Approaches and Landings
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- Clyde McCarthy
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1 Chicagoland Glider Council Approaches and Landings February 9, 2016 Presented by Jeff Mack, CFIG
2 CFIT & The Traffic Pattern A look at the accident statistics 8% 12% TO/TOW Cruise Landing 80% Source: Soaring Safety Foundation Safety Report Nov 1, 2012 Oct. 31, 2013
3 Approach & Landing The Basics Reach the IP at xxxx ft AGL Complete the landing checklist Enter the downwind leg and correct for x-wind Opposite touchdown point Turn Base 45 degrees from tuchdown point Turn Final and aim for T.D. point Use spoilers to control glide path, elevator to control speed
4 Approach and Landing The Basics with some applied ADM Pick your touchdown point on/off the runway Determine where entry point will be given current situation (altitude, position, and speed) Determine where downwind/base turn must be Determine where base/final turn must be Complete landing checklist prior to landing
5 Adding in RM skills What factors will effect the airspeed on this landing? What factors will effect the gliders height and position on this landing? What actions would be required if conditions change?
6 Maintaining Situational Awareness As it relates to operating a glider, situational awareness elements include: Knowing wind speed and direction Maintaining awareness of height/position required to reach a safe landing area. Thinking ahead. Keeping a mental picture of the location of other traffic and the possibility of wake turbulence. Maintaining awareness of physical obstructions such as trees, wires, structures, potential for windshear and lee turbulence, etc. Keeping a safe angle (especially when in the traffic pattern).
7 27 Goal is IP point 9 5 Kts IP
8 Approach & Landing Major drawback is that primary focus is on reaching the IP. This technique works well when you plan ahead to reach the IP at the desired altitude. What happens when this planning breaks down and you find yourself 1 mile out at 1200 ft and runs into 500 fpm sink? Or if you are landing out and there s no red barn?
9 27 Choose Your Approach Goal is Touchdown Point? 9 5 Kts IP
10 27 Goal is Touchdown Point 9 5 Kts IP
11 27 Optional Approach Kts IP
12 27 Optional Approach Kts IP
13 27 Optional Approach Kts IP
14 27 Optional Approach Kts IP
15 27 Which Approach should I use? 9 5 Kts IP
16 Practicing Goal Oriented Approaches Practice arrival from various directions Practice left, right, straight-in, downwind approaches Practice arrival from various altitudes Consider the effect of constant headwind Consider the effect of a decreasing headwind
17 A Goal Orientated Approach Focus on the landing area Practice standard and non-standard approaches 1 st approach standard 2 nd approach non-standard, overhead join at mid-field 3 rd approach non-standard, right vs left pattern 4 th approach non-standard, abbreviated right vs left pattern 5 th approach non-standard, base/final only Use your checklist Maintain safe airspeed (1.5 X Vs0) minimum Conserve energy Always fly safe, coordinated turns. Don t cheat the turn to final with the rudder!
18 Making it work What is TLAR? How is it applied? Choosing an angle which is safe means the glider has sufficient energy to safely complete the pattern, absent catastrophic sink.
19 TLAR in the Pattern Do you find it easy to judge an angle say 30 degrees? Can you easily perceive when an angle changes? Can the ability to see instantly an angle which is changing help us as pilots?
20 TLAR in Pattern The dip angle is the Angle between (1) an imaginary line drawn from the pilot s eye to a chosen point on the surface and (2) an imaginary horizontal line drawn from the same chosen point on the surface to the point on the surface which is directly below the glider. The prime example for flying the pattern is the dip Angle to the aiming, or Reference, point on the ground for example, the numbers at the end of the runway where the pilot will look on final approach.
21
22 TLAR in Pattern Let s look and see how the Angle changes as the glider flies downwind, parallel to the runway, assuming still air no lift or sink. If the glider maintained height on downwind, the Angle would increase as the glider gets closer to the Reference Point. But the glider is descending, and the descent cancels out the increase. So, as the glider flies downwind parallel to the runway, the ANGLE REMAINS CONSTANT.
23
24 TLAR in Pattern How can this information be applied to avoid CFIT in the pattern failing to make it to the Reference Point and landing/crashing short? As the glider is flying back toward the field, pick a safe Angle. The Angle will be less steep in a higher performance glider e.g. a Grob G 103, than it would be in a lower performance glider like a The Angle should be steeper if the wind is stronger.
25 What does it look like with a tailwind?
26 Wind Gradient
27 Energy Management It all comes down to managing your energy Two types of energy Potential (Altitude) Kenetic (Airspeed) How much do you need? It depends Wind conditions Wind shear Terrain/obstructions Length of landing area Glider performance
28 How do we manage it? Plan for this loss of energy Pick an approach speed that will allow for some loss Move base leg closer to runway edge Be higher turning Final Be prepared to close the spoilers Be prepared to pitch forward to maintain/recover airspeed
29 What are people really doing? 2002 Std Class Nationals 12 Pilot s Landing Traces Tom Beltz Walter Cannon Bob Epp Chip Garner Ray Gimmey Sam Gitner Gary Itner Tom Knauff Baudouin Litt Liz Schwendler Ken Sorenson Tim Wells
30
31
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33 Landing Scenario 1 1 mile North of 700 AGL Tow plane in pattern for 27 Glider in pattern for 9 What could the pilot do What are the risks and how are they changing What are the potential risk mitigation strategies What are the pro's and con's for each potential action
34 Landing Scenario 2 Rolling out on Final for 27 Glider is towed into touchdown area What could the pilot do What are the risks and how are they changing What are the potential risk mitigation strategies What are the pro's and cons for each potential action
35 Landing Scenario 3 Passenger getting sick need to expedite landing. 2 miles 2,500 AGL Winds from the west What could the pilot do What are the risks and how are they changing What are the potential risk mitigation strategies What are the pro's and cons for each potential action
36 Conclusions A review of glider accident statistics shows that two-thirds of the accidents occur in the landing phase of flight. Maintain situational awareness. Think ahead. Conserve energy to expand your options. Practice, practice, practice! Strive for precision on every approach and landing. Make every landing a precision landing!
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