humid air is called the Marine Layer, and if cooled to the dew point, may become foggy. Currents Aleution Current California Current Kuroshio Current North Equatorial Current Equatorial Counter Current South Equatorial Current Davidson Current El Niño

11 Knot List 10 Bowline Family Half Hitch Family Bowline 3 Ways Rabbit Around the Tree Flying Bowline One-Handed Bowline 2 Half Hitches Around Itself Double Bowline 2 Ways Clove Hitch Around A Post Sheet Bend 2 Ways Rabbit Around the Tree Flying Sheet Bend Tautline Hitch Around Itself Samie vs. Oppie Double Sheet Bend 2 Ways Rolling Hitch Around A Post Anchor Bend

12 Marine Electronics 11 Depth Meter Echo location, sonar. Spinning flashing light Digital readout Video screen Fish Finder RDF Radio direction finder, any radio station. Lining up an antenna nulls the audio. Good for homing more than fixing a position. ADF is automatic; also VOR for aircraft. Loran Long range navigation; maybe 1000mi. Master and slave stations. Fairly unjammable and can t be shot down. GPS Global positioning system [satellites] Real time and covers the entire globe. Can be jammed or shot down. Requires at least 3 satellites for a position. What do you want it to do? Position? What direction and how far? [Range & Bearing] Direction Speed Distance to a waypoint COG SOG Range Course Heading Bearing [to WP] VMG [to WP] Using and making waypoints. Using a tracklog. Making a map. Operation of a Garmin 76Cx GPS Turn the Garmin on by pressing and holding the red light button. Turn it off the same way. Waypoint A programmed point in the device, or you can enter your own. By selecting a waypoint you use it as a destination. Tracklog Go page by page to tracklog; ensure it is ON. The unit will make a track of your every move. Be sure to turn the unit off when anchored. Logging a Position To log your position when under way, press and hold the enter button. The OK field will be lit; hit enter to enter the waypoint and make a log entry. Each waypoint will be a number; log the waypoint number and the time. This will make a permanent record of the position of all vessels at that time. Whenever unusual things are sighted or happen, create a waypoint and log it. If you go to the waypoint field and hit enter, you can name the waypoint as appropriate: Dolphins, whales, mast crashed down, etc. Learning to name waypoints will be good practice for future exercises. Miscellaneous Quit takes you back; use it like the back button on a computer. Find takes you to waypoints you have made. Map takes you to where you are on the map. Settings allows you to change all kinds of things: Check time, units and experiment but don t forget where you started. Hitting menu on the data screen allows you to change the various fields.

13 Diesel Engine Fuel Flow Diagram 12 Fuel Return Line Injectors Bleeder Screw Bleeder Valve Injector Pump High Pressure Bleeder Secondary Fuel Filter Bleeder Screw and Valve Secondary Fuel Filter Mechanical Fuel Pump Mechanical Fuel Pump Engine Block Bleeder Primary Fuel Filter with Water Separator Primary Fuel Filter with Water Separator Electric Fuel Pump Fuel Tank Electric Fuel Pump Decompression Lever for a Weak Battery Fuel Bleeder Screw Air in the lines from running out of fuel: Bleed the Lines Primary Fuel Filter with Water Separator Secondary Fuel Filter

14 Anchoring Techniques Under Sail 13 Bow and Stern Anchorage Approach on Broad reach under jib, alone (or less). Start turn to kick stern away from rode. Drop bow anchor off leeward side. Gybe jib or douse it. Drop stern anchor off opposite side. Bahamian (Hurricane) Anchorage Drop Another Anchor - Tack. Approach on a Broad Reach, under main alone. Notes: There is potential danger anchoring with forward way on. Approach slowly and keep rode free of arms, legs and the propeller. Drop windward anchor and start turn to kick stern away from rode. The above schemes show the starboard rode long enough to reach the location for the port or stem anchor. If the port rode is the longer one the scheme will be reversed (i.e., mirror image of above).

15 Velocity Made Good Graph 14 Boat Speed Velocity Made Good (VMG)