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1 QUATERNARY SCIENCES Vol. 24, No. 2 March, (2004) (, ) A. D. 859, ; 289,, (581907A. D. ),,,25 % ( A. D. ),, P , S151 A?? ( )??,,,,,,, 1,,,, :,, 1), :,( ) 43, 20 2) (,, ),,, [1 ], 2Π5,,, :426A. D. 6 70,4,, [2 ], [3 ],,,, [2 ],, (581A. D. ) 420 [4 ], [2,5,6 ], ( 45km), :, [6 ],, [3 ] [2 ] : , ) 2)

2 2 : Table 1 The variations of ruling nationalities ruled on the Loess Plateau ( ) ΠA. D. ( ) ΠA. D (220265) (265316) (317420) ( ) (420581) (581618) (618907) (907960) ( ) () ( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ) (609A. D. ),819,4 602 [4] (618626A. D. ),200 [4],,

3 ), 1), 2) 200,, [3],,,, 1, 1, ( A. D. ),,1 148, 859, 265,326,( 26 ) 27, ,, 96,16,10,167 :,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () ( ),, 3) ( 20km),,,, 4) [7 ],: 25 %,20 %, 45 %,,:,,,,, ( ) ),500 [8],,,,,,,,,,, 6),,10 [8 ],, 2,,,,(820A. D. ) 1 576, (2A. D. ) [4 ] ) [4 ] 13,,1Π71Π4,,,,,;, 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 1 = m 2,1

4 2 : 187,,,,,,,,,,;,, ;,, [9 ],,,,,;, :,,,,,, :654A. D.,,,, 1) ;836A. D.,,,, 2) 20 70, 48cm 3237cm 2. 9cm (),,,,,: :,,,757A. D. :, : ( ),, ( ) A. D., :,,, 11,,,, (994A. D. ),,:, 3),, ;,?, [10 ] 413A. D. ( 50km),,:,,,, 4) ( ) (, ),,,(822A. D. ),,, 5), 3), :,;,,, :,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1)., )., ) 4) 5)

5 ,,,,,;,1850 1), (1471A. D. ),,,,, 2),,,,543, ( A. D. ) 245,, [4 ],(1655A. D. ), [4 ],,,1711A. D ,1753A. D ,1833A. D ,1911A. D [4 ],,,,,,,,, A. D. [9 ],, ,,, :1) ;2) ;3) 10 ;4) ;5) ; 6) ;7) 10mm ;8) ; 9), [11,12 ] 1,4,5, [12,13 ] 1 4 1,2, 48 ( ),48 ( 1,2 (2 K < 1,,, ;,,,, ;,,1 : (), (4 ),, 1, Fig. 1 Hydrothermal condition of 48 localities on the Loess Plateau indicated by plant cover,,669, [1416 ],K 1, ) (1 K < 2) ; 3. 5),, 1) 1 = m 2, 2)

6 2 : 189,,,,, 3, %,,51. 7 %, 4. 0 %,12. 4 % [17 ] 3,,, K = 1. 79, m,10150m,150400m,, 1988, : > > >,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, [18 ],,,,, [18 ] ( References) 1. (). : (), Editing Group ofthe Historical Atlas of China. The Historical Atlas of China (No. 3). Shanghai : Cartographic House of China, :, Wang Dahua. The Rise and Decline in Society of Ancient Guanzhong Region. Xi an : Shaanxi People s Press, :, Zhou Weizhou. A General History of Shaanxi : The Volume of Nationalities. Xi an : Shaanxi Normal University Press, :, Liang Fangzhong ed. The Statistics of Households, Population, Farmland and Farmland Taxes at Various Times in China. Shanghai : Shanghai People s Press, :, Guo Qi ( Editor2in2Chief ). Five Thousand Years of Shaanxi. Xi an : Shaanxi Normal University Press, (),1989, (3) : 6667 Li Xiangqun. Cross generation marriage in the imperial family of the Tang Dynasty. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University ( Philosophy and Social Sciences), 1989, (3) : , 1981, (1) : 2133 Shi Nianhai. The Loess Plateau and the changes in the distribution of its agricultural, forestry and pastoral areas. Historical Geography, 1981, (1) : :, Shang Yue ( Editor2in2Chief ). Essentials of the Chinese History. Beijing : People s Press, , 1973, (2) : Chu Kochen. A preliminary study on the climatic changes since the last years in China. Scientia Sinica, 1973, (2) : , 1973, (1) : 3541 Hou Renzhi. The study of variations of the Maowusu Desert based on relics of the ancient city on the Hongliu River. Cultural Relics, 1973, (1) : ,..,1983,3(2) : Liu Duosen, Cai Weiqi. On the numerical identification of hydrothermal condition for different types of vegetation in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1983, 3 (2) : ,.. :, Liu Duosen, Zeng Zhiyuan eds. Mathematical Methods and Modelling in Soil and Environment Research. Beijing : Agriculture Press, 1987.

7 ,1983,20 (1) : 6068 Liu Duosen. Relationship between soil distribution and climatic condition in China. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1983, 20 (1) : ,..,1995,32() : Liu Duosen, Wang Zongsheng. A kinetic model for potential evapotran2 spiration and its sense in soil taxonomic classification. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1995, 32 (Suppl. ) : ,..,1996,33 (1) : 2127 Liu Duosen, Wang Zongsheng. An improvement on the kinetic model of potential evapotranspiration and its sense to the identification of soil moisture regimes. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 1996, 33 (1) : Liu Duosen, Wang Zongsheng. A modelling study of potential evapotranspiration and the estimation of Chinese soil moisture regimes. Pedosphere, 1996, 6 (3) : ,,.. :,.. :, Chen Deming, Cai Weiqi, Xie Zubin et al. Remote sensing survey and mapping of forest and grass resources in the three counties of Pianguan, Hequ and Baode. In : Gong Zitong, Xu Binbin eds. The Loess Hill Resources and Remote Sensing Approach. Nanjing : Nanjing Press, ,1980, (15) : 1318 Ren Fengping. An inspection tour in North Shaanxi : A preliminary investigation on the construction of pastoral and forestry production bases of the Loess Plateau. Red Flag, 1980, (15) : 1318 THE LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENT VARIATION DURING THE LAST YEARS IN THE LOESS PLATEAU Liu Duosen ( Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing ) Abstract All of the Loess Plateau were ruled by non2han Nationalities for 859 years cumulatively during A. D. ; and some parts of this region for another 289 years. When non2han Nationalities ruled the Loess Plateau, the rate of soil erosion decreased with the expansion of grazing land. During Sui and Tang dynasties (581907A. D. ), the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau was warmer and moister than it is today, there was more luxuriant vegetation, and the forest land occupied about 25 % of the entire Loess Plateau. During Ming and Qing dynasties ( A. D. ), the most of forest on the Loess Plateau was damaged, and the increasing rate of soil erosion accompanied by the disappearance of natural vegetation. Key words Loess Plateau, nationality, land use, environment, variation