Review of maritime transport, 1975

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Review of maritime transport, 1975"

Transcription

1 T D /B/C.4/149/R ev.l U N T E D N A T O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D F ^ F T. O F ^ F N T Review of mritime trnsport, 1975 UNTED NATONS

2 U N T E D N ^ T D N ^ D N E E ^ E N O N T ^ ^ D E ^ N D D E E 0? ^ E N T G e n e v Review of mritime trnsport 1975, ^^ ٨ ٤ ر ٢?s e c r e t r i t / U N C T A D U N T E D N ^ T O N 5 N e w Y o r k,

3 NOTE Symbols of United Ntions documents re composed of cpitl letters combined with figures. Mention of such symbol indictes re^rence to United Ntions document. TD/B/C.4/149/Rev.l UNTED NATONS PUBLCATON Sles No. E.77.Ü.D.2 Price: $u.s (or equivlent in ether curreneies)

4 CONTENTS Pge Explntory notes vi ^^^ro^ltlon^ vii Prgrphs ل 1-^ ntro^notlon Chpter. The development o f interntionl seborne trde ^-1? 3 A. Generl developm ent ؤ 3-3 B. Oevelop!nent$ by type$ o eommoditie^?-11 5 c. Oevelopment$ hy groups o f countries 1^ The development o f the v^orld merchnt fleet A. Chnges n the ^vorld f l e e t Chnges in the totl tonnge 18-^1 7 2.?roduetivity of shipping spce T e n d s in types of vessels Trends in s i x e B. The interntionl distribution o f tonnge, v^ith speeil reference to developing countries Chnges in distribution by type o f vessel Distribution o f tonnge on order C. Age distribution of the v^orld merchnt fleet Trends in shipbuilding A. Cenerl developments B. Technologicl developments in shipbuilding V. World ship prices nd the fleets of developing countries A. Chnges in priees o f vessels B. Chnges in prices of second-hnd vessels C. Acquisition of new nd second-hnd vessels by developing countries D. Einncing the cquisition of vessels by developing countries Ш

5 Chpter Prgrphs V. Freight mrkets A. Generl developments ^ B. Ghnges in height rtes in 19? Dry crgo trm ^ mrket freight rtes Grgo liner freight rtes T n k e r freight rtes G. Freight rte indices of selected commodities e^^orted by developing countries 122 D. level of freight rtes, lying up nd s c r p p in g E. Einer freight rtes s percentge of prices of selected commodities, 19d4-19?4 125 Vf. Gther developments... 12d-132 A. nstitutionl developments in v^orld shipping... 12d Actions by enterprises nd other commercil interests... 12d Actions by Governments or t the interntionl l e v e l Ntionl, regionl nd subregionl shippers orgnistions or other bodies deling with mtters pertining to the conditions nd costs of crrige of trde B. Gnitistion G. Reopening of the ^ues Gnl D. UNGTAD trining courses... 1?0-1?2 E. A irtrnsp o rt F. Lnd bridges ^2 1. T e Siberin lnd b r i d g e ?? 2. The ffnited Sttes lnd bridge Gther lnd bridges إ ? L S T OF TABLES AND GRAPHS Tble T bles Development of interntionl seborne trde, 1965 nd World seborne trde in 1965, 1922, 1923 nd 1924 by types of crgo nd shres of groups of countries... 4 World seborne trde, 1965 nd , by types of crgo... 5 Distribution of world tonnge (grt nd dwt) by groups o f countries o f registrtion, ? Estimted ton-miles of oil nd grin shipments per dwt, in 1965, 1920 nd , by oil tnkers of 10,000 dwt nd bove... 9 Estimted ton-miles of bulk commodities crried per dwt in 1962, 1920 nd , by bulk crriers, including combined crriers of 18,000 dwt nd bove... 9 Grgo crried per dwt o f world heet, 1962 nd Anlysis of world heets by principl types of vessel, 1920 nd Tonnge of combined crriers on order, Numbers of unit lod system vessels on order in 1923, 1924 nd Li uid gs crriers cpcity nlysis, Estimted verge size of selected types of vessel, : existing world heet nd vessels on order 14 Fercentge shre of world tonnge by type of vessel s t 1 fuly, 1965, 1924 nd

6 tble Pggg 14. Shre o f developing countries in the world heet by type of vessel, 1965, 19?1 nd ^ o r l d tonnge on order, s t 31 October, 197 nd S 16. ^ g e distribution of world merchnt fleet by type of vessel s t 1 3uly buildings, Oeliveries of new ا Trends in propulsion of vessels under construction nd on order s t 3 September, R presenttive new building prices for bull crriers nd tnkers, selected yers Estimted prices for new nd redy liner-type vessels 11, /13, dwt, Tnkers: second-hnd prices, verge vlues, ^2. Ory bulk crriers: second-hnd prices, verge vlues, ^3. Einer-type vessels: second-hnd prices, verge vlues, ^4. Ohnges in the ocen-going merchnt fleets of developing countries in 1974: cquisition of new nd second-hnd ships by type of vessel-ocen-going ships of!, grt nd over freig h t rte indices, Nummry o f hner freight rte chnges nd surchrges nnounced during the period fndices of freight rtes of selected commodities exported by developing countries, Reltionship between chnges in freight rtes nd chnges in lid-up tonnge, The rtio of liner freight rtes to prices of selected commodities, Trends in ir freight volume nd in ir freight operting revenues, G rph s Grph 1. The course of freight rte indices nd lying-up nd scrpping s percentges of world tonnge, : dry crgo vessels The course of freight rte indices nd lying-up nd scrpping s percentges of world tonnge, : tnkers ANNEXES Annex. Glssiflction of countries nd te rrito r ie s World seborne trde ccording to geogrphicl res, 1965, 197, 1972 nd V. Merchnt fleets of the world by flg of registrtion, groups of countries nd type of ship, s t 1 luly Extrcts from the OECD Understnding on Export Credits for $hips (s mended by resolution of Council of 5 November ) V. Selected mximum nd minimum trm p freight rtes, V. Liner freight rte chnges nd surchrges nnounced during the yer 197^ nd the beginning o f

7 EXPLANATORY NOTE^ References to dollrs ($) re to United Sttes dollrs, nnless otherwise stted. References to tons re to metric tons, unless otherwise specified. The term billion signifies 1,000 million. Use of hyphen between yers, e.g., , signihes the full period involved, including the beginning nd end yers. An oblique strohe (/) between yers, e.g. 1965/66, signihes seson or crop yer. ^ t i l s nd percentges in tbles do not necessrily dd up to totls, becuse of rounding. The following symbols hve been used in the tbles in this Review. A full stop (.) is used to indicte decimls. Two dots (..) signify tht dt re not vilble or re not seprtely reported. A dsh ( ) signihes tht the mount is nil, or less thn hlf the unit used. The designtions employed nd the presenttion of mteril in this Review do not imply the expression of ny opinion whtsoever on the prt of the ^ecretrit of the United Ntions concerning the legl sttus of ny country, territory, city or re, or of its uthorities, or concerning the delimittion of its frontiers or boundries. The clssifiction of countries nd territories used in this Review is intended for sttisticl convenience nd does not necessrily imply ny udgementز regrding the stge of development of ny prticulr country on territory. vl

8 ABBREVATONS A^EA N BMOO CENSA DAC ECA EEC FAO FASC F E FC FM C la T A CAO M F OAFEC OAU OECD SDA ^ C T A D U N D? bhp CAF c.i.f. dwt f.o.b. O N? grt hp ntscle LASH LNG LPG n.e.s. OBG ODA pwc R o/r o RSS SDR TEU ULCC V L Nmes / orgniztions Assocition of South Est Asin Ntions The Bltic nd nterntionl M ritime Conference Council 0 Europen nd Jpnese Ntionl Shipowners Associtions OECD) velopment Assistnce Committee (of ^ Economic Commission for AEic Europen Economic Community Food nd Agriculture Orgnistion of the United Ntions Federtion of Asin Shippers Councils Fr Estern Freight Conference Federl Mritime Commission (United Sttes) nterntionl Air T n sp o rt Asocition nterntionl CNil Avition Orgnistion nterntionl Monetry Fund Orgnistion of Arb?etroleum Exporting Countries Orgnistion of Africn Unity Orgnistion for Economic Co-opertion nd ^ velopment Swedish nterntionl Development Authority United Ntions Conference on T d e nd Development United Ntions Development?rogrmme Other bbrevitions B r ^ horsepower Currency djustment fctor Cost, insurnce, freight Dedweight tons F re e o n b o rd Gross ntionl product Gross registered tons Horsepower nterntionl Tnker Nominl Scle Lighter bord ship Liquefled nturl gs Liquehed petroleum gs Not elsewhere specihed Ore/bulk/oil 0 cil development ssistnce Pkistn white cuttings (jute) Roll-on, roll-ofl Ribbed smoked sheet (rubber) Specil drwing rights Twenty-foot equivlent unit U ltr lrge crude crrier Very lrge crude crrier VH

9 NTRODUCTON 1. As in previous yers, this r٥vie١v hs heen prepred by th^ secretrit of ^ C T A D in ccordnce with item V of the progrmme of work of the Committee. Shipping on 2. $ttisticl evidence nd other informtion with regrd to the development of interntionf mritime trnsport is presented nd discussed in the review with view to reiting yer-to-yer developments to reltively longer-term trends in world shipping,?rticulr ttention is given to Actors nd developments ^ecting the trde nd shipping of developing countries. n order to keep the size of the tbles within mngeble limits, in most cses dt for the most recent yers only hve been included. Dt for erlier yers cn be ^ u n d in the reviews for nd No. 2 ٢^ Fifth Session, Supplement ^ Development See Officil Records o f the Trde nd أ (TD/B/116/Rev.l), nnex П. Review ofmritime trnsport, : report by the secretrit ofu NCTAD (United Ntions publiction, Sles N o. E.75.1.D.3) nd Review ofm ritime trnsport, 1974: report by the secretrit ofu N C TA D (United Ntions publiction. Sles No. E.75.n.D.13 nd Uorr.2-3).

10 Chpter THE DEVELOPM ENT OE NTERNATONAL ^EARORNE TRADE A. Generl development 3. Although there is not direct nd hxed reltionship between the world economic sitution nd world seborne trde, it is cler tht the growth of seborne trde in 1974 nd 1975 ws mrkedly flected by the world economic sitution nd in prticulr by the reces- sion in developed m rkt-econom y. countries The rel GNP for OECD countries s whole filed to rise in 1974 nd ctully declined in 1975 (by n estimted 2 per cent) fter hving incresed by n verge of 5.5 per c e ^ per nnum during the period The decline in ws, in fct, the hrst such decline since the Second World Wr. t my be dded tht world production of crude petroleum incresed mr- F or generl review of interntionl trde nd development أ in 1973 nd 1974 see Review o f interntionl trde nd development 1974: report by the secretrit / UNCTAD (Cnited Ntions publiction. Sles N o. E.75.LD.18) nd Review o f interntionl trde nd development 1975: report ر the secretrit / UNCTAD (United Ntions publiction. Sles No. E.76.n.D.2). OECD Economic Outlook (Fris), No. 18 (December 1973), p. 13. ginlly (0.8 per ce^) from 1973 to 1974 but fell sbrply (5.9 per ceut) in 4. World seborne trde in 1965 nd is given in tble 1, wbile further informtion by type of crgo nd groups of countries is given in tble 2 nd nnex. n tire bsence of comprble dt for 1975, tbe present cbpter is bsiclly confined to developments in Tbe tonnge of goods loded in 1974 (3,288 million tons) represents n increse of only 0.4 per cent over This v^s the lowest rte of increse since 1958, nd compres with n increse of 14.0 per c e ^ in 1973 nd n verge increse of 8.8 per cent per nnum from 1965 to Preliminry estimtes indicte tht seborne trde ctully declined by 8 per cent in 1975 in terms of weight nd by 7 per c e ^ in terms of ton-miles. The Petroleum Economist (London), vol. X L in, N o. 1 (Jnury 1976), pp Derived from Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Cslo, 1976), tbles 1 nd 2. ble T 1 Development of interntionl seborne trde, nd ) lodedكمح م( ٢ ^ crgo ٢ ج Tnker Totl / which: min bulk commodities آ Totl (ll goods) Yer Millions / tons Percentge increse/ decrese over yer Millions / tons Percentge increse/ decrese previous Millions of tons Percentge increse/ decrese p ^ u s yer Millions ٥/ tons Percentge increse/ decrese yer م إ: م Source: For tnker جr, totl dry r^o nd ll goods: United Ntions, M onthly Bulletin of Sttistics, Jnury.( 973 (Oslo, iss u s ; for min bulk um m odities; Fernley nd Egers chrtering Co. Ltd., World B ulk Trdes 1974 ncluding interntionl crgoes lod d t ports f tlte Gret Lkes nd St. Lwrence system for unloding t ports of tl e m system, but eluding such trffic in min bulk commodities, nd including petroleum imporls into Netherlnds Emilies nd Trinidd nd Tobgo for refining nd re-export. phosphte. Dt on iron ore, g^in, col, buxite/lumin nd Revised on the bsis of vised trd dt tded inc in United Ntions, M onthly Bulletin / Sttistics, vol. xxx. No. 1 (Lnur^,( 976 pp. xxiii-xxvi, specil tble D. Revised b^ source to include soy bens nd sorghum nd hence not strictly comprble with the figures for erlier yers.

11 ا ^ ) World T b le in 1965, 1972, ь 1973 nd 1974 by types of crgo nd / percentges{ / ١٧٢ Million o f tom nd totl( of countries loded مح Groups / countries Dry ٢^ ^ Totl ^ ll^ ع مح م«محمسمم -م Petroleum «مر مح«-ع Dry ; ٢^ Totl ll» م / «م // Worid totl :2/7 237 : 377 Percentge shre} / ممك/م مسممك س /( / م in the ^ ٨٢ ^ mtl م: 9 42.) ت ) ^ ٢ / سم / by groups ك «سمم( countries( Developed mrket-economy eountries (exeluding Soutbern Europe) Southern Europe Soeilist countries of Estern Europe nd ^ si Developing countries o f which'. in ^ ric in ^ s i in ltin ^ e r i c nd the Urihben з!б n O c e n i Annex 11 below م«مك See note to tble 1. United Ntions, Monthly Bulletin / Sttistics, ٧!. N. 1 (Jnury 1976) pp. xxjji-xxvi, specil tble D. Revised dt, wbich s such my not be idemicl with the corresponding dt in Review of mritime trnsport, 1974 (op. cit.), tble 2. / Sttistics, vol. XXX, No. 1 (Jnury 1976), pp. xxiii-xvi, specil Preliminry estimtes front dt in United Ntions, Monthly Bulletin B re ^ o w n by type of petroleum crgo nd by groups of countries not yet vilbie. nnex below for the composihon of these groups. tbl^ D.

12 6. The slower growdi nd su^sequenf decline of worid seborne trde in 1974 nd 1975 hd depressing eflect on freight mrkets nd on demnd for new ships, nd iso to some extent on the supply of shipping tonnge, s is further discussed in chpters, nd V below. B. Developments by types of eommodities 7. Tble 1 lso shows the volume of seborne trde by mjor types of crgo. World seborne trde in 1974 thus consisted of 1,838 million tons of tnker crgo nd 1,45 million tons of dry crgo. n both cses the rte of growth in 1974 ws mrkedly lower thn in previous yers. Thus, dry crgo tonnge incresed by only 3.1 per cent compred with n increse of 15.4 per cent in 1973 nd n verge of 7.1 per cent per nnum from 1965 to 1973, while the tonnge of tnker crgo (crude petroleum nd petroleum products) ctully declined by 1.6 per cent in 1974, compred with increses of 12.9 per cent nd 1.1 per cent per nnum respectively during toe erlier periods. As result, the shre of tnker crgo declined from 57. per cent in 1973 to 55.9 per cent in 1974; this ws the tost such decline since On the bsis of preliminry estimtes for 1975 seborne trde in crude oil nd oil products declined by lmost 11 per cent nd in dry crgo by 5 per cent, thus indicting further reduction in the أ. crgo shre of tnker 8. t cn be seen from tble 2 tht crude petroleum ccounted for the bulk of the tnker crgo loded (81.1 per cent in 1973) nd tht the shre of petroleum products hs been declining in recent yers,?reliminry informtion indictes tht the shre of crude petroleum incresed in 1974, compred with tht for petroleum products, but tht this trend ws reversed in 1975 s the tonnge of crude declined reltively more thn Derived from Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (D$lo, 1976), tbles 1 nd 2. n terms of ton-miles the shre o f crude oil nd products declined from bout 63 per cent in 1974 to bout 64 per cent in the tonnge of petroleum products. The tendency to expnd reflnery cpcity n od-produclng countries my contribute to tortber increse in tbe sbre of petroleum products in tbe next few yers. 9. As in previous yers, there re no dt showing chnges in seborne trde in dry crgo by type of crgo. However, in ddition to showing the totl tonnges of dry crgo, tble 1 shows seprtely the totl tonnges of the hve min bulk commodities, i.e. iron ore, grin, col, buxite/lumin nd phosphte. The shre of these commodities in world seborne dry crgo hs been incresing in recent yers (46.1 per cent in 1974 nd 44.2 per cent in 1973). 1. The remining dry crgoes were mde up of lrge vriety of heterogeneous products, comprising wht is commonly referred to s generl crgo, nd number of minor bulk commodities. While the generl crgo products re mostly moved in liner vessels, including continer ^d other vessels crrying unitixed crgoes, some re trnsported by trmps nd specilised c!^iers which in some trdes compete with liners, s trnsport, / mritime indicted in the Review While complete dt for the minor bulk commodities re not vilble, dt re vilble concerning the crrige of such commodities by bulk crriers nd combined crriers of 18, dwt nd over. Thus, in 1974, 147 million tons of minor bulk commodities were crried by such vessels, compred with 119 million tons in The minor bulk commodities include sugr, slt, fertilisers, cement, gypsum, sulphur, pyrites. Derived from Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976), tbles 1 nd 2. As er^de petroleum s normlly trnsported over much lrger distnces thn petroleum products (bout 7,300 nd 3,700 miles respectively in 1973), the shre of crude in terms o f ton-miles ws greter thn on the bsis of weight lone. 12. pr..,. مم See Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976), tble 2. t should be noted tht the tonnges for 1973 nd 1974 re not comprble with those reported in previous Reviews / mritime trnsport s sorghum nd soy bens, which the source formerly treted s minor bulk conunodities, re now included under grin s min bulk commodities. Tble 3 World trde, 196$ nd , by types of crgo (n 1,000 million ton-miles) ^«٢ Crude ٥«products ron ٥٢«Grin Other crgo Totl trde ١ (estimted) ١ ^ Source; Estim tes by Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976), tble 2. ow included by Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd. under Sorghum nd so^ bens re grin, insted of other ergo. ($ee foot-note 10 of this Review.) ١Revised.

13 minerl snds, mngnese nd non-ferrous ores, petroleum cohe, scrp iron, pig iron, steel nd wood products. 11. Tble 3 provides dt on world seborne trde in terms of ton-miles. The tble shows tht the decline in world seborne trde from 1974 to 1975 ws due not only to shrp bsolute nd reltive decline in crude oil but lso to considerble decline in most of the other crgoes indicted; only in the cse of grin ws there modest increse. The verge distnce covered in seborne trde continued to increse in 1975, s indicted by the fct tht estimted seborne trde declined slightly less in terms of ton-miles thn of weight. Developments by.ت of countries 12. Tble 2 lso shows the shres of vrious groups of countries in the volume of world seborne trde, seprtely by lodings nd unlodings, by types of crgo in 1965, 1972 nd The ctul quntities loded nd unloded re shown in nnex. 13. The developed mrhet-economy countries nd the countries of southern Europe ccounted in 1973 for 31.2 per cent of the tonnge loded (30.2 per cent in 1972) nd 79.3 per cent of the tonnge unloded (79.2 per cent in 1972); these shres were lso higher thn in 1965.?rtil informtion for 1974 indictes tht the shre of these countries in tonnge loded incresed further in tht yer, but tht it declined slightly for tonnge unleded. 14. By type of crgo, the developed mr^et-economy countries nd the countries of southern Europe cи The verge distnce f r world seborne trde ws bout 5,100 miles in 1975 nd bout 5,050 miles in (Derived from Fernlev nd Egers hrtering o. Etd., Review 1975 (Dslo, 1976), tbies Esedت on informtion in tlnited Ntions, Monthly Bulletin ofsttistics, vol. XXX. No. 1 (Jnury 1976),??.xxiii-xxvi, specil tble D, without the detiled country dt needed for consistent grou?ing in ccordnce with nnex 1 to this Review. counted in 1973 for only ^.1 per cent of the crude petroleum tonnge loded, 29.8 per cent of petroleum products nnd 62.9 per cent of dry cnrgo, compred with 80.3 per cent, 81.7 per cent nnd 77.5 per cent re$pectively of the tonnnge^ unloded. This reflects not only the importnnce of these countries in senborne trnde, but nlso their dependence on seborne imports of crude petroleum nd to lesser extent of certin rw mterils. 15. The shre of developing countries in both tonnge loded nd tonnge unloded ws mintined t pproximtely the sme level in 1973 s in 1972, respectively 63.7 per cent nd 63.8 per cent for lodings nd 17.3 per cent nd 17.4 per cent for unlodings,?reliminry informtion for 1974 indictes tht their shre of lodings probbly declined further, while for unlodings it my hve incresed somewht. The increse in the shre of petroleum products loded, s lso the decline in the shre of petroleum products unloded, probbly reflects the eflorts by some developing countries, prtieulrly petroleum producers, to expnd their petroleum reflning industry. 16. The diflerent geogrphicl groups of developing countries chnged طe shres of petroleum crgoes between 1972 nd 1973, but in diflerent wys. Thus, the incresed shre of Asi in tonnges loded ws due to its incresed sh^re in crude petroleum lodings (prtieulrly from $udi Arbi, rn nd the United Arb Emirtes), while the decline in the cse of Afric ppers to hve been minly due to decline in petroleum lodings from North Afric ^nd reltively slow increse in the tonnges of dry crgo loded. The over-ll shre of Ltin Americ nd the Cribben remined virtully unchnged, s the incresed shre in petroleum product lodings ws oflset by decline in the shre of crude petroleum lodings. 17. n the cse of the socilist countries of Estern Europe nd Asi the shre in tonnges loded declined from 5.6 per cent in 1972 to 5.1 per cent in 1973, while the shre in unlodings remined unchnged. According to preliminry informtion, it ppers tht their shre in lodings recovered in 1974 while for unlodings it declined mrginlly.

14 Chpter THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD MERCHANT FLEET A. Chnges in the world Beet 1. C h n g e s i n t h e t o t l t o n n g e () Existing tonnge 18. W o^d ctive se-going tomrge incresed from mid-!9?4 to mid-1975 by 10.1 per cent in grt or 12.2 per cent in dwt, compred with increses respectively of 7,7 per cent nd 9.5 per cent from mid-1973 to mid World tonnge reched level of million grt nd million dwt by mid Tonnge chnges in selected yers between 1965 nd 1975 re shown in tble 4, together with the relevnt shres of vrious groups of countries. The percentge of world tonnge increse in 1975, in terms of grt, ws the highest re- Excluding the United Sttes reserve heet nd the United Sttes إ nd Undin Uret Lkes heets, but including the lid-up tonnge. The!id-u? tonnge in mid-1975 ws 18.4 million grt, or 33.4 dwt, ccording to the Uenerl Council of British Shipping. corded, t lest since Developments in world tonnge re further discussed in this section, nd developments by groups of countries re discussed in section В below. 19. The trend for the dwt/grt rtio for both tnkers nd bulk crriers to increse hs continued, s shown below: Yer Tnkers D wtlgrt rtios Bulk crriers A ll vessels ^ Source: Compiled on the bsis of nnex to this Review n^ the corresponding nnex to erlier issues of the Review / mritime trnsport. Tble 4 Distribution of worid tonnge (grt nd dwt) by groups of countries of registrtion, {Mid-yer figures) tonnge nd percentge shre ncrese in tonnge (grt) Flgs / registrtion in groups countries ٤٢ Million 1974 م 7 ئ Million dwt ك 7 ث 1974 Shre of increse ndex (per cent) (1965 = 100) 1. World totl Developed mrket-economy countries (excluding SouthernE m ope) ' countries pen registry (100.0) 90.6 (61.7) 22.1 ) 5.1 ل( أ ( (57.0) 40.9 (18.8) (100.0) (50.8) 74.5 (24.3) 4. Southern Europe (excluding Cyprus) (8.0) (8.1) (10.1) 5. Toti (84.8) (83.9) (85.2) 6- Socilist countries of Es tern Europe nd Asi (7.4) (8.9) (8.3) 7. Developing eounlries (7.3) (6.7) (6.0) (100.0) (49.1) i (8.4) (6.3) (looio) (57.2) 70.3 (21.6) (loo) بمت 100 ) (50.7) (27.4) ) 25.6? : 28 (10.1) (86.6) - ) (87.9) م 33 (6.6) (6.0) (6.1) (6.3) (5.4) (5.6)

15 Tble 4 {continued) Tonnge nd percentge shre ' ncrese in tonnge (grt) Flgs / registrtion in groups countries MiUion ^ ٢ MiUion dwt Shre of increse (per cent) ndex (1965 = 100) Totl (excluding open registry countries) in Afric in Asi in Ltin Americ nd the Cribben.... Oceni... Other, unllocted (0.3) (!з) ( ث) ( ^ ٤ ^٢ ^; Compiled from Lloyd s Register / Shipping: Sttisticl Tbles (London) nd supplementry dt covering vessels of 100 grt nd over. ا 975 ا 1974, i^ding, respectively, in 1965, 1970, ^ grt; eserve fleet of ^out 10.4, 6.3, 2.0 nd 2.0 million United t^ e s ( (ii) United $t^ s Gret Lkes fle t of bout 2.0, nd 1.7 p illio n grt; (iii) Cndin Gret L^es fleet of bout 1.2, 1.1.5, nd 1.6 million grt. ٤ tonnge by individul countries nd groups of countries nd type of ship s t 1 July 1975 is shown in nne^ below. Figures in prentheses. 3). Cyprus, Liberi, Omn,?nm, Singpore nd Somli. ($ee below, nne^, note د respectively. urope, including the USSR, were 25.4 million grt nd million dwt co^n rie$ of $^ern Fhe tonnges for. the socilist while those of socilist countries ^ si were million nd 4.3 million dwt respectively. (b) Tonnge on order 2. On 31 October 1975, world tonnge on order stood t million dwt, s compred with 26.2 million dwt yer erlier. This is the hrst 12-month period since t lest 1966 when substntil reduction in the tonnge on order ws recorded, h e r e were chnges in tonnge on order in every qurter in the period under considertion, but not lwys in the sme direction or for ll types of vessels: 21. The over-ll decrese 4? 1 عل 0 - to 1975 ws elerly due to the lck of orders for tukers nd the cncelltion of existing tnker orders in fct, the volume of tnker tonnge on order on S Octoher 1975 ws the lowest since On the other hnd, the tonnge of bulk crriers nd other ships on order incresed during the period, though some of this increse ws due to owners switching orders from tnkers to bulk crriers, s n lterntive to cncelltion. Tonnge ^ order s ; Bulk crriers ( -includ combined ٢ «Other All ships Chnge Tnkers Chnge crriers) Chnge ships Chnge milliôn (per (million (per (million (per (million ( (per ( ا ا ٤١٧ ( : ( ا; ( ١٧ ر «( ١٧ cent( dwt) Dct Jn Apr Ju]y Oct Order: siippleinent to Firply nterntionl Shipping > the bsis World of Ships 0 : Compiled - or lournl Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vrions issues, Nineteen sixty-six ws the first yer (ht World Ships on Order; Supplement Firply nterntionl Shipping Journl ws issued. (As fr ل u 1 Jnury 1973, Firply nterntionl Shipping Journl becme Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly.)

16 2. P r o d u c t i v i t y OE S H PPN G SPACE 22. Tbles 5 nd 6 show the development of productivity of tnkers of 10,000 dwt nd bove nd of bulk crriers of 18,000 dwt nd bove mesured by the number of ton-miles of crgo crried per yer per dedweight ton of the existing ctive fleet. 23. As result of the very smll increse of tnker crgo registered in 1974, nd lso of the reduced speeds t which substntil prt of tnker tonnge hs been operted during 1974, the tnker productivity index fell for the flrst time since 1965 nd is expected to decline further in The bulk crrier productivity index lso declined mrkedly in As in previous issues of the Review / mritime trnsport, n inde^ of totl world fleet productivity, bsed on the number of tons of crgo crried per dwt of totl fleet, hs been clculted (see tble 7). After slight recovery in 1973, the index fell gin in 1974, to the lowest level since Trends in types OE VESSEES 25. Not ll types of existing tonnge hve contributed eqully to the development of world tonnge. Tnkers ccounted for bout two-thhds of the net increse in world tonnge from 1974 to 1975, this proportion being similr to tht of the preceding yer but T ble Estimted ton-miies of oii nd 1 ) gri sbipmcnts r dwt, in 1965, 1970 nd , by 0«tnkers of 10,000 dwt nd boye Yer shipm ents (million tons) Grin shipm ents (million tons) Totl oil/grin shiprnents (million tons) Estimted ton-miles oil/grin shipments (thousnd» ' 1 ' أا ton-miles) fleet (million dwt) > Totl ctive fleet (million dwt) Ton-miles per ctive dwt thousnds) ndex / ctive م productivity ^ Sources: Compiled on the bsis of Fernley nd Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976) World B ulk Trdes 1974 (Oslo, 1975). For complete time series from 1962 to 1973 see Review / mritime trnsport, 1974 (op..), tble 11. Mid-yer figures. These figures consequently differ f ro ^ those in tble 11 of the Review of mritime trnsport, 1974 (op. cit.), tyhlch were end-yer figures. Estimted by the UNCTAD secretrit. T ble 6 Estimted tbb-miles of bulk commodities c»ied per dwt, " iu 1967,1970 üd by < buik crriers, including combined crriers, of 18,000 d^t nd boye Yer Dry bulk ( S n tons) Oil crgo (million tons) Totl bulk crgo, including (million tons) Estimted ton-miles of bulk crgo crried, including (thousnd million ton-miles) Totl fleet (million dwt) Totl ctive fleet (million d w t)^ Ton-miles per ctive dwt رلم م ndex / ctive fleet produc- (19M = 100) ^ fm il ذ Sources: Compiled on the bsis of Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., World Bulk Trdes, 1974 (Dslo, 1975); lso from nformtion contmunicted by this compny to the UNCTAD secretrit. crriers. ncluding oil crgoes in combined 12..), tble (op. / m ritime trnsport, 1974 For complete time series from 1967 to 1973 see Review figures. Mid-yer secretrit. Estimted the UNCTAD Revised figure.

17 Tble 7 crried per dwt of world fleet, 1967 ^Bd Totl Crgo crried World crgo per dwt fleet crried (million (million ndex Yer dwt) tons) Tons (1960=100) ا Sources: World fleet: Lloyd's Register / Shipping: Sttisticl Tbles (Loudon), vrious ssue ; totl erko crried: bhlted Ntions, Monthly Bulletin of Sttistics, Jnury ssues. For complete time series (rom 1967 to 197$ see Review / mritime trnsport, J974 (op. '.,ر tble 1$. flgure. Revised brge crriers, followed by oil tnkers nd vehicle crriers. A t the other extreme, the tonnge of continer ships, pssenger liners nd miscellneous tnkers ctully declined. The chnging composition is discnssed in أ. prgrphs more detil in the following () Tnkers 27. Developments in tnker tonnge hve dominted the whole period As result, the tnker shre of world tonnge in terms of grt rose from 37.9 per cent in 1970 to 41.6 per cent in 1974 nd 43.9 per cent in This tendency might not continue through the rest of the p re s e t decde in view of the substntil cncelltion of orders, prticulrly for VLCCs, since أ. mid-1974 According to one estim آ, te orders for 55 million dwt of tnkers hd been cncelled by the end of Gctober إ The shrpest decrese in tnker tonnge on order, s result of cncelltions, occurred in the size group of 150,000 dwt nd over, while the Unless otherwise iudicted, the discussion is bsed on the significntly greter thn in erlier yers, t lest bck hgures in tble 8. t(j result- This ws relted to substmil excess tnker tonnge 26. Tble 8 shews in seme detil the trends in the ing from hevy ordering in 1972 nd 1973 nd the decline in tnker cempesitien ef the werld merchnt heet by di erent crgoes in ل 974 nd 1975, s discussed in chp., sect. в bove nd chps. ll, sect. A nd ٧, sect. A below. types ef vessel since 197d, nd their reltive centributien Report, The Pltou Monthly: Contrcting, Sle nd Purchse أد te the tetl increse f'rem 1974 te t cn be seen ctober 1975, published by R. s.?ltou A/s (Uslo) pp. 2 nd 3; tht the highest rtes ef expnsien in 1975 were fer lso Journl / Commerce (Liverpool), 8 November 1975, p. 1. seme ef the mest medern types ef specilized tennge This would represem some 25 per cent o fthe tnker tonnge such s chemicl crriers, li^uehed gs crriers nd on order s t 31 3uly T ble 8 Anlysis* of world ا! vessel, principl types of (n 1,000 grt) Type / vessel Percentge chnge 1974/1975 il tnkers آل Li^uehed gs crriers Uhemicl crriers..... k4i$^el]neous tnkers Bulk/oil crriers re nd bulk crriers.. enerl crgo (including pssenger/crgo) h^iscellneous crgo ships Continer ships (fully cellulr) Brge-crrying vesseis.. Vehicle crriers ا Fishing fctories nd crriers Fishing (including trwlers) ١ ^ 15! ن 7 3 أ ^2 2^ : 4 ااث ا ' ٦ Fssenger l i n e r s Ferries nd other pssenger vessels All other vessels T o ^ L Source: Lloyd s Register of Shipping: Sttisticl Tbles (London), yers (mid-yer figures). comprble with dt in tble 4, becuse they include the United Sttes reserve fleet the United no The dt in this tble re Sttes nd Cndin Cret Lkes fleets. > i.e., ships cpble of trnsporting liquid nturl gs (L^C) or liquid pet oleum gs (L?C) or other similr hyd o rl^on nd chemicl products which re ll crried t pressûres greter thn tm osphes or sub^mbient tem perture or combintion of both. crriers. ncluding ore/oil others. ncluding livestock crriers, supply ships nd tenders, tugs, cble ships, dredgers, icebrekers, reserch ships nd د 10

18 tonnge of tnker$ under 150,000 dwt on order re^i^ted the generl tendency to decline somewht better, on ccount of the ge composition of the existing tnker tonnge of this size group nd the incresing demnd for product crriers nd prcel tnkers. (b) Dry bulk crriers nd combined crriers 28. This type of tonnge (ore nd bulk crriers nd bulk/oil crriers) lso expnded ver^ rbidly in recent yers. The tonnge rose from 46.7 million grt in 1970 (o 85.5 million grt in 1975, while the shre of the world tonnge incresed from 20.5 per cent in 1970 to 25.0 per cent t mid Despite shrply rising shipbuilding prices since 1969, the tonnge of combined crriers incresed between 1970 nd 1975 fster thn tht of ny other type of v ssel, except continer vessels. Moreover, the tonnge of combined criers on order incresed by more thn 200 per cent between lnury 1969 nd lnury The tonnge of combined crriers on order declined shrply between Jnury 1972 nd July 1975, but it cn be seen from tble 9 tht in terms of both tonnge nd the number of vessels, this ws due mitoy to the reduction of orders for vessels of 150,00 dwt nd over; new orders were well sustined for vessels in the 100, ,000 dwt ctegory. The opertionl flexibility of medium-sized combined crriers hs been demonstrted during the lst two yers by shifts of such vessels fro ^ the oil to the dry crgo mrket. 30. The decline in orders for combined crriers of 150,0 0 dwt nd over, prticulrly those exceeding ^00,000 dwt, should be seen in the light of toe extremely rpid growth of such tonnge in the lst five yers, coupled with the fct tht only certin trdes re suitble for such vessels. Another inrportnt fctor is tht this size group of combined crriers entered service t fster rte thn could be coped with by existing port fcilities. Gertin dry bulk trdes lck port fcilities for vessels of this size completely, nd most ٢^٢». < / See, for instnce. The mritime trnsporttion إ by the UNCTAD secretrit (Unitefl Ntions nuhliction, Sles No. E.74..D.4), chp.. of the very lrge combined crriers cn only be employed in the tnk.er trdes with full lods. New investments in such lrge combined crriers do not pper to be prticulrly ttrctive, either under present m rket conditions or in the immedite future. (c) Generl crgo, unit محا م/ systems nd other vessels 31. The declining tendency observed in previous yers for the generl crgo vessels ws reversed in 1975, s cn be seen from tble 8, nd furtoer expnsion of tonnge is likely in the next few yers becuse of incresed ordering. ndeed, the tonnge of generl crgo ships of more thn 2,000 grt on order incresed from 6.7 million grt t the end of September 1974 to أ million grt t the end of September 32. Gontiner tonnge decresed slightly, from 6.3 million grt t mid-1974 to 6.2 million grt t mid This mrked chnge in the rte of growth of continer tonnge cn be prtilly explined by the completion of contineristion progrmmes for most of the mjor routes between industril countries. A further expintion is the incresing investment in other unit lod systems. 33. Until recently, interest in the employment of brge-crrying ocen-going vessels ws concentrted in toe United Sttes of Americ nd Western Europe, but the yer 1975 sw incresed interest in the system in some trdes to ^nd from developing countries, s well s in socilist countries of Estern ؤ. Europe Thus, The term generl erge vessel ineludes liner vessels, s well s smll hnl^ crriers nd vessel types which my be used either in liner trdes or in trm p trdes. Return ك '» مح / ت >ي! تا ^» ^٢ ^ Shipping: Register ٢ ك محمم/ ل (London), third qurters 1974 nd economic studies hve shown tht the brge-crrying مع 0 $ system my be less costly thn continer or other unit lod ships if the system is operted to its best dvntge (cf. Shipping World 676). p. Shipbuilder (London), vol. 168, No (3uly 1973), مح«See lso E. T. Ling, Continerships مح» < competitors; the economics / deep-se generl ٢ ^ shipping in the 1970s (Liverpool. Mrine Trnsport Lentre, 1973). t my be dded (ht the flexibility of burgers hs reportedly been incresed by the recent (Continued on next pge.) Tble 9 Tonnge of combined crriers on order, ^ 1 Jn ' Julv Size group in ' dwt No. ' dwt No. ' dwt ٨٢. ' ١٧ '' No. dwt ٨٢. dwt nd over Totl Source: Fernley nd As t 1 Jnury. Chrtering Co. Ltd., WorM ل / Fleet (Oslo), of corresponding yers. 11

19 the first totlly integrted ppliction of the feeder nd oeen LA^H systems took pice in Burmese wters in My 1975, when LA^H vessel of 46, مم dwt dischrged 15,000 tons of rice, trnsported in 42 lighters, destined for Bngldesh. The Soviet Union is understood to hve ordered two SEABEE brge erriers, ech ble to trnsport 26 X 1,300-ton brges, whieh would be the higgest in their elss to dte. The ndin Government nd privte shipowners re lso reported to prefer LA^H ships to continer vessels for the trdes to North Americ becuse of the bsence of the necessry infrstructure for continer vessels in ndi nd becuse even minor ports, without deep herths nd extensive fcilities, conld he served by hrges. t hs been reported tht consortium of ndin lines might he formed to provide the necessry finnce nd to operte the ships. 34. There hs heen n increse in Ro/Ro vessels nd services in reeent yers. Thus, on 1 Jnury 1975, the world fieet of Ro/Ro crgo ships ws 4fi5 vessels, totiling 1.9 million dwt, representing n increse of 67 vessels nd 400,000 dwt over the July 1973 figures. At the beginning of 1975 the world order book for Ro/Ro vessels stood t 590,000 dwt, compred with dwt respectively in July 1973 س dwt nd 6 5 7, 0 س 5 1 5, 0 nd Jnly آ n the course of 1975 severl new plns for Ro/Ro services were reported, prticulrly in the trdes in the Mediterrnen, including services with North Afric nd the Middle Est, s well s the Gnlf nd West Afric. This expnsion is prohbly linked with the port congestion existing in number of these ports, s well s with the possible dvntges of door-to-door trnsport, provided the port nd inlnd trnsport system permit their e^eient use. 35. The trend towrds more fiexible nd diversified nnit iod tonnge whieh hs been evident in recent yers continued in 1975, s shown in tble 10. {Foot-note 22 continued) development of new portble second deek for LASH brges which will increse the epcity of brges n crrying crs, plletized or crted crgo (cf. Firply /«سم «سم / Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 256, N o (9 etober 1975), p. 32). Lor review - Moncke, of hrge crriers nd some fnture plns, see see H. the ٥ No. 10 / brge crrier systems. prospects ^مح««!» مم / series of lectures nd comrlhutions by the nstitute of Shipping Economics (Bremen, t975). 255, vol. Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), No (5 June 1975), p. 32. No. 4 (Copenhgen), vol. 59, ج ممم Scndinvin Shipping (April 1975), p ), Setrde (Colchester, Englnd), vol. 5, N o. 8 (August p. 35 nd Lloyd s List (London), 26 July 1975, p. 3. Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Ro/Ro Crgo Vessels (Oslo), Jnury According to The Westinform Directory o f Ro-Ro Vessels.محا / أ (The tvestinform Service (London), Westinform Shipping (cover- No. 307), the totl R o/r o fleet s of! September ا مم ing the following types of Ro/R o vessels; crgo only, crgo/pssenger, vehicle crriers, trin crriers, lnding crft nd mlscellneons) consisted of 1,033 vessels, totlling 4.2 million grt, while 151 vessels, totlling 1.1 nhlllon grt, were on order. The crgo Ro/Ro deet consisted of 404 vessels (1.7 million grt), while 93 vessels (0.7 mihion grt) were on order ccording to this directory. 1975), Setrde (Colchester, Englnd, vol. 5, No. 2 (Februry p. 35 nd vol. 5, No. 8 (August 1975), p. 37; lso Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (L ondo^, vol. 256, No (14 August 1975), pp. 4-5, nd vol. 256, N o. 4821) س August 1975), p. 13. ع 0 اunit Numbers of Type / vessel ble T 10 Mid-yer) ( Prt continer ships continer shipsfull ontiner/triler ships Bulk continer ships Lontiner/hrge crriers system in 1973, yesseis 1974 on 1975 order nd Sources: for 1975: compiled from را 1 Ships on Order, No. 44 (22 August 1975), suppl^m^pt to Firply nterntionl أا ' ممي ك Weekly (London); for 1973 nd 1974: Review of mritime 1974, مم س- (op. 24., tble ر. ncluding contrcts pending or under negotition. presumbly some of these vessels re w ht re usully clled m ultipurpose vessels. ye sels with continer cpcity of g 24 vessels nd 35 ludi n less thn 300 TEU n 1974 nd 1975 respectively. (d) Liquefied ع crriers 36. The growth of the hquehed gs crrier tonnge continued in 1975 t n ccelerted rte (n increse of ^4.^ per cent in terms of grt, s compred with one of 6.f per eent in f974). There re indictions tht, despite the dely in implementing or the postponement or reconsidertion of some pro)eets, this growth is lik;ely to continue in the fnture s demnd for nturl gs continues to expnd nd new liquefied gs produetion pro)ects come into د. efiect According to some estimtes, tenfoid increse in the volnme of LNG trnsported is expected by i985. As my be seen from tble 11, in lnury ل 975 the existing fieet hd cpcity of 4 mihion cubic metres (3.3 mifiion cubic metres in Jnury f974), while vessels of 8.7 million cubic metres crrying cpcity (6.^ mifiion cubic metres in J^nry 1974) were on order. (e) Offshore mrine equipment 37. Aeeording to one source, some 270 ofishore rigs were in opertion in the middle of f975, while 146 rigs were on order. The demnd for drilling rigs nd ships by 1985 hs reportedly been estimted t 620 ر / مح^ See in this connexion Firply nterntionl Shipping (London), vol. 255, No (5 June t975), p. 37, nd vol. 256, No (t8 Septeinber!975), pp ; Norwegin Shipping News (Oslo), N o. 16/75 (22 August 1975), p. 43; «س Week (New Aork), No (13 October 1975), pp ; Setrde (Oolchester, Lnglnd), vol. 5. No. 11 (Noveml^r 1975), pp ; nd Mrine Week (London), 21 November 1975, pp. 15, 37 nd (Decem- Economist (London), vol. X Ll, N o. 12 ^ «/ م-ا م The her 1975), pp , vol. Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), ١ N o (18 September 1975), p. 65. Report, ج- ا ك The Pltou Monthly: Contrcting, Sle nd June 1975, pp. 8-9, puhlished hy R. s.?ltou A/S (Oslo).

20 T ble 11 Liquid crriers cpcity Biysis, {Jnury / ech yer) ٢٤ cpcity rnge ^ cubic m etres) ( No Cubic metres No ' metres No Cubic metres Per cent increse in cpcity (m^) U p to 1, A ج ,999 ج ,999 ج ,999 ج , ,000 nd over A ^ ث أ 22 اث Totl delivered Totl on order TmAL editions. Gs Crrier Register, compiled by H. Clrkson nd Co. Ltd., London, vrious مح 'ا '. Derived from corresponding t^b!e in ' The hrst line of figures (A) in ech cse refers to existing cpcity, nd the second line of figures (B) to tht of vessels on order. by the ^pnese Shipping أ. Bureu Despite these forecsts, there were indictions of possible oversupply of rigs during the utumn of 1975, s it ws reported tht 5 per cent of the drilling rigs on order t tht time were without drilling contrct nd tht the rtes obtinble did not justify investment in new equipment. Three cncelltions of rig orders were lso August. reported in 4. T rends in size 38. The verge size of diflerent types of existing ships nd the verge size of vessels on order in 1975, compred with 1974 nd 1973, re shown in tble 12. The verge size of existin vessels (except for continer vessels) incresed in 1975, but the verge size of vessels on order declined further, except for liquefled gs crriers nd other ships, which continued to increse. The decline in the size of tnkers on order ppers to hve been cused by cncelltions of orders for VLCCs nd ULCCs, coupled with revived interest in building tnkers of under 150,000 dwt. n the cse of bulk nd combined crriers the mjor interest in new buildings seems to be for medium-size vessels. No importnt chnges were observed between 1974 nd 1975 in the verge sizes of other types of vessel. 256, vol. Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), N o (2 October 1975), p. 81. A somewht dl^erent estimte for is given in Northern Offshore (Oslo), vol. 4, No. 8 (August 1975), p. 28. Report, Monthly: Contrcting, Sle nd Purchse س /م The August 1975, p. 6 nd September 1975, p. 6, published by R, s. Pltou A/S (Oslo). 39. As mentioned erlier, sizes of vessels in the existing heet hve further incresed in As result, in mid-1975 hout 70 per cent of tnker tonnge ws in the size group 80,000 dwt nd bove, ginst 63 per cent in 1974 nd 38 per cent in By mid- 1975, 81 per cent of the existing combined crrier tonnge ws in the size group 80,000 dwt nd bove, ginst 80 per cent in 1974 nd 50 per cent in Wheres some 1^ per cent of dry bulk crrier tonnge ws in the size group of 80,000 dwt nd bove in both. cent 1974 nd 1975, the proportion in 1970 ws ^.6 ^er В. The i^erntinnl distribution of tonnge, with speci! reference to developing countries C hnges in distribution TYPE OF V ESSEL 40. Annex to this Review gives the distribution of world tonnge by flg of registrtion n^ by type of vessel t mid The distribution by groups of D t from Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., World Bulk Fleet (prior to 1972 WorldBulk Crriers) (Oslo), vrious issues, nd John 1. Jcohs nd Co. Ltd., World Tnker Fleet Review (London), 30 June 1970, covering vessels of 10,000 dwt nd over. These hgures re not comprble with those reported in prgrph 41 o f the Review ofm ritim e trnsport, 1974 {op. cit.), on the bsis of ع محر/ Register o f Shipping: Sttisticl Tbles (London), whieh inciude ships of 100 grt nd over. D t by eountry used in this diseussion re, unless otherwise specihed, d rived from Lloyd's Register / Shipping: Sttisticl Tbles (bondon), djusted s indicted in tble 4 bove nd in nnex Ш to this Review.

21 T ble 12 Estimted! size of selected types of vessel, : ( world ا ion order Type / vessel E x ist in g F leet (m id-yer) il tnkers ef loo grt nd bove (grt).... Equivlent in dwt... Ore/bulk crriers of 6 ООО grt nd bove (including bulk/oil crriers) (grt)... E quiv len tin d w t... ontiner ships of loo grt nd bove (grt).. Liquefled gs crriers (grt)... All other ships of 100 grt nd bove (grt) ( ^ Vessels on order (t end of yer) i n k e r s of dwt nd bove (dwt).... Ore/bulk crriers of dwt nd bove (dwt) ontiner sbips (vessels of cpcity of 300 or more continers) (dwt)... Eiquefled gs crriers (vessels of dwt nd o v e r ) ( d w t )... All other ships of 1 ООО grt nd bove (dwt) ١ م s! in Sources: Existing fleet: estimted by the UNCTAD secretrit on the hsis ot dt p ^ l ed L loyds Register of Shipping: ' ئ Tbles (London), Vessels on order: estim ted by the 1 0, إل ) 1975 i Fernley nd Egers ^hr^rin g Co. Ltd., Review UNCTAD secretrit frorn dt given oil tnkers, bnlk crridrs nd other shi^s; si^d estimtes o f continer ships nd liquesed ) gs rrie c s were bs^d on dt given in World Ships on Order: supplement to Firply nterntionl Shipping Journl or Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), November isstles of yers Revised. countries, clssifled ccording to nnex, for diflerent types of vessels in selected yers is given in tble n generl, tonnge chnges from 1974 to 1975 were similr to those observed in the preceding yers, except tht the shre of developing countries in terms of grt incresed, fter declining or remining unchnged during the preceding yers. Nineteen seventy-flve is the hlfwy point of the Second United Ntions Development Decde, nd review nd pprisl of chnges since 197 in the tonnge shre of developing countries vis-^-vis other countries is therefore pproprite. 42. The shre of tonnge generlly regrded s being beneflcilly owned in developed mrket-economy countries, including Southern Europe, incresed from 83.8 per cent in 197 to 85.3 per cent in 1974, to decline slightly to 84.9 per cent in Within this group s whole, the populrity of flgs of open registry countries hs continued to grow. A t mid-1975, totl of 88.4 million grt (26.^ per cent of the world tonnge) ws registered under these flgs, s compred with 74,5 million grt (24.3 per cent) t mid-1974 nd 4,9 million grt (18.7 per cent) in 197. Press reports suggest tht OECD member countries re becoming incresingly concerned آ with the problem of open registry fleets, nd certin countries or orgniztions hve been pressing أ. esures for restrictive m See, for exmple. Shipping nd Trde News ^o k v o ), 13 June أ 1973, p. E OE D, Mritime Trnsport, 1974 (?ri$, 1973), p. 94. t my be dded tht Norwy i$ جinعrel its restrictions on registrtion of N orwegin-ow^d vessels under foreign flgs {Scndinvin Shipping Gzette ( openhgen), vol. 39, N o. 11 (November 1973), p. 7). 43. The shre of tonnge beneficlhy owned (n the developed ntr^et-econom}? conntrles (.e. ncluding ^onthern Europe ^nd open-reglstry flgs) declined s regrds generl crgo vessels, ore nd bulk crriers nd tnkers, but incresed s regrds continer ships nd other ships. Except for the decline in their shre of tinker tonnge, this is in line with previous trends. 44. n the pst, the over-ll increse in the shre of this group of countries ws bsiclly ttributble to toeir incresing shre of tnker tonnge, their shre of other types of vessels remining unchnged or declining. t is noteworthy tht virtully 98 per cent of continer tonnge ^nd 100 per cent of brge-crrying tonnge is registered under the flgs of these countries. 45. The shre of world tonnge, in terms of grt, under the flgs of socilist countries of Estern Europe nd Asi incresed slightly from 19?4 (8.3 per cent) to 1975 (8.4 per cent), but remined lower thn their shre in 1970 of 8.9 per cent. 46. More signiflcnt pper to be the chnges in the percentge shres of these countries by vessel type, prticulrly in the period Thus their shure of ore/bulk crrier tonnge, lthough reltively smll, incresed from ^.1 per cent in 1970 to 3.5 per cent in 1975, while theh shre of generl crgo tonnge incresed from 13.1 per cent to 16.7 per cent. 47. n 1975 the shre of flgs of developing countries incresed slightly in terms both of grt nd of dwt. This is the second consecutive 12-month period during which very slight increse in the percentge shre of developing countries in the world fleet in terms of dwt hs been recorded, s my be seen from

22 T ble 13 shre of world tonnge by type of vessel s t 1 July, 1965, 1974 nd 1975 (n terms o f grt) All ships Ore nd bulk Per- crriers, Million of world _ combined Generl Continer crrying Other Groups ٥/ countries Yer ^٢ totl Tnkers crriers ج ٢ ships vessels skips Percentge shre ر vessel type World totl t o t l ^ Percentge shre by groups / countries Developed mrket-economy coun- Europe) tries (excluding Southern Southern Europe, excluding Cyprus countries Open registry Socilist countries of Estern Europe A s i nd Developing countries (excluding open registry countries) o f which. A f r i c n Asi nd 0 «nin n Etin Americ nd the Cribben Other unllocted Source: Compiled from Lloyd s Register ٥/ Shipping: Sttistic lt b les (London), 1965, 1974 nd 1975, nd supplementry ffi^ r^ tio n on the United Sttes reserve fleet nd the United Sttes nd Cndin, Gret Lkes fleets 1974 in bom nd 1975: (i) United S t^s Exciuding, reserve respectively fleet of 5( 9.ل,4 Gret d 2.0 million grt; (ii) United Sttes 2.0 Cndin Gret Lkes Lkes fleet fleet of bout hout 2.0, 1.2, L7 1,5 nd nd million million grt; g(ii ). rt. Vessels of 100 grt nd over ) / lk Gre nd bulk crriers of crriers; 5,000 grt combined nd bove, crriers including mounted combined 1955 or / i ore/oil to 90 sflips (2.0 million g ا 9 ل:) rt to 380 ships (22.0 million grt); 1975 to 403 ships (23.7 million g rt4(. (. p ncluding pssenger/crgo vesseis (both bner nd trm. seprtely Eigure covers generl crgo ships nd other ships not reported Cyprus, Liberi, Omn, Pnm, Singpore nd Somli (see nnex 3 (,. note

23 the tble below, which shows lso the shres for : countries regionl groups of developing Percentge shre / developing countries in the world fleet in terms / dwt D istribution of tonnge on order 49. The shre of developing countries in totl tonnge on order (in terms of dwt) incresed further in 1975, to 10.7 per cent (from 6.9 per cent in 1974). The percentges for ech yer in the period nd for ech type of vessel re s Allows: Asi nd Oceni Afric Ltin Americ nd the Cribben Totl developing countries Source; Derived from Lloyd s Register of Shipping: Sttisticl Tbles (London), vrious issq s without d iu st^ em for the Upited Sttes reserve fleet nd the United Sttes hd Cndin Gret L^es fleets. f cn be seen tht developing countries hve not been ble to increse their shre in world tonnge, s compred with 197fl. On the contrry, their shre declined, from 6.9 per cent in 197 to 5.6 per cent in n this connexion it my be reclled tht, ccording to the nterntionl Development Strtegy for the Second,ل ) ( 53 [pr. United Ntions Development Decde developing countries should hve n incresing nd substntil prticiption in the crrige of mritime crgoes. They should lso hve n incresing shre of the world merchnt fleet. t is true tht some developing countries hve succeeded in expnding their merchnt mrines t reltively fster rte, but this does not lter the generl picture. 48. Tble 14 shows in greter detil the shres of developing countries in the world fleet by type of vessel nd by region in 1975 nd in selected erlier yers. For generl crgo their shre continued to increse t higher rte thn for other types of tonnge, except tnkers. However, generl crgo ships include both liner vessels nd smll bulk crriers, nd so include vessels which my be used either in the liner trdes or in trmp trdes. t is therefore di^cult to drw ny flrm conclusions s to wht the increse in generl crgo tonnge implies in terms of the shipping ctivities of developing countries. The incresed shre of the tnker tonnge is minly ttributble to the ctivities of some oil-producing countries in tnker shipping (see lso. below)! ٧ chp. beluw. Fur the shres in terms uf grt see tble 14 See Oenerl Assembly resulutiun 2626 (XXV),?r. 2. See Progrmme o f Action on the Estblishment of New nterntionl Economic Order, dopted by the Oenerl Assembly م)), 4 in its resolmion 3362 (S-V), sect. See chp. V, sect. с below, nd compre figures in nnex below with those in nnexes nd V to Review / mritime.(. ١ (op. trnsport, 1974 t my be noted tht the oil-exporting developing countries s whole ccounted for some 34 per cent of the tnker tonnge of the developing countries, in terms o f dwt, in mid-1975 nd for 47 per cent of the increse from 1974 to Oil-exporting developing countries re defined s Algeri, Bhrin, Brunei, Ecudor Gbon, ndonesi, rn, rq, Kuwit, Libyn Arb Republic, Nigeri, Omn, Qtr, Sudi Arbi, Trinidd nd Tobgo, United tnkers of dwt آ 1 nd b o v e 0.8 tnkers nnder dwt ا 7.2 re/oil nd ore/bu k/o l crriers 4.3 tber bulk crriers Full continer ships Frt continer ships Other dry crgo ships loa Source: Compiled from World Ships on ٢ ^ ٢; supplement to Firply nterntionl Shipping Journl or Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (Eondon), November issues. Generlly, these developments re encourging, prtieulrly s the increse ws not restricted to one or two types of vessel. However, the shre of developing countries in totl tonnge on order is not su^cient to increse signihcntly their prticiption in world tonnge over the next few yers. Suitble second-hnd tonnge would hve to be purchsed for such n increse to be obtined. Furthermore, the tonnge on order by developing countries in Gctober 1975 stood t 2 2 م. million dwt, compred with 17.9 million dwt yer erlier nd 11.6 million dwt in Glerly, s tonnge requirements of developing countries relte mostly to their own trdes rther thn to cross trdes, their tonnge on order is not influenced by generl mrket fluctu- tions in demnd for tonnge. t is prtly becuse of the contrction of the order book (or developed countries tht the shre of developing countries in totl tonnge on order incresed recently. The picture my chnge gin when the next boom in demnd for tonnge occurs nd there is rush for new buildings. 50. Tble 15 lso shows tht the shre of flgs of developed mrket-economy countries, together with those of countries of Southern Europe, open registry countries nd flgs not yet known ^ in tonnge on order decresed to 83.9 per cent in October 1975, compred with 89.1 per cent in 1974 nd 90.9 per cent in Arb Emirtes nd Venezuel (cf. Review / nterntionl Trde / UNCTAD Development 1974: report by the secretrit مح«(pp..), nnex. Fnr instnce, the incresed shre of tnker tonnge ws due exclusively to the fct tht world tnker tonnge on order declined shrply in n fct, even tonnge on order by developing countries declined, from some 11.5 million dwt in October 1974 to 9.7 million dwt in October The oil-ex?orting develo?ing countries ccounted for bout 68 per cent of the tnker tonnge on order by developing countries in 1975; Ruwit nd rq lone ccounted for hlf of the tonnge on order. Assuming tht these not yet known hgs will eventully belong to this brod group of countries. 1 6

24 T ble 14 Shre of developing countries * in the world fleet by type of vessel, 1965, 1971 nd {Mid-yer figures, in terms o f grt) 7 ل 1914 ل?ل Type of vessel Region (Percentges) Tnkers Totl developing conntries / which: n A lrlc n Asi nd Oceni n Ltin Anreric , Ore nd سظ k crriers, including combined crriers Totl developing conntries / which: n A fric n Asi nd Oceni n Ltin Anreric , Oominer ships..... Totl developing conntries >/ which: n A fric n Asi nd Oceni , n Ltin Americ > countries Oenerl crgo ships Totl developing >/ which: m A fric Oceni n Asi nd n Ltin Americ » Other ships Totl developing countries o f which: n A fric n Asi nd Oceni Americ n Ltin 3.0 2, All t^pes of vessel Totl developing countries o f which: n A fric n Asi nd Oceni n Ltin Americ ^ Sources: Tble 13 beve, except for 1971 nd 1973, the dt for which were derived fro ^ Review / m ritime trnsport, 1974 (op. tble 7 (which gives infornttion for 1972 lso). Excluding open registry countries (Liberi, Omn,?nm, $!ngpore nd Somli).. ships ncluding "other. ships ncluded in "generl crgo,ر. ' 51. With regrd to prticulr vessel types, the shre 52. The shre of the socilist countries of Esteru of this group of countries in world tonnge on order Europe nd Asi in tonnge on order incresed to 4.9 for tnkers of 15, dwt or bove showed decrese per cent in 1975, contpred with 3.6 per cent in 1974 from 94.2 per cent in 1974 to 91.6 per cent in 1975, nd 4.2 per cent in However, there ws n unwhile for tnkers under م,م 15 dwt it fell to 81.2 per even distribution by type of vessel. For instnce, while cent in 1975, from 85.6 per ceto in 1974; their shre prt continer ships on order by these countries cfor ore/oil nd ore/bulk/oil crriers decresed further, counted for 17.7 per cent of world tonnge on order, to 68.6 per cent, compred with 8.2 per cent in 1974 tnkers of, م 15 dwt nd bove nd other bulk nd 82.3 per cent in The shre of the three crriers ccounted for 1.8 per cent only nd 4. per groups for continers lso declined in 1975, ccounting cent respectively of world tonnge on order. The for 77.4 per cent, compred with 82.6 per cent in 1974 respective shres in 1974 were 25.9 per cent,.9 per nd 74.3 per cent in cent nd 4. per cent, reflecting, inter li, n incresed 17

25 T ble 15 World on order, s t 31 October, 1970 nd Groups / countries Yer All ships Tnkers 150,000 dwt nd over Tnkers under ١٧ ا مم, م ا OreJ^oil ore/bulk! crriers Other Full Prt bulk continer continer Other crriers ships ships ships (Million dwt] World totl >ا World totl (Percentge shre by type / vessel) ئ: b 2.4 Developed mrket-economy countries (excluding Southern Enrope)..,. pen registry countries: Cyprus, Dberl, Omn Pnm,, ngpore $ Somli Southern Enrope (exeluding Cyprns).. Socilist countries of Es^rn Europe nd Asi ^ (Percentge shre by groups / countries) Developing conmries ' ^ / which: n Afric Asi nd Oceni أ Ltin Amerie nd tire Cribben !з Flg not yet known Otlrer unllocted Source: Compiled from World Ships on Order: supplement to Firply nterntionl Shipping Journl or Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), November issues. ships, ncluding generl crgo vessels, brge-crrying vessels, Ro/Ro vessels, vehicle crriers, nd pllet b nciuding prt continer ships. Excluding open registry countries. 18

26 shre of the tnker tonnge on order but reltive decline for the other types. c. Age distribution of the world merchnt fleet 53. The ge distribution of the world merchnt fleet in mid-1975, by groups of countries nd by type of vessel, is shown in tble 16. Between 1974 nd 1975 the ge composition of the world fleet improved slightly: 39 per cent of totl world tonnge ws less thn five yers old, ginst 38 per cent in At the other extreme, the proportion of tonnge in the ge brcket 15 yers nd over remined unchnged, t 22 per cent. Corresponding dt for 1974 cn be found in Review ofmritime trnsport, 1974 (pp. cit.), tble!. 54. As in previous yers, toe reltively younger fleets in 1975 were in developed mrket-economy countries (excluding Southern Europe), 43 per cent of which consisted of vessels less thn flve yers old, while only 16 per cent were vessels of 15 yers of ge or more. The corresponding flgures for 1974 were 45 per cent nd 14 per cent respectively, reflecting slight détériortion in the ge distribution. 55. The ge composition of toe fleets of developed mrket-economy countries is nevertheless significntly more fvourble thn tht not only of the fleets of socifist countries nd developing countries, but lso of the fleets registered in countries of Southern Europe nd in open registry countries. Only 29 per cent of the fleets of Southern Europen countries nd 42 per cent of those of open registry countries were less thn five yers old. On the other hnd, 32 per cent nd 26 per cent respectively were 15 yers of ge or older. T ble 16 Age distribution of world merchnt tieet by types of vessel s t 1 ^ y 1975 (Percentge o f totl tonnge (grt) ) Type / vessel -ك 4-0 yers yers yers س ا nd yers ا ^ l^orld totl.. A!1 vessels Tnkers Bulk crriers Developed mrketeconomy countries (excluding $outbern All vessels bnkers Bulk crriers Southern Europe (excluding Cyprus) All vessels Tnkers Bul^ crriers pen registry countries All vessels Tnkers Bulk crriers Totl, 2-4 All vessels i n k e r s Bulk crriers Socilist countries of Estern Europe nd Asi - All vessels Tnkers Bulk crriers Deveioping countries (excluding Eiberi, Omn,?nm, Singpore nd Somli)..... All vessels Tnkers Bulk crriers Source: Lloyd's Register / Shipping: Sttisticl Tbles (London), 1975, nd supplementry informtion communicted to the secretrit of UNCTAD by Lloyd s Register ot Shipping, Londoii. crriers. ncluding combined ) 9

27 Reltively lower mnning costs in countries of Southern Europe nd the flexibility of the open registry flg vessel opertors regrding the mnning of their vessels my be n explntion of these differences, prticulrly s the opertion of older vessels is reltively lbour intensive. 56. The ge composition of the fleets of socilist countries of Estern Europe nd Asi deteriorted mrginlly between 1974 nd 1975; the shre of vessels below flve yers of ge remined the sme (23 per cent), while the shre of vessels of 15 yers of ge nd over incresed from 21 per cent to 22 per cent. 57. n 1975, 30 per cent of the tonnge of developing countries ws less thn flve yers old, which is substntilly less thn the world verge of 39 per cent, while 33 per cent ws over 15 yers old, which gin ws much less fvourble thn the world verge (22 per cent). 58. ^ ith regrd to the ge composition of different types of vessels, 45 per cent of world bulk crrier tonnge (including combined crriers) ws under flve yers of ge in 1975 (47 per cent in 1974), while the percentge for tnkers in this ge brcket ws lso 45 per cent (43 per cent in 1974). A t the other extreme 1 per cent of bulk crriers were 15 yers old or more nd 18 per cent of tnkers; the corresponding flgures for 1974 were 9 per cent nd 19 per cent respectively. 59. Generlly, tnkers under the flgs of developed mrket-economy countries nd of open registry countries tend to be much younger thn those of other countries. This ئ principlly becuse the cou^ries concerned operte most of the UTGCs nd ^ C G s, tvhich re reltively new, since construction of such vessels hs tken plce during the lst 10 yers. The sme is true to lrge extent lso for bulk crriers, the newest nd lrgest of which re minly owned by developed mrket-economy countries. This explins the exceptionlly high proportion of such vessels which re under flve yers old, nmely 49 per cent (or developed mrket-economy countries, 4? per cent for Southern Europen countries, 40 per cent for open registry countries, 39 per cent for developing countries nd 46 per c e ^ for socilist countries of Estern Europe nd Asi. Owing to the comprtively lte emergence of specilized bulk crriers, only very smll proportion re in the ge group of 15 yers or over. 60. t cn thus be seen tht the fleets of developing countries re on verge substntilly older thn in other countries, in spite of the very fvourble ge composition of their bulk crrier tonnge, s lso of their tnker tonnge. t is essentilly the ge composition of the fleet of vessels other thn bulk crriers nd tnkers, which includes generl crgo tonnge, which cretes this unfvourble picture. 2

28 Chpter TRENDS N SHPBULDNG«A. Generl developments 61. For the world shiphnilding industry the yer 1975 ws mrked by record deliveries, mny cncelldons of tnker orders ي nd n exceptionlly low level of new orders for, tnkers which toge^er resuhed in shrp redction in the tonnge on order s noted erlier (see bove, prs. 20 nd 21). The redue- ۶ Unless otber^ise stted, the discussion in this ehpter is bsed on dt in Lloyd's Register / Shipping: Merchnt Shipbuilding Return (London), vrious qurterly issues, nd pereentge shres hve b ^ n derived fronr the source hgnres in terms of grt. The dt from this source exclude ships on order with, or delivered from, yrds in the USSR, Romni nd Chin. See bove, chp., pr. 27. Gn the bsis of dt for the ^ world order book s of 1 Jnury 1975 nd 1976, nd of new deliveries nd new contrcting during 1975, t cn be estimted (lthough reservtions must be mde on the comprbility of the diflerent series) tht some 43.3 million dwt of tnker tonnge, were cncelled during the yer (Bernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976)). According to one source, contrcts for some 26.2 million dwt (2.7 million dwt tnkers) were concluded in 1975, compred with 45.7 mfllion dwt (of which 27.1 milhon dwt tnkers) in 1974, million dwt (165.1 million dwt tnkers) in the record yer 1973 nd 59.9 million dwt (56.5 million dwt tinkers) in Totl orders plced in 1975 were the lowest on record since (See Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1974 (Oslo, 1976)). tion would hve been shrper hd it not been for con- ^iderble ordering of bulk crriers, multi-purpose cr o vessels, R o/ro vessels nd vrious specilised types 62. During 1975 record totl tonnge ofس bout 63.5 million dwt ws delivered, compred with 60.4 million dwt in Tble 17 shows the number nd tonnge of ships delivered in recent yers, by type of vessel delivered. 63. As in previous yers, the shipyrds of developed mrket-economy countries, prticulrly of Jpn, c- counted for the bulk of world shipbuilding. Jpn lone ccounted for 52.1 per cent of the tonnge completed during the 12 months ending 30 September 1975 nd for 40.7 per cent of the totl order book t the end of ^eptemher 1975; developed mrket-economy conntries s whole (excluding $onthern Enrope) ccounted for 87.3 per eent nd 81.7 per cent respectively. 64. At the end of $eptemher 1975, 22 developing countries were engged in shiphnilding ctivities, s in the previous y, er but their combined shre of the Angol, Argentin, Bngldesh, Brzil, gy?t, Guyn, Hong Kong, ndi, ndonesi, rn, srel, Keny, Lebnon, Mlysi Muritius, Mexieo, Btistn, Beru, Bhilippines, Kepublie of Kore {Continued ^ next pge) ble T 17 مح«ships) Number o f Deliveries of new buildings, dwt( مح«س مح ا 7 ل 1974 V T nkers. Number dwt2012^ crrierscombined٥... N um ber dwt Bulk crriers including ore crriers) n u m b e r) dwt 'N um ber Other ships dwt T o ^ L Number dwt Fernley.م nd Egers Chrtering Cn. Ltd., Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976), tble,. (op. / mritime trnsport, nr erlier yers, s well s ^ r 1971 nd 1977, see Review ٥ tble 25. Revised bgures. dwt. Vessels over 10,000 grt. س 1,0 All segoing crgo crrying vessels over 21

29 totl order book lid jttcresed from 3.5 per cebt to 6.9 per cebt. Clerly, the shipbuildibg cpcity of this group of coubtrles is fr below tbeir tobbge requiremeuts, eveu OB tlie bsis of tbeir existlbg shre of world tobbge Bd their repleemcbt requiremcbts Bd without tkiug iuto ecoubt their spirtiobs to ibcrese this shre so s to crry substbtil Bd ib^resibg prt of their seborbe trde. The iberese of the shre of the world order book of yrds ib developibg coubtries is due miuly to the declibe of world tobbge OB order, which hs ffected minly yrds ib developed mrketecobomy coubtries, Bd does Bot reffect ву sigbiffcbt expbsiob of their shipbuildibg ctivity. EetweeB 19?4 Bd 19?5 world tobbge OB order decliued by 35 milliob grt, while the order books of developibg coubtries ibcresed by 1.8 milliob grt s result of iucresed orders with ErziliB yrds. 65. Thus, ^ r the foreseeble future, developing countries s whole will continue to depend lrgely on foreign shipyrds for the construction of new tonnge, nd this further ggrvtes their blnce-of-pyment problems. Nevertheless, in recent yers few developing countries hve been ble to increse their shipbuilding ctivity. Erzil nd the Republic of Kore ccounted for 8 per cent of the totl order book of shipyrds in developing countries in September 19?5, nd together with Singpore, ndi nd Argentin, in tht order, ccounted for 96 per cent. Rrzil ws the only shipbuilding country to hve signiffcntly improved its order book between September 19?4 nd September 1975; it lso hs considerble export order book, involving totl of 31 vessels for the Federl Republic Ghile. of Cermny, Creece, Frnce, Denmrk nd The nnounced institution of n ndin Register of Shipping nd plns to estblish two new shipyrds indicte n incresing effort in ndi to expnd shipbuilding ctivities. Venezuel hs estblished ^tteowned corportion to pln nd develop the Venezueln shipbuilding industry together with n integrted mrine industry. 66. The future of the world shipbuilding industry depends upon future demnd for tonnge. t my be noted in this connexion tht the extensive conversions of tnker orders into bulk crrier tonnge, coupled with incresing new orders for such tonnge, nd with the shifting of combined crrier tonnge ffom the tnker to the dry crgo trdes while the growth of the world dry crgo trde slowed down in , hve given rise to fers of surplus of bulk crriers. A pos- {Foot-note 50 continued) Singpore nd Venezuel (Lloyd's Register / Shipping: Merchnt Shipbuilding Return for Third Qurter, 1975 (London)). Tfie chnge from the third qurter of 19^4 consisted in the ddition of rn nd the removl of Fi)i. 256, vol. Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), No (31 Julv 1975), p. 67. See Lloyd's List (London), 22 Dctober 1975, p. 4 nd 12 December 1975, p. 16. Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 256, No (31 July 1975), p. 78. bid., No (13 November 1975), p. 13 nd The Finncil Times (L ondo^, 17 November 1975, pp ), (Golchester, Englnd), vol. 5, No. 16. (October مح ك ٢ مم pp ; The Journl / Commerce (New York), 1 October sible reduction in the pce of new orders for dry bulk crgo tonnge would further ggrvte the problems fced by the world shipbuilding industry. The sitution seems to be worse for shipyrds specilizing in the construction of tnkers, prticulrly VLCCs, thn for those concentrting on other types of vessels, since the prospects for improvement in the shipbuilding demnd ^ r blek. tnkers during the next few yers pper rther 67. Totl world shipbuilding cpcity in 1975 is estimted t 41 million grt. According to one estimte, the demnd for new tonnge in the lte 197 s nd آ yer. erly 198 s my be only some 15 million grt per n tht event the world s shipyrds would be operting on verge t less thn 4 per cent of present cpcity, nd the figure would be even lower if ccount is tken of the possible increse in cpcity resulting from existing expnsion plns. 68. According to press reports, number of the yrds formerly concentrting on the construction of VLCCs re trying to diversify into the construction of other types of ship nd of oil rigs, while construction of oil storge tnks, offshore civil vition projects nd mjor bridges is lso being considered; on the other hnd, in severl shipbuilding countries government progrmmes re being studied or introduced to promote domestic new buildings in order to reduce the dependence of the ntionl industry on export mrkets. 1975, ^ 1, nd Fr Estern Shipbuilding nd Allied ndustries, specil survey by The Motor Ship (London), December 1975, p. 26. See lso H. p. Drewry (Shipping Consultnts) Ltd., The mrket / ٢ lrge bulk crriers (London, September 1975). No. See Shipping World nd Shipbuilder (London), vol. 168, 3907 (July 1975), p. 621; lso ^osen (Tokyo), vol. XX, N o. 5 (August 1975), pp : John. Jcobs nd Co. Ltd., World Tnker Fleet Review (London), 30 June 1975; Setrde (Colchester Englnd), vol. 5, No. 4 (April 1975), pp ; World Shipbuilding Output nd Cpcity, Economic study. No. 33 (August 1975), published by H. p. Drewry (Shipping Consultnts) Ltd., London Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 256, No (31 July 1975), p. 15; nd Lloyd's List (London), 17 December 1975, p. 1. ^^Zosen (Tokyo), vol. XX, No. 5 (August 1975), pp ممح/,?. 23. Trns- According to n estimte by the Jpnese h^inistry of port, lmost 50 percent fll in Jpnese shipbuilding opertions my occur between fiscl yers 1975 nd 1977 (The Journl / Commerce) (New ork), 25 November 1975, p. 32; see lso Zosen (Tokyo), vol. XX, N o. 9 (December 1975, pp. 12 nd 18; ccording to Swedish shipbuilder, the cpcity of Swedish yrds my hve to be reduced by 40 per cent (Journl de l mrine mrchnde et de l nvigtion érienne (Pris), 57th yer. No (6 November 1975), p. 2772). A mrket study by the Shipbuilders Assocition of the Federl ^ p u b lic of Cerm^y concludes tht one-third reduction in world shipbuilding cpcity in the coming yers is unvoidble if better blnce between supply nd demnd is to be chieved (Jhe Journl / Commence (New York), 23 December 1975, p. 28). A study published by H. p. Drewry (Shipping Consultnts) Ltd., London, sttes tht it is unlikely tht demnd will be su cient to provide employment for ll shipbuilding fcilities nd, if Governments do not intervene, it is probble tht ^ n y shipyrds will cese to exist during the next five yers. The min issue is whether or not Governments will llow this to tke plce. (World Shipbuilding Output nd Cpcity (op..), p. 41.) shipowner^ For exmple, the British Government hs urged to order from United Kingdom yrds (Lloyd s List (London), 2 December 1975, p. 1). See lso Congressionl nformtion ^ ٢» ()Wshington D.C.), vol. 79, No. 2 4 (21 Gctober 1975), p. 12; 22

30 The shipbuilding ndustry n developing eounfrles, prt from being very smll, rehes with few exceptions for employment ط shipyrds mostly on the expnsion of the ntionl fieets of these countries rther thn on orders from brod; the prospect of overcpcity s consequently less of problem. tionl ction is needed, OT rther ction t the ntionl level. t ws lso repotted tht joint d hoc committee ws set up lte in 1975 between Europen nd nd Jpnese shipbuilding orgniztions which hd ^Tced, inter li, tht the industry s whole shotod tke steps to dpt its cpcity to the foreseeble decline demnd. FnTther meetings of the committee re ط envisged. 69. The decline of new orders nd the existence of surplus shipbuilding cpcity hs led to renewed competition mong Europen nd Jpnese shipyrds for orders. t hs been reported tht lpnese yrds re B. Technologicl developments in shipbuilding oflerlng prices substffillly below wht would be requhed for correspondffig vessels to be built in Europen shipyrds. 71. No mjor chnges occnrred dnring 1975 with There hve lso been reports of grnting credit terms whieh might fll to eomply with greed regrd to propuision nd utomtion. While the terms mong OECD member shipbuilding countries. diesel engine remins the predominnt form of motor ١ Furthermore, there hve been rumours of renewed power for ships below 100,000 grt on order, it cn be subsidies to the shipbuilding industry in certin counseen from tble 18 tht, in the size gronp 75, ,000 tries. grt, the shre of motor ships slightly declined in 1974 The renewed price competition should flect the geogrphicl distribution of the world shipbuilding nd n the size group 100,000 grt nd bove ndnstry in fvour of the lower-eost shipbnildffig indnsstem turbines remin the predominnt form of protries nd countries. pueion. The number of nucler-powered vessels nd those propelled by gs tnrbines remins insignihcnt. 70. Becuse of ll these difficulties nd uncertinties, 7^. The current high price of bunker fuels hs unincresing considertion is lso being given by the mjor derlined the importnce of keeping fuel costs to mtoishipbuilding countries to vrious forms of interntionl mum, lthough the net effect of the chnges in fuel co-opertion, prttoulrly within DECD, to del with prices sinee 1975 is uot cler yet. Except for gint ffie problems fced b^ the shipbuilding nd tnker tnkers nd the very lrge continer ships, the diesel industries, lffiough, ccording to one press report, engine s high therml efficiency nd its bility to operte there does not pper to be complete greement mong on most residul fuels hve mde it nturl choice DECD member countries s to whether snch intern- ا h.p. where the required power is less thn 40,000 When very high power is required t slow propeller shft speed, the modern stem-turbine plnt remins Shipping مح«Trde News (Tokyo), 5 September 1975, pp. 1 nd preferble. 4; The Journl o f Commerce (New York), 17 September 1975, p. 30; Shipping ٣ ٢ سم /أ«>تي ك 4» / (London), vol. 168, No The considerble increses in the price of fossil (July 1975), p. 638; Zosen (^okyo), vol. XX, No. 7 (October 1975), fuels, the size of ships nd theh power requirements p. 12; م م>? ك nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. ^56 hve led to renewed interest in nucler propulsion, No (31 July 1975), pp. 36 nd 57, nd vol. 256, No (9 Oetober 1975), p. 37; nd N٢١٧^/ «Shipping News (Oslo), No. without, however, ny pprent progress towrds nu- 15/75 (8 August 1975), pp cler propffision, no doubt becuse of high cpitl costs, July 1975, p. 1; The Journl o f Com- concern bout the sfety nd environmentl impct of, ( L o n d o 2 8 ' م / merce (New York), 7 My 1975, p. 10; Shipping nd Trde News nucler ships, the ick of uniform legl provisions (Tokyo), 18 December 1975, p. 1; The Pltou Monthly: Contrcting, Sle nd ^;< سمم ٢, August 1975, p. 2, published by R.S. regrding entry nd libility nd the bsence of dequte?ltou A/S (Oslo); nd Fernley nd Egers brtering o. Ltd., insurnce cover. t is reported tht ffie pln to bnild Review تم / ثم (Oslo, 1976), p. 38. See lso Journl de l mrine mrchnde et de nvigtion érienne (Erls) 58th yer. No (28 Angust 1975), p. 2167, nd Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 256, No (11 December 1975), p. 13. According to press reports, the Jpn Ship Exporters Assocition nd the Shipbuilders Assoeitlon of Jpn hve begun co-ordinted studies on wys to conduct export ship booking in n orderly ^tnner ( ^ ^ «(Tokyo), vol. XX, N o. 8 (November 1975), p. 5). ١ The Pltou Monthly: Contrcting, Sle nd Purchse Report, June 1975, p. 2, published by R. s. Pltou A /s (Oslo); nd Fernley nd Egers brtering 0. Ltd., Review / مح/ (Oslo, 1976), p. 38, nd Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 256, N o (11 December 1975), p. 13. Setrde (Oolebester, Englnd), vol. 5, No.! ٥ (October 1975), t hs, for instnce, been reported tht the eompetitive nture of quottions from yrds in the Republie of Rore is strting to worry some Jpnese yrds {Journl / Commerce (Liverpool), 5 December 1975, p. 1). On the otber hnd, ceording to Lloyd s (London), 1 August, 1975, p. 1 ; Singpore shipyrds, whieh hve been bie to quote lower prices thn Jpnese yrds for severl yers, re now being ffected by the recent prctice of shipyrds in Jpn to tke in work t eut-price rtes to offset losses cused by the recession nd higher overhed costs. Lloyd s List (London), 18 Oetober 1975, p. 1. Setrde (Colchester, Englnd), vol. 5, No. 10 (October 1975) Lloyd s List (London), 7 Novenrher ,1. nd 22 O ece^ber 1975, p. 1. Although not only concerned with shipbuilding, it my lso be mentioned tht t the i^titive o f the nterntionl Assoeitlon of ndependent Tnker Owners, leding tnker owners, shipbuilders, shipping bnkers nd oil compny executive hve reportedly been meeting to eonsider the possibility of prepring co-ordinted, supervised pckge of mesures to reduce the tnker surplus. This meeting reportedly greed to the estbhshment of liison committee to impress on Oovernments the scle of the tnker mrket crisis nd to propose solutions ( ' محمم/ (London), 17 Oeeember, 1975, pp. 3 nd 13). Mention my, however, be mde of new?nm x buik errier whieh, by using redesigned iow-speed propeller, reportediy requires nerly one-third less fuel {Scndinvin Shipping Gzette (Copenhgen), vol. 59, No. 12 (December 1975), p. 10). Lloyd s Register / Shipping: Merchnt Shipbuilding Return / ٢ Third Qurter, 1975, {op. cit.). Firply /«سم ' «ك / Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 254, N o (30 Jnury 1975), pp nd 51. No. 13 pp. 4^-45, nd Hm (Hmburg), ll^ffi yer,,.محا / م (July 1975), pp ^3

31 م أ مح ا آل 0) ÇA آ ٩ ٣١ لا il 00 ٢ 00 بم 40 ي ٢١ Q\ ١١ م 00 i 00 ٢ آ L On \o ١ ج م إأ 0 24

32 nucler continer ship in the Tederl Repuhlie of Germny hs been shelved for the time heing becuse no shipping hre eould be found to operte the ship nd becuse of the high cpitl costs, the stte of the freight mrket nd unertinty over permission to enter ports. ۶ Nevertheless, reserch hr the held of nucler prop^sion is understood to be continuing in some ۶ eountries. m]or industril 1975), (Colehester, Englnd), vol. 5, No. 3 (Mrch محم/ كل p. 93. For erlier reports on this pro)eet see Review o f mritime trnsport, 1974 (pp..), pr ۶ Zosen (Tokyo), vol. XX, N o. 7 (Dctober 1975), p. 12, nd Fir- ؤ No Shipping Weekly (Eondon), vol. 255, / س ' «-ا /«/ ply (8 my 1975), p. 3 n the United Sttes report n lte 1974 by the Ntionl Acdemy of Sciences which elled nueler propulsion for eommercll ships nneconomicl is reported to hve been refuted محر م/ ( Administrtion e United Sttes Mritime by n 0 cll of (London), 28 Februry 1975, p. 3). A bill to estblish nucler آل' vessel progrmme ws introduced in the Congress in erly 1975 (Congressionl س- م«س ' س- ام/»م (Wshington, D.C.), vol., Reserch ls continues in severi countries re rfiin^ the use of the hevy-fiuty s turbine s competitive form of mrine propnision. T i s type of propuision hs lredy been used in tivo Austrhn LNG/LPG crrier vesseis, where it opertes on gs boii-ofl from the vessel s crgo, s well s on wide rnge of oil fuels from distillte to residul grdes. ۶ 75. The vilble evidence suggests tht no mior chnges cn be expected in the next ^ w yers hr the propulsion system of vessels. There my, however, be n incresed preference for diesel engines nd reltive reduction hr upper limits of speed for resons of fuel economy. No. 42 (3 Mrch 1975), p. 7), but no further developments re known to hve occurred. 79, vol. Congressionl nformtion Bureu (Wshington, D.C.), أ N o. 166 (26 August 1975), p. 1. ۶ The Motor Ship (London), vol. 55, N o. 654 (Jnury 1975), pp

33 Chpter V W ORLD smp PRCES AND TH E FLEETS O F DEVELOPNG COUNTRES A. Chnges in pr!ces of new vesse!s 76. The shrp reduction in new orders nd the cncolltion of substntil number of tnker orders hve flected prices of new buüdings. The level of shipbuiiding prices for tnkers nd bulk erriers (incindlng combined crriers) t the end of 1975 nd of erlier yers is shown in tble As my be seen from thle 19, for ll but one of the types nd sizes of vessels listed new building prices declined in 1975 despite incresing production costs resulting lrgely from inhtionry pressures; only in the cse of the LNG vessel did prices remin unchnged. This seems to confirm the point mde in previous issues of the Review / mritime trnsport tht, in spite of infitionry pressures in mny countries in recent yers, it ws the scrcity of shipbuilding cpcity in those yers (i.e., since 197 ) reltive to tonnge demnd, rther thn cost fctors, which ccounted for the lrge inereses in bnilding prices. Tht shipbuilding prices hve been strongly infiuenced lso by mrket fctors is further supported by the evidence (tble 19) tht shipbuilding prices for VLGCs, for which demnd hd virtully dried up, were signihcntly lower t the end of 1975 thn t the end of 1973, while the prices for the smller bulk nd tnker vessels, for whieh demnd ws greter, were generlly higher. 78. Further evidence regrding the course of shipbuhding prices in the lst two yers, prticulrly in 1975, is vilble for bulk crriers of 25,000 dwt, ۶ priees of is hypotheticl 16-knot bulk errier powered by 9,000 $ Th hp, direct-coupled, diesel engine. which hve moved s fohows: Decemher 1973: 4.0 milhon; December 1974: 5.0 million; June!975: 5.3 mi!-!ion; December!975: 5.5 miüion. ۶ Thus, prices hve incresed by on!y!0 per cent in!975 in terms of the ponnd; in do!lr terms there ws ctnhy dechne. 79. Aithough comprehensive nd comprb!e dt regrding the evointion of new buüding prices in the course of!975 were not viibie t the time of writing, the vhb!e informtion indictes tht in the cse of bulk criers pr!ces generlly declined, fter hving incresed ni the course of!974, s cn be seen from the foüowing tble, ۶۶ which gives reported prices for bn!k crriers of se!ected sizes. Price in - ا /اممح ام dwt / ; «/ bulk crriers,// 26,000 ممم, بمد ممم,م dwt dwt dwt dwt Erly (2) Mid-19? Lte Erly Mid (2) Lte ۶ Extrcted from Firply «مي «-ا»/ / Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 257, N o (8 J n u ر ٢ r ), p. 47. The prices re reported to he bsic prices nd do not include ny escltion cluses. t is ssumed tht the vessels would be delivered within the yer. ۶۶ Compiled on the bsis of individul prices reported in Shipping ble T Representtive new bnildin^ prices for bnlk crriers nd tnkers, sel // «in( Prices 19 )مح«tسم// yer ممح /م» yers ل/ئ 18 ООО dwt bul^ bulk dwt س ООО dwt product tnker? ООО dwt bulk.... tnker dwt س ظ dwt س 96 م dwt bulk.... tnker dwt س ООО dwt tnker m LN G.... Source: Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Cg. Ltd., Review 1975 (Csg, 1976) nd erlier issues. Fd^ dt the full period see Review / m ritime trnsport, (op. cit.), thle 17.

34 t should be noted tht prices of individul vessels my b e ffected by lrge number of fctors, such s vessel design, the terms nd conditions of sle, delivery dtes, nd the prticulr circumstnces nd position of the yrds in question. onsequently, the bove price indictions must be treted with reserve. 8 n view of the virtul bsence of new tnker orders in 1975, comprble informtion is not redily vilble for this type of vessel. Nevertheless, s lso indicted in tble 19, it is cler tht the decline in tnker prices ws shrper thn for bulk crriers. n this connexion it my be noted tht tnker of bout 14, dwt ws ordered in mid-1975 t price of bout $111 per dwt, compred with bout $18 per dwt in erly 1974 nd $28 per dwt in mid ٢ 81. t cn be seen from tble 2 tht prices of new buildings in terms of pounds sterling for liner-type vessels ٢ which, between mid-1973 nd mid-1974, when there ws very high demnd for this type of vessel, rose by n estimted 55 per cent, incresed by 12 per cent between mid-1974 nd mid-1975 nd further 5 per cent by the end of n 1975 demnd for new buildings declined to low level nd the renewed price competition between shipbuilders filed to generte ny incresed interest, prticulrly for lrge crriers, whose prices declined ver^ mrkedly from 1973 to Tble 20 Estimted prices for new nd red} liner-type ff,000/f^,000dw t, Prices /٥٢ constructing new vessels (in thousnds / Chnge Mid-yer pounds sterling) (per cent) (31 December) Source: Firply nterntionl Shipping Journl (London), vol 244, No (6 July _1972), nd Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 257, No. 4820, 8 lndry «٢ mritime ٥/ Review $ 97 ل- 963 ل For dt for the full period. 18, tble ر.. ) ,? ٢ Chnges!n prices of second-hnd vessels. 83. Recent developments in prices of second-hnd tnkers, bnlk crriers nd liner-type vessels, re shown in tbles 21, 22 nd 23 respectively. t cn be seen tht the prices of second-hnd liners nd smll bulk crriers hve fllen modertely from 1974 to 1975, wheres the prices for lrger bulk crriers nd tnkers hve fllen shrply. 84. $ome dditionl informtion on price chnges during 1975, bsed on published sources, is discussed in the following prgrphs. 85. n the middle of 1975 second-hnd tnker prices reched very low levels nd represe^ed only some 1 per cent of pek 1973 prices for tnkers of bout 12, إم. dwt The mrket hs to lrge extent been set by certin countries seeking incresing tonnge for the crrige of their oil exports. According to press reports, given the low tnker prices, some oil compnies seem to hve pre^rred to purchse second-hnd tonnge s n lterntive to time chrtering. 86. A downwrd movement of prices for ll bul^ crriers observed in the erly m o^hs of 1975 ws reversed during the yer for vessels smller thn?nm x size. Thus, in the ltter hlf of the yer n interest in purchsing bulk crriers centred round limited supply of tonnge in the 25-3, dwt rnge which, together with more optimistic freight mrket, resulted in higher prices. Towrds the end of the yer greter uncertinty developed in the mrket, while the supply of tomrge pprently incresed somewht. 87. n line with wekening of the freight mrket for shelter-deck generl crgo tonnge in 1975, the second-hnd prices for such tonnge declined during the flrst hlf of 1975; prices fell by bout 4 per cent for the older, nd bout 25 per cent for the younger, units. n the ltter hlf of the yer interest ws pprent in modern shelter-deckers bove م, 6 dwt, s prices reportedly remined ^ irly stble or incresed أم. slightly 88. Despite the decline in second-hnd prices in 1975, prices for the reltively smller nd older bulk vessels, s well s of liner-type vessels, were in fct higher t the end of 1975 thn t the end of 1972, nd in most cses lso higher thn t the end of 197 despite the ^ c t tht the vessels were then hve yers older. Ships on Order-Motor nd Stem, end N rch 1975: supplement to The Motor Ship (London), April 1975, p. 9. Lloyd's L ist (London), 24 June 1975, p. 3. Report, The Pltou Monthly: Contrcting, Sle nd Purchse September 1975, p. 2, published by R. s. Pltou A /s (Dslo). esti- crrier built in 1966 ws bull ^The priee of 38,000 dwt m ^d t $6.5 million b^ mid-1975, compred with $9.75 million t the end o f 1974 (The Pltou Monthly: Contrcting, Sle nd Purchse Report, June 1975, p. 5, published by R. s. Pltou A /s (Dslo). 1975, September 1975, p. 4; lso Lloyd's List, 21 Dctober,.مح' / p. 3. Report, ТЪе Pltou Monthly: Contrcting, Sle nd Purchse November 1975, p. 5, published b^ R. s. Pltou A /s (Oslo). 6. p.., June 1975, محي / م 5. p. November 1975,,.مح ' / تم nd Economics, vrious issues, published by JJ.P. Drewry 'ا ' اك (Shipping Donsultnts) Ltd., London, Pleures in prentheses indicte tht the price reflects the verge o f speciflc number of bove. See foot-note 77 أ ٢ The dt refer to hypotheticl open/closed shelter-decker of 11,000/13,000 dwt, propelled by 7,000 bhp diesel engine giving speed of 15 knots. The ship is for delivery within the yer nd the quoted price does not include interest on lons. t is stted in the source tht costs hve been converted into pounds sterhng on the bsis of exchnge rtes previling on 1 June of ech yer. 27

35 1 Tble Tnkers; second-hnd prices, verge vlues, {Prices in million o f dollrs t end o f yer) ل ل?ل dwt Built / / ^/ / 19 سم / / س / / / / / ٩ س / ^ س / Source: Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. سL., Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976). Not : The?rices re mrket-vlue estim tes t existing ex hnge rtes lo r chrter-free tnker in good condition nd with firiy prom pt delivery on csh bsis. 19. tble,ر. (op. For informtion for the yers , see Review of mritime trnsport, T b le 22 Dry bulk crriers: second-hnd prices, verge vlues, {Prices in millions o f dollrs end o f yer) dwt Built ئ 7 ل س Source; Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976). Note: The pric s re mrket-vlue estim tes t existing exchnge rtes for chrter-free vessel in h bsis. Bulk crriers of 50,(Ю0 dwt nd c cond^mn^ nd with firly prom pt delivery on س 0 ^ABLE 23 Liner-type vessel: secnnd-hnd prices, verge viues, {Prices in millions o f dollrs t مح«o f yer) dwt Built س س 16 Source: Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Osio, 1976). Note: The prices re m r^ t-viue estim tes t existing exchnge rtes ^ r chrmr-free vessel in good conditi6u.nd ^ ith firly prom pt delre!^: on csl bsis.

36 c. Acquisition of üew nd second-hnd vessels countries developing 89. Tutl dditions of newly bnilt nd second-hnd vessels to the merchnt fieets of developing countries in 1974 (the lst yer for which such informfion is vilble) re shown in tble 24. Totl gross dditions mounted to 224 ships (4.6 million dwt), compred with 192 vessels (3.0 milhon dwt) in Seventy-two newly built vessels, ggregting 3.1 million dwt were cquired in 1974 by developing countries, compred with 68 (1.9 mihion dwt) in As in previous yers, the new vessels were minly cquired from shipyrds other thn of developing countries; 43 vessels (2.6 milhon dwt) were built in developed mrketeconomy conntrles nd seven vessels (0.1 milhon dwt) in socilist countries of Fstern Furope or Asi. Acquisitions from shipyrds of developing conntr^s incresed only mrginlly from 23 vessels (340,000 dwt) in 1973 to 22 vessels (420,000 dwt) in 1974 nd remined insignificnt reltive to the requirements of these countries s whole. 91. The second-hnd tonnge cquired by developing con^ries incresed from 104 vessels of 1.1 milhon dwt in 1973 to 144 vessels of 1.3 milhon dwt in The discussion in this section is bsed on dt supphed to the l^ C T A D secretrit by the United Sttes Deprtment of Commerce. Mritime Administrtion, As in previous, ers ( these vessels were bsiclly cquired from developed mrlret-economy countries (ineliding Southern Furope) nd open registry countries, whieh ccounted for respectively 66.9 per cent nd 29.0 per cent of the second-hnd tonnge required by countries. developing 92. طAl!ow g for deductions, net dditions in 1974 were 134 ships (4.0 million dwt) compred with 91 vessels (2.2 million dwt) in 1973 nd 153 vessels (1.6 million dwt) in 197^. n ndi, Brzil, the Republic of Rore, the Fibyn Arb Republic, Gbon nd Peru the fieet incresed by more thn 100,000 dwt in 1974, nd these countries ccounted for bout 81 per cent of the totl net ddition to the fieets of developing countries. 93. The sttisticl picture of the development of the fleets of developing countries during the lst five yers, s described in chpter nd in the foregoing prgrphs, cn be summrized s follows: While complete nformtion is not et ^ vilble 1975, it is understood tht some developing countries, prticulrly in the Middle Est, were etlve in the second-hnd mrket in See, for instnce, Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 ( slo, 1976); مح-اسك (Colehester, Englnd), vol. 5, N o. (Decemher 1975), p. 19; Journl de l mrine mrchnde de l nvigtion érienne (Erls), 57th yer. N o (18 September 1975), p. 2347; Lloyd s (London), 5 August 1975, p. 3 nd 19 Angust 1975, nformtion regrding the world fleet nd the fleet of (Continued «next pge.) ; merchnt : ble T 24! cquisition of of developing new nd second-hnd countries 1974 in ocen-going ships of 1,000 grt nd over n number o f ships nd( ما م, 7 dwt( by type of vessel 0 / which: ' All Number ١٧ Num ber bnkers ١٧ N um ber Bulk ««٢٢ «dwt Num ber Freighters Num ber ١٧ Other ships dwt New buildings Flg chnges Dther dditions G ross dditions D eductions o f which: Scrppings ^3 Other deduetions N et dditions / which: n A fric n Asi nd Oceni n Etin Americ nd the G rib i n د ا ا t ld by pns nd deductions which were mde vilble to the UNCTAD secretrit tonnge 0 Source: Compiled from dt tes Deprtment of Commerce, Mritime Adm!ni$trti )n. ncluding four vessels trnsferred from one developing country to. nother ! United

37 مح / / 1975 Chnge (per cent) from 1970 تم / / World fleet t mid-yer (million dw t) ncrese over previous yer (per c e n t )... ^ieet of developing countries t mid-yer (million dwt) ncrese over previous yer (per cent)... Shre of developing countries in world fleet (per cent) World tonnge on order on 31 Dctoher (million dwt) o f which'. By developing countries (million d w t ) Shre of developing countries in world tonnge on order (percent) United Sttes reserve tie th Excluding s indicted in tble 4. the United Sttes nd Cndin Gret Lkes fleets. D. Finncing the cquisition nf vessels by developing countries 94. t ws noted in chpter (see prs ) tht developing conntries, with few exceptions, cquire vesseis miniy from foreign conntries. For most developing countries the estblishment or expnsion of their merchnt mrine through ffie cquisition of new or second-hnd vesseis ffierefore involves externl ffnncing. Since ship cquisition is long-ffirm investment, its finncing lso needs to be on the bsis of long-term cpitl, provided on suitble terms. A mjor problem fcffig developing eouffiries in their effort to estblish or expnd their merchnt mrffies is ffie insufficient vilbility of cpitl on suitble ffirms. ١ Doncern over the terms for ffnncing ship cquisitions hs been expressed by the Committee on Shipping in severl resolufions, s well s by the United Ntions Con- آل. Development ferenee on Trde nd ( ««(Foot-note developing couffiries is tken from tble 4 of this Review nd tble 6 of Review ج '-ا «/م trnsport, - / ثم /د (op..(. The informtion regrding tonnge on order is tken from tble 15 of this nd tble 15 of Review / mritime trnsport, ١ A number of developing countries, replying to recent questionnire of the UN TAD secretrit, stted ffit desired ship equisitions hd been deferred becuse of the high eost of finneing nd/or unfvourble lon terms. (See Finnce for sbip purehse report by the UN TAD seeretrit (TD/B/.4/D9), p^rs. 24 nd 87.) The more recent resolutions of the ommittee on Shipping re 21 (V) (Officil Records / the Trde nd Development Bord, Fourteenth Session, Supplement No. 2 (TD/B/521) nnex ); nd 26 (V )( ',.مح Seventh ا مك Session, Supplement N o د. (TD/B/591)). Tbe relevnt onference resolution is 7 () (Proceedings / the United Ntions Conference «Trde «أ» مم/ج^ ممح«, Third Session, vol. 1. Report nd nnexes (United Ntions publietion. Sles No. E.73.1.D.4), nnex ) Export credit finncing primrily suppliers credit from tfie shipyrd is the most prevlent method of ship finncing for new cquisitions by developing conntries. $nch finncing from D E D conntries through offieil feiiities is normlly restrieted to mximum of 70 per cent nd seven yers, t minimum interest rte of 8 per cent. However, with effect from November 1975 cluse 6 of the Understnding ws mended to provide tht ny government prtieipting in the Hnderstnding whieh wishes, for genuine id resons, to concede more fvomhle terms in prticulr cse is not preeluded from doing so, provided tht dequte notice of this decision is given to ll the prties to the Understnding in ccordnce with the See Finnce fnr ship purchse (op. cit.), prs nterntioni finncing institutinns, such s the World Bnk, hve!so provided finncing for few developing countries, while rel-,.مح ' ي ( ssistnce tively httle id finncing hs been under bilterl prs ). The question of flnneing o f liner tonnge cquired by developing countries, including the diflerent possible sourees of finnee, ws recently disenssed in pper entitled Finneing new nd used liner tonnge for developing countries: problems nd solutions, prepred by p. s. Dougls, mnger, Europen shipping eo-ordintion. The hse M nhttn Bnk, London, for n interntionl symposium on the fnture of liner shipping (see The Future ofliner Shipping: Report «the nterntionl Symposlum held t Bremen, September 23rd-25th, 1975 (Bremen, 1976), pp ). D eil fcilities, ecording to the OE D Understnding on م 4 Fxport redits for $hips, re those which enble eredits to be insured, ^ r n te e d or finneed by governments, by governmentl institutions, or witb ny form of direct or indireet governmentl prticiption. Extrets from the Understnding s mended on 5 November 1975 re given in nnex V below. The full text of ffie mended Understnding is reproduced in ffie nnex to document TD/B/.4(V)/S /L.2 ( nformtion from ffie Drgffistion for Economic o-opertion nd Development ).. ^ d e l u s e s l n,.مح/ / م

38 procedure estublished ^ r fhis purpose.. n its resolution 26 (V) ٢ the Committee on $hipping noted thut the umended cluuse 6 und the relevnt ppliction procedure lid down the wy in which more fvourble terms for export credits for ships for development purposes could be mde vilble to developing countries t their inititive nd invited Governments of developing countries to ssess the implictions of cluse 6 of the Understnding on Export Gredits for $hips s well s of its ppliction procedure... s to whether it meets the expressed desire of the developing countries.... The Gommittee lso decided to consider thi^ m tter further t its next session (erly 1977). 96. Aprt from export credit finncing, own resources (including those of some oil-producing countries) nd funds otherwise obtined, some finncing for ship investments b^ developing countries ws lso mde vilble by the interntionl development bnks For the full text of cluse 6 nd the ppliction procedure see nnex V below. / the Trde nd Development Bord, Seventh Officil Records أم Specil Session, Supplement No. 3 (TD/B/591), nnex. in Thus, the World Bnk lent $60 million to ndonesi for rehbilittion of its existing fleet engged in inter-islnd trnsport, s well s $33 million for the purchse of three new specilized vessels for fertilizer trnsport. Although not for ocen trnsport, the World Bnk lso mde $7.5 million vilble to ^ire for the purchse of dry crgo brges for river trnsport nd $.5 million to Mlwi for self-propelled brge for lke trnsport. 97. The vilbility of credits on more fvourble terms nd conditions is generlly recognized s being of prmount importnce for the growth of the merchnt fleets of developing countries. The finncing of ships nd the development of merchnt mrines in developing countries my lso be fcilitted through ntionl or multintionl shipping enterprises, some exmples of which re given in chpter V. n prgrph 4 o f its resoiution 26 (V) the Committee on Shipping urged imerntion! finneil institution, in prticulr the World Bnk Group nd the regionl development bnks, to consider incresing the vilbility of finnce nd grnting more fvourble terms to the developing countries for the cquisition of vessels, within the over-ll context of both estblished project criteri nd ntionl development plns nd progrmmes. 31

39 Chpter V FREGHT MARKETS A. Generl developments 98. The world freight mrket in 1975 ws inhuenced by severl fctors, most of whieh cme nto ply n 1974 or erlier, in prticulr: () Fconomie recession in the developed mrketeconomy conntrles, in mny of which the G N? declined, with consequent decline in the volume of seborne trde. Ф) A decline in, or slower growth of, consumption of oil in mny countries, coupled with reduced level of crude oil production in most countries of the Middle Fst (-11 per cent) nd Afric (-13 per cent) nd in Venezuel (-20 per cent). (c) Unprecedented deliveries of new buildings, prticulrly tnkers (mounting to 45 million dwt). This ws result of exceptionlly hevy tnker ordering in 1973, which my hve been prtly relted to the esy vilbility of lons to some shipowners from certin bnks. ۶ id) Deliveries of new buildings, dry ergo vessels nd tnkers, with potentilly high productivity. 99. A full evlution of the impct of the bove fctors, nd of other fctors of lesser importnce, is not possible within the scope of the present Review of mritime trnsport. The essentil point to be noted is tht the tnker mrket ws prticffirly bdly hit on both the supply nd the demnd side. According to one estimte, the excess of snpply over demnd for world shipping tonnge ws 105 million dwt (92 million dwt for tnkers nd 13 million dwt for bulk nd trmp ships), rehectlng n over-cpcity of 24 per cent, ۶۶ ccording to this source, the excess tnker tonnge of hout 92 million dwt represented n investment vlue of bout $20 billion, ۶۶ lthough considerbly lower vlues hve been mentioned on the bsis of the depressed second-hnd prices. ۶ Different mesures were The Petroleum Economist (London), vol. NL, No. 1 (Jnury 1976), 7-8 ^ The «م«م (London), vol. 258, No (31 Jnury 1976),?.6 6, م 1$ ( 1977 ۶۶ Fornloy nd Egors Cbrtering Co. Eld., Review 1976), p. 7. wbicb sttes tbt the exeess ws mde up of 45 million,.مح ممل dwt of lld-up tonnge, the equivlent of 49 million dwt from slow steming nd 7 million dwt witing for ergo. n the cse of dry crgo tonnge, bout 3 million dwt of bulk crriers were lid up, while 19 million dwt o f bulk nd trmp ships were immobilized in eongested ports. 108 According to n estimte by E. A. Gibson ($hipbrokers) Ltd., the vlue of the lid-up tnker tonnge (given s 46 million undertken, or considered, to try to remedy the current nd possible future sitution, prticulrly through lying up, slow steming, scrpping of older tonnge nd lrge-scle cncelltions of tnker orders. Despite these nd other efforts, the freight mrket for tnkers, nd to lesser extent for cer^in dry crgo vessel types, remined depressed during The different fctors nd efforts mentioned bove hve lredy been referred to in the previous chpters; the freight mrket sitution is discussed further in the following prgrphs n 1975 freight mrkets were generlly weker thn in 1974, lthough the sitution differed hr the dry crgo nd tnker crgo mrkets n the hrst prt of the yer the demnd for dry crgo tonnge, prticulrly for medium-size nd reltively smll types of vessels, ws reltively well sustined though not t levels corresponding to the expnding supply of tonnge while in the tnker mrket demnd conditions reltive to supply were depressed further, with the result tht low of 16 points of the Worldscle ws recorded in April 1975 for ^EC C s, which were the vessels most ffected The third qurter of 1975 witnessed slight improvement in the mrkets, lthough only shortlived one for tnkers. The strengthening of the dry crgo mrket resulted from n incresed demnd for hndy-sized bulk crriers of 20,000-40,000 dwt, rther thn for generl crgo-type vessels of under 16,000 dwt. The reopening of the Suez Cnl my hve hd some impct on the slckening of the demnd for the lttersized vessels The stedier Sndencies in the dry crgo mrkets were to considerble extent ttributble to incresed pnrchses of grin by the USSR from the U ni^d Sttes, lthough the incresed demnd for the grin trnsport ws not in itself sufficient to bring bout substntil strengtheffing of the freight mrket. An over-!l strengthening would lso hve required n incresed demnd in the col nd iron ore sectors, but ffiis did not occur on scle corresponding to ffie incresing supply of tonnge. 32. dwt) ws $3.0 billion (Firply / م «'ا / Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 257, N o (15 Jnury 1976), p. 4). t would pper tbt ffiis estimte refers to tbe second-bnd vlne, rtber tbn tbe cnrrent investment vlue (s ^iven by Fernley nd Egers brtering Co. Ltd.) nd tbus refleets tbe current depressed secondbnd prices. f tbe implied vlue per dwt of lid-up tonnge is pplied to tbe figure for totl excess tnker tonnge given by Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Etd., the result is totl vlue of bout S6 billion.

40 104. On 30 September 1975, the lst month for which informtion is vilble, b o ^ 2.8 per cent of world dry crgo tonnge ws lid up, but bout two thirds of this ws ccounted for by combined crriers, while only bout 1 per cent of the dry crgo tonnge up. proper ws lid 105. The tnker mrket sitution differed shrply from tht in the dry crgo mrkets throughout t ws chrcterized b^ very low level of demnd for tonnge nd quick increse in supply s new vessels were delivered from shipyrds. A substntil prt of the combined crrier tonnge, s well s some tnker tonnge, shifted to the dry crgo mrkets in 1974 nd the erly prt of 1975, s indicted below. This shift. Tonnge in dry crgo trdes ( dwt) Combined End / yer Tnkers^ crriers Source: Tnkers: Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1974 (Osin, 1975) nd Review 1975 (Oslo, 1976). C o l ne 6 ^ ( rr er^; Shipping Sttistics nd Economics, vrious issues, published by H. p. Drewry (Shipping Consultnts) Ltd., London, (tnbludes only vessels of 30,0(Ю dwt or bove). trding. n grin November together with induced witing, prticulrly in the?ersin Gulf, nd slow steming of lrge prt of the tnker tonnge, did not pervent further widening of the surplus tnker tonnge reltive to demnd. Thus, idle tnker tonnge continued to build up nd reched 44.7 million dwt t the end of >ecember 1975, compred with 32.6 million dwt t the end of September 1975 nd 1.6 million dwt t the end of The smll improvement in demnd during the third qurter of the yer did not lst, nd most observers feel tht no substntil nd lsting recovery cn be resonbly expected before ٢ There hve, however, been other, more optimistic, ssessm e^s ٥ on the subject, but these do not envisge rdicl chnge in demnd conditions in the immedite future. Furthermore, ny increse in tnfer ffeight rtes might cuse n influx of tnker tonnge through recourse to tonnge currently lid up or reductions in slow steming t is lso chrcteristic of current demnd conditions in the tnker mrkets tht t the end of the third qurter of 1975 only 65.1 per cent of tnker tonnge nd 57.7 per cent of tonnge of combined crriers were covered by period fixtures, wheres the corresponding figures for 1973 were 84.5 per cent nd 7^.8 per cent respectively The depressed mrket sitution for tnkers nd the livelihood tht n imblnce in tnker supply nd demnd my exist for number of yers hve, s m e^ioned in chpter, in connexion with the shipbuilding industry, given rise to considerble discussion of possible wys of bringing the tnker tonnge more into line with expected demnd. Among mesures considered in this connexion re continued slow steming, further cncelltions of orders for new building, ccelerted scrpping, use of tnkers for storge, the retroctive introduction of segregted bllst systems for tnker vessels over 70,000 dwt, nd/or chnge in the lod line regultions under the nterntionl Lod Line Gonvention, 1966 nd co-ordinted ly-up scheme n the liner trdes freight rtes continued to increse, but t reltively slower pce thn in the two preceding yers in terms of both the number of nnouncements mde (tble 26) nd of the extent of the strightforwrd freight-rte increses, s well s of surchrges (see pr. 114 below). The slower pce ppers to be linked with the gener! wekening of the dry crgo freight mrket conditions nd desire to void imposing higher freight rtes, which could ttrct competition from non-conference nd non-liner opertors. Resistnce to freight rte increses by shippers or shippers orgniztions or other bodies deling with clcul- The figures for lid-up tonnge in dwt on which these ^ tions re bsed were provided by the Oenerl Oouncil of British Shipping, while those for world tonnge re tken from institute o f Shipping Economics, Shipping Sttistics (Bremer), 19 yer. N o. 12 (December 1975), nd refer to the ^tution t 1 October for crgo tonnge s whole. The figures for combined crrier tonnge re from Shipping Sttistics ndeconomics, N o. 6fi (October 1975), published by H. p. Drewry (Shipping in s u lt n ts ) Ltd., London, nd refer to the sitution t 39 Septembe1975. The percentge of lid-up dry crgo tonnge differs soniewht from tht shown in tble 28 on grt bsis. Fernley nd Egers Ohrtering Co. Ltd., Review 1975 (Oslo م! 1976), tble 7. ^ nformtion provided by the Oenerl Council of British Shipping. t my be noted tht the lid-up tonnge reported by this source is somewht lower thn tht reported in Fernley nd Egers Chrtering Co. Ltd., Review ك/ ثم (Oslo, 1976), 37.4 million dwt s of September The shre of tnker tonnge lid up differed mrkedly from country to country. Thus, s of 1 Decernber 1975 some 53 per cent of Swedish nd 42 per cent of Norwegin tnker tonnge were lid up, compred with 14 per cent for the Liherin nd? per cent for the United Sttes tnker fieet (Lloyd's List (London), 17 December 1975, p. 1). Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 256, N o. 4810(30 October 1975),p. 4 ;L lo yd 'sl ist(london), 12November 1975, p. 2; nd Journlde l mrine mrchnde et de l nvigtion érienne (Pris), 57th yer. N o (4 December 1975), p. 3009; lso John. Jcobs nd o. Ltd., World Tnker Fleet Review (London), 30 June ^ Journl de l mrine mrchnde de l nvigtion érienne (Pris), 57th yer. N o (30 October 1975), p » Derived from Shipping Sttistics ndeconomics, vrious issqes, published by H. p. Drewry (Bhippin^ Oonsultnts) Ltd., London. These mesures re reported to hve formed prt of pckge proposl contined in report submitted to meeting held in mid- December 1975, t the inititive of the Jnterntioni Assocition of independent Tnker Owners, o f leding tnker owners, shipbuilders, shipping bnkers nd oil compny executives (Lloyd's List (London), 17 December 1975, pp. 3 nd 13); lso Mrine Week (London), vol. 2, N o. 51 (19/26 December 1975), p. 3. $ee lso Setrde (Oolchester, Englnd), vol. 5, No. 16 (October 1975), p. 13 Shipping nd Trde News (Tokyo), 5 September 1975, p. 1 nd 4 November, p. 1 ; Journl / Commerce Liverpool), 28 November 1975, p p. United Ntions, Trety Series, vol. 649, 33

41 mtters pertining to the conditions nd costs of crrige of trde my lso hve been influentil in this respect. The liner freight index of the Ministry of T nsport of the Eederl Republic of Germny rose from 197 (1965 = 100) t the end of 1974 to 204 t the end of This compres with n increse of 43 percentge points in the corresponding period in Nevertheless, s the closing months of 1975 hve witnessed more frequent nnouncements, prticulrly for strightforwrd freight rte increses, thn the preceding months, somewht fster rise in the index my be expected for the erly monffis of ١١ B. Chnges in freight rtes in 1975 minimum levels reched for selected trmp freight rtes in eeh of the J^ers (b) Time chrter freight rtes 110. The wekening of demnd reltive to supply dnring the first prt of 1975 is lso reflected in the time chrter freight rte index; by the middle of the yer the index t 94 (1968 = 100) hd reched its lowest level since the third qurter of As result of the subsequent rectivtion of the time chrter mrket the index rose to 109 in the third qurter of 1975 nd 137 in the fourth qurter. Developments with regrd to ech of the min size gronps covered by the index re shown below. ١١ 1. D r y g r g o t r m? m r k e t f r e i g h t r t e s () Trip chrter freight rtes 109. A decline in the dry crgo trmp trip chrter index strted in the spring of 1974, but up to the end of 1974 the index remined t levels substntilly higher (193 in December) thn the verge for 1973 of 161 (1965/1966 = 100). The downwrd movement ws ccelerted in 1975 nd continued uninterrupted nntil September 1975, when smll upwrd movement of ffie index occnrred (130 in September, s ginst 127 in Angnst). There ws further smll increse in Detober- December 1975 s resnlt of the reltive strengthening of demnd, but on verge freight rtes were snbstnt)ffy lower in 1975 thn in 1974 (142 nd 218 respec- tively) nd modertely lower thn in 1973 (161). By wy of comprison, nnex V shows the mximum nd lso The Journl o f Commerce (New York), 16 December 1975, p. 2. Crgo liner freight rtes 111. Annex V shows chnges in liner rtes nd sureh^rges nnounced during Tble 26 gives summry of these freight rte chnges, together with corresponding fignres for the yers The number of freight rte nd surchrge chnges nnounced in 1975 (611) ws lower thn in both 1974 (658) nd 1973 (638). The reduction in ffie totl number of chnges ws dne to considerble decline in the number of new or incresed snrehrges nnounced nd to lesser extent decline ط the nnmber of generl freight rte increses, offset in prt by significnt increse in the number of cses where surchrges were reduced or cncelled withont being ineorported into the triffs. ١١Bsed on the time chrter in4ex numbers compiled by the United Kingdom hmper of Shipping nd subsequently by the Generl ouneii of British Shipping. Time ehrter freight rte idex fer different (1968 = 100) ٢ nd qurter «^ 9,000-16,000 dwt 20,000-40,000 dwt ٢^40,000 ٧ dwt Totl Chnge Chnge Chnge Chnge Subindex (per cent) Subindex (per cent) Supindex (per cent) ndex (per ر أا st qurter th qurter th qurter st qurter nd qurter rd qurter th qurter

42 ت 1 ث? أ &جمحا تت ^ جا م тз ج i ٧ ٦ \م О ئ! م ; Ю *. ٢ آل ؤ ب. آل ب بم يمم ب بم ب ب ظ [ا بمم, 1 1 ؤ ١١., il ئ 1 مم إ آل 0 ا

43 113. The number of strightforwrd liner freight rte increses in 1975 (135) ws lower thn in 1974 nd in 1973 (142 nd 194 respectively). Moreover, s indicted in the text thle below, the bulk (52.3 per cent) of these increses, which were expressed in percentge terms rther thn in bsolute mounts, were under 15 per cent, while in 1974 only 39.1 per cent of the nnouncements fell within this group A signihcnt decline in the number nd level of surchrges ws registered in Thns, the number of new or incresed surchrges nnounced feh from 311 in 1974 /0 201 in 1975, while the number of cses where the surchrges were reduced or cncelled without being incorported into triffs incresed from 185 to 262 nd the number of surchrges which were incorported into the triffs declined from 16 to 11. ۶۶ 115. The decline in the number of new or fficresed surchrges in 1975 ws bsiclly due to shrp decline ۶۶ See tble 26 Summry of iiner freight rte nnounced during the period ٥/ freight rte chnges Number Type / freight rte chnge Generl increses in freight triffs Generl freight increses prtiy oflset by inco^crflng into the trifls prt or ll o f pre-existing surchrges Announcenrents of new snrehrges or of increses in pre-existing surchrges !44 GAF 47 B u n k e r Bunker/GAF combined Gthers (preshipment, emergency, hndling, lnding, storge, etc.) Sub-totl Cses where pre-existing surchrges were incorported into trifls t o u g h corresponding increses in triffs Cses where surchrges were reduced or cncelled withom being incorporfed into triffs مح م - ح T o t l Source; Compiled the bsis of nnex Vf beiow nd corresponding nnexes or tbles in previous issues of the Review o f mritime trnsport. The num ber of eight! rt nd surehge ohnge summrized is greter thu the num ber of nnouncements shown in nnex Vf becuse, s in previous yers, in severl cses one nnouncement crried m ore thn one chnge. reported. ncludes six cses where reductions in generl freight rtes were nnounced in 1973, 1974 nd ze of increse (p ercent) Number increses «Per of totl Number increses,» Per f o Num ber increses Per cent / totl Tluder 5 per ceut nd less thn 7.5 per cenf 7.5 nd less thn 19 per cent 19 nd less thn 12.5 per cent 12.5 nd less thn 15 per cent 15 nd less thn 29 per cent 29 per cent nd over إ إ flt increse in term s of n bsoime mount 0 Excluding nnouncements which; (i) referre<j per unit of cr^o (four in 1975, s ginst 13 in 1974); (ii) did not specify the percentge m ount of the ). أ 1 4 increse (o^e such nnouncement in 1975 nd one

44 ffie number of new OT incresed bunker surchrge ط ١١ 1975). nnouncemenfs (from 168 in 1974 to 28 in The verge level of the increse in b n n ^ r surchrges ws lso considerbly lower thn in The number of cses where bunker surchrges were reduced or cncelled without being incorported into the triffs declined somewht, from 93 to The number of GAF chnges nnounced in 1975 (286) ws higher thn in 1974, both for new or incresed A F (114 in 1975 nd 118 in 1974) nd for reductions or cncelltions of such surchrges (142 nd 85). The number of GAF increses in 1975 ws thus mrghrlly higher thn the number of reductions or enceiltions. The unweighted verge of the CAF increses ws slightly smller thn tht of redctions or cncelltions, for those chnges expressed in perceffige terms. As most conference triffs re quoted in US dollrs, nd the dollr strengthened its position vis-h-vis other enrrencies during most of 1975, in comprison with the closing months of 1974, ١١ it is difiienlt to ffnd rtionl explntion for the pprent filnre of liner conferences to djust their currency surehrges dequtely to the chnging sitution. This lc^ of n dequte response by liner eonferenees my hve been behind the promulgtion by the United Sttes FMC of proeednres to be followed nd requirements to be met 26. For ^ f f io r detils, see tble ١١ ١١Thus the dohr/$d ^ rte deeliued from t th e e u d o f Deeember 1974 ud t the end of Februry 1975 to t the end o f Beptember before it incresed somewht to t the end of October 1975 (M F, nterntionl Finncil Sttistics, vol. XXV, N o. 12 (December 1975)). by liner conferences in imposing nd ltermg cmreney ١١ surchrges. djustment 11?. The tendency for surchrges to be incorported into triffs ws lso evident in fn ll, six Suez Cnl surchrges, three bunker surchrges nd two CAF were treted in this wy. Both shippers nd govern- ١١ procedure. ments rected to this 118. As in previous issues of the Review / mritime trnsport, nnex y i nd tble 26 do not include port congestion surchrges. ١١ Centrlly, the imposition of n tocresing number of port congestion surtorges by liner conferences indictes ffit the phenomenon is widespred, though it is of greter importnce in certin res, such s ^ e s t Afric nd the?ersin Gulf. Users of shipping services complin tht shipowners rect See Procedures nd requirements for imposing nd ltering ١١ currency djustment surchrges in event of chnge in exchnge rte o f triff currenc^^, in Federl Register (V^shington, م. ), vol. 40 N o. 130,? July 1975, pri, p. ^8452. o See, for exmple, Jpn Mritime Gzette (Tokyo), N ١١ (11 April 1975), pp This question ws iso rised t the seventh session of ffie ommittee on Shipping (November 1975), nd in its - م /^ Trde nd مح /م resoiution ^5 (V) (see Officil Records ment Bord, Seventh Specit «/ مم «ك «د N (TD/B/591). the ommittee recommended tht Governments of Sttes members o f UNGTAD urge member lines of conferences not to embody surchrges in the bric freight rte prior to effective consulttions or, where mutully greed, negotitions wiffi shippers orgniztions or other bodies deiing with mtters pertining to the com ditions nd costs of crrige of their trde. ١١ Gn this subject, see Port congestion: note by ffie UNGTAD secretrit (TD/B/C.4/142) nd Port congestion surchrges: policy issues repori prepred by the UNCTAD secretrit (TD/B/ C.4/139). Tble 27!«dices of freight rtes odities of exported by deyeiopibg countries, = / مح«t حم )/» ( = مم 7 / ثم qurter. Commodity Yer nd ^ qurter Cotton Rubber Te Combined index st qurter ud qurter rd qurter th qurter ! st qurter nd qurter ^04.0 3rd qurter th qurter st qurter nd qurter rd qurter ^.9 2^ the bsis س Sources; Compiled d nd freight r ^ s communicted to tbe UNCTAD trde rit by tire Coyernments or tr^e $ cre م كg /! t ns, conferences nd shipping lines concerned, nd e dt of n tr fro th : following publictions Annul Bulletin / Sttistics, published ; b^ the nterntionl ^e Committee (London), vrious isspes Rubber Sttisticl Bulletin, published by ffie secretrit of ffie nterntion! Rubber Study Group ;London), vrious issues( lcoco Sttistics, published ; vrious issues y Cotton-World ث ' ئ published by,)., the nterntion! Cotton Advisory Committee (Wshington, D.C vrious issues, For the ffil! period , Review / Mritime Trnsport, 1914 (op.. ئ,ر tb!e

45 much too severely in their imposition of port congestion, s well s of other surchrges nd tht they mintin them longer thn necessry or t levels higher thn required The reopening of the $uez Gnl nd its use by vessels which previously followed the Gpe route hve induced shippers to request freight rte reduction or surchrges. discontinunce of the corresponding Mny of the $uez surchrges imposed in 1967 nd subsequent yers re now incorported into the freight triff. Thirty-ffve $uez surchrges were reduced in 1975 nd 21 discontinued, while 6 surchrges were incorported into the triffs through corresponding increses. The unweighted verge extent of reported reductions in $uez Gnl surchrges ws 3.8 percentge points (from.). (pp. See lso in bis connexion For congestion... ل 0 See, for exmple. Centrl Freight Bureu of Sri Lnk, News Letter, July 1975, p. 5. ii unweighted verge surchrge of 12,5 per cent to 8.7 per cent) in these instnces. ؤ Shippers re unlikely to be stisfied with these smll reductions. n December 1975 the Europen Shippers Gouncils Einer Gommittee criticized the reluctnce of number of con- ferences to bolish or reduce (heir Gpe or Suez sur- ؤ redundnt. chrges, which it described s totlly According to n ofiicil clcultion, Mlysin shippers using FEFG vessels should be given reduction of 7-8 pyments. per cent on freight Covers 23 sueh surchrges, for which both the pre^xistiug nd the new!evel of surchrges were reported. Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 257, No (1 Jnury 1976), p. 1 1 ' ;,.مح vol. 255, No (12 June 1975), p. 11; nd / م «Mritime Gzette (Tokyo), N o (16 JH yl975), p. 4. ٢^nformtion commuhcted to the tln C T A D secretrit by the Shipping nd Freight Unit, h^inistry of Trde nd industry, Kul Lumpur, July T ble Reitionship between in freight nd n lid-up tonnge, ٢٥٢ ٥٨^ qurter ر/ مح / Single voyge dirty ٥٨^٢ freight ٢٥٤ سمح«ي (Worldscle=100) Oil tnkers ٥٥^٢?«- ٥ ٥١١٥٤ percentge / tnker ١٧٢ ٥٥٥٤? ٢ Dry ٥٢٤ chrter freight ٢٥» index July 1965 (- رر = 1966 June Dry ٥٢٤ vessels Lid-up dry ٥٢٤ tonnge s percentge / world dry ٥٢ ^ st qurter 2nd qurter 3rd qurter 4th qurter st qurter 2nd qurter 3rd qurter 4th qurter st qurter 2nd qurter 3rd qurter 4th qurter st qurter 2nd qurter 3rd qurter 4th qurter st qurter ^nd qurter 3rd qurter 4th qurter 65 ь Sources: tnker re ht index: nstitute of Shipping Economics, Shipping ' ي Erem en, yrious,,)0 vriou$^is اآ ) News ; sspes dry crgo index: Norwegin Shipping ; : u id-up compiled tonng^ 0 id-up tonnge in term s bsis of dt on y crgo vessels grt for pdb^s^eq tnkers by ndthe d t y cb tm nd Erl^isl of s6b$eque ) r of Shipping o f the United qenerl Kingdom Council Shipping) nd dry crgo fleets in nstitute ot Shipping on world Economics '?? ^$ tnk,, Brem, en م $ ٥٤ vrious issues,. Revised.= Worldscle» 1975

46 12. Undoubtedly, the lck of mechnism nd f ul mutully cceptble to both shippers nd crriers with regrd to n ssessment of the proper level of prtienlr surchrges nd currency djustment fctors is cuse of disstisfction on the prt of shippers. 3. Tnker freight RATES 12T Tnker freight rte indices for ll size groups reched their lowest level during the spring of The smll recovery whieh occurred in the lte summer proved short-lived, lthough the pttern differed somewht ccording to vessel size nd trde, s cn he seen from the following tnker indices for December 1974, the spring of 1975 (lowest month) nd December VLCC/ULCC Medium size crude erriers 61 Smll crude nd product e r r ie r s Hndy size dhty Hndy size clen Source: Tble : с. Freight rte indices of se ccted commodities exported by developing countries 122. Tble 27 shows updted ffeight rte iudices for four selected commodities, s well s the eomhined iude^ for the four commodities. ۶۶ t should be uoted tht, siuce lter freight rte dt for four trdes origiuily included in the index for nturl ruhber were not vilble on comprehensive nd comprble bsis, it ws necessry to djust this index by omitting these four trdes, nd to revise the index. ۶۶ The combined index (s revised) rose by 6.4 per cent, from 209 (1968 = 100) t the end of September 1974 to 222 t the end of September The decline from the end These indices hve been compiled pursunt to request by the ۶ Committee on Shipping t its sixth session. (See the Review / mritime trnsport, 1974 (op. cit.), pr. 161.) ۶ For three of the four rubber trdes the freigbt rtes were prtiby or fully open, with the result tht individus! eonference iines could, nd pprently did, chrge diflering rtes. The responsible conferences were unble to provide the UNCTAD secretrit with verge freight rtes. n the ese of tbe fourth trde the secretrit hs, despite eflorts, been unble to obtin ny response from the conferences. The revised rubber indices for the third qurters of 1973 nd 1974 of 16^ nd 214 respectively my he compred with the previousiy clculted index of 157 for the third qurter of 1973 nd 200 (provisionl) for the third qurter of The corresponding combined index figures were 160 nd 209, s compred with 159 nd 205. The combined index ws ffected not only by the chnge in the coverge of the rubber index but lso by the respiting chnge in the weights ssigned to the four individul indices. Tble 29 The rtio of liner freight rtes to prices of commodities, Freight rte s percentge / price V, ь Commodity Route 1971 م 7 ل Rubber Singpore/Mlysi-Furope T i n...singpore/mlysi-europe Copr Philippines-Europe 11.٥ J u t e... Engldesh-Europe Sisl hemp.....'(e st Afric-Europe Coco bens.... Ghn-Europe ".... Sri Enk-Emope Te Sri L nk-e urope Coffee ^ Brzil-Europe Plm kernels.... Nigeri-Europe Coffee Colombi (Atlntic ports) Europe Coco bens... Brzil-Europe Coffee Colombi (Pcific ports) Europe lo. l ndex (Worldscle = 100) «Per Decem Decem chnge December Type / vessel 1974 Spring 1975 ber 1975 Decem ber Sources: Dt supplied by tbe Royl Netberluds Sb rs, Assotion, «^ except! po ٢ prices of sisl hemp ud plm kernels, 1974, which ly from were UNCTAD tken pec^ly ^e,monthly Commodity Price ( M onthly nd Commodity Price Bulletin: Specil Supplem ent (July 7», آ 1 November آ نف s were ond^n-rss), quoted for tin, c.l.f.! rubber ( cop p, jute, r (UK-pwc grde), sisl hem p coco bens (Ghn-Europe), nd lm ke - - p hels. Eor coh( heps (Brzil-Europe), nd coffee (Colombi Europe nd BrzihEurope), unit (hlues of exports were quoted. Rrlces of the remining commodities re quoted on f.o.h. term s,, rtes ( her surchrges pplicble. elude Suez Whenever Cnl vrying conversion Freight oth hs been of necessry freight rtes for 1974, to lld! Monthly in Bulletin United _Ntions, of Sttistics, vol. xxix. No. 8 (August 1975) publish nd y s t the end of For erlier rrespond s see yec hg tbles of previous Reviews / mritime trnsport. 'A nnul rel^ht rtes were clculted by tking weighted verge of vrious freight rtes quoted during the yer/ weighted by their period of durtion, tio of hner freight rtes to price for the period from 1 Jnury to 16 August^. open-rted Liner freight rtes for copr Philippines-Europe re 39

47 G r p h ١ The course of freight rte ndices nd lying up nd scrppl Dry crgo ves of world Per cent of wor!d dry crgo fieet Dry crgo trip chrter freight rt index U Цч- 1972»] « *^ Dry crgo trip chrter freight rte (July 1965-June 1966 = l^fi) (end of qurter) Lld-up dry crgo tonnge $ percem^ge of world dry crgo fieet (end of qurter) Scrpped dr^ crgo tonnge $ percentge of w orld dry crgo fieet (ntldqurter) Sources: () Dry ٥^ ٥٢ ٢? chrter freight rte ي (July 1965-June 1966 = 100): Norwegin Shipping News (Gslo), vrious issues. See lso mble ^8. (&) Lid-up dry crgo tonnge^ s percentge / world dry ۶٢٤ fleet: compiled by the UNCTAD se re rlt on the bsis of dt provided by the Chmber f Shipping of the U ) o l Kingdom (suhsequ ) t ly fhe generl Council of rltl^h Shipping) regrding lld-up tonnge nd on the bsis Shipping of wsttistics orld fieet (Btonnge s published emen), in nstitute See vrious lso ofssues tble Shipping 78. Eco TAD secretrit op the bsis of scrpped ton -. ۶ UN ^ cotpplle^ by the ۶٤ dry! percentge of١٧٢ dry ٢٤ ٥٥٤? ٢ )( nge nd w orld fieet tonnge s published n fnsfltute of Shipping «' >آ', Economics م' آل ج Eremen), vrious ssues).

48 G r p h : The course of freight : indices nd lying up nd ser world م مح -197 ا 97 ا,e? e r cent of world! tnker fleet Tnker freight rte index» « » «1975 Single voyge dirty tnker freight rte index (end of qurter) - - Tnker trip chrter (Worldscle = 100) (end of qurter) Lid-up tnker tonnge s percentge of world tnker tonnge (end of qurter) Scrpped tnker tonnge s percentge of w orld totl (m id-qurter) Sources: Single voyge dirty tnker freight rte index (Worldscle ( 100 (: = institute of Shipping Economics, Shipping ي ث,)) Bremen vrious issues. See lso tble 28. ( Tnker freight rte index (Worldscle. ( =!00): Norwegin Shipping News (Cslo), vrious issues This index ws discontinued t ffie end 1974 of. ( (Lid-up tnker crgo tonnge s percentge /! ١٧٢ tnker fleet: compiled by the UNCTAD seqretri( on the bsis of dt provided by the Chmber of Shipping of t!te Upited Kingdom (subsequently nd op the the Generl Counc bsis Shipping of world Sttistics fleet tobnge (Bremen), s published vrious issues. in institute See lso of shipping tble 28. Economics, إ (Scrpped tnker tonnge ١٢٥٢ percentge / creti;!t on ffie bsis of scrpped tonnge nd $ ٢ fleet: compiled by the UNCTAD «/ ^ world fleet tbnnge s pubiished in nstitute of Shipping Economics, Shipping ' ي ك Bremen), vrious issues). 41

49 of the first qurter of 1975 to the end of the third qurter ws minly due to ehnges in currency vines rising from rednetions in currency djustment fctors or ehnges in the reltive exchnge rtes of some trifi currencies, prticulrly of the pound sterling in reltion to the Dnited Sttes dollr. D. The level f freight rtes, lying up nd scrpping 123. Grphs 1 nd 2, s well s tble 28, illustrte the negtive reltion between ehnges in the level of freight rtes nd ehnges in the level of lid-up tonnge for the period n the grphs, the freight rte ndices re shown on the right-hnd verticl xes nd the eorresponding ehnges n lid-np nd strpped tonnge s percentges of world tonnge on the lefthnd vertiel xes Grph 2 hs been eompletely chnged since the Review / mritime trnsport, 1974 in order to introduce new single voyge freight rte nde^ for tnkers, following the diseontinntion of the compiltion by ٨ ^ ٢- wegin Shipping News (Oslo) of single freight rte index for tnkers, ٢ The new index, whieh hs been tken from Shipping Sttistics, is shown in grph 2, longside the previous index (up to 1974), whieh is shown for purposes of comprison. t cn be seen tht the movement of both indlees ws ver^ similr during the period ported from developing countries to Europe for the yers 1964 to 19?4, re given n tble 29. The yer 1924 witnessed frther increses in commodity prices in ^11 but one of the trdes included in tble 29. However, s freight rtes, including surchrges, lso incresed shrply in ll but one of the trdes, the freight rtios incresed, eompred with both 1973 nd 1964, in seven of the commodity trdes nd declined in five; in the remining commodity trde the necessry dt were not vilble. As prices of most of the commodities declined in 1975, while liner freight rtes generlly moved upwrds, lthough t much slower pce thn in 1974 (see sect. B, 2 bove), it is lively tht the height rtios for most of the commodity trdes included n tble 29 incresed further in A comprison of the longerterm nd short-term movement of the rtio is given below: Chnges in freight rtios م) ا cent) From From ncrese T e Jute (from Brzil) Rubber ج ncrese حح'ا crese E. Liner freight rtes s peree^ge of prices of selected commodities, (from o!ombi- Pcific ports) ^ The freight rtios of liner height rtes to export prices of 13 selected primry commodities ex- t prs.,(. ; {op. See Review ofm ritime trnsport, 1974 ٢ t my be noted tbt oniy prt of worid tnker crgo is crried by vesseis on singie voyge chrter bsis. B^ fr tbe irgest prt of worid tnker crgo is normii^ erried in vesseis owned by the petroieum compnies or under period fixtures (see pr, 196 bove). Monthiy pubiietion of tbe nstitute of Shipping Economics, Bremen. (from olombi- Atlntic ports) Plm kernels ل Tin Coconut oii ) ل..... hemp Sisl Coco bens (from C hn) Coco bens (from Brzil)

50 Chpter V OTHER DEVELOPM ENTS A. nstitutionl develo?n!ents in world shipping 1. A ctions by enterprises nd other COMMERCAL NTERESTS () Generl 126. The fctors underlying the institutionl rrngements estbhshed ط different hner trdes vried in Along with the fctors whieh existed previously, such s increses in costs of hner opertions nd efforts imed t ffie better utiliztion of tonnge, new fctor cme into ply, whieh ws connected with the shrpening of competition, often withffi conferences, nd ffie entry of numerous outsiders into the estbhshed hner trdes. ١ However, few shippers hve beneffted from long-term reduetions in hner trnsport costs; notwithstnding the entry of outside lines conference freight triffs, s meffiioned in chpter V (see bove, prs ), continued to increse. This hs contributed to the estblishment of new shippers councils nd the doption of other mesures by shippers A number of multintionl or bintioul shipping hues were formed in 1975 which my reffeet n incresed interest in économie co-opertion mong developing countries in ffie ffeld of shipping. n ddition, significnt numher of joint ventures between prties in developing countries nd developed mr^et-ecouomy couffiries were lso reported, prticulrly involving petroleum-exporting countries in ffie Middle Est n the ffeld of tnker shipping poteffiilly mjor institutionl development in 1975 ws the initiotive by the nterntionl Assocition of ndependent Tnker Owners to develop co-ordffited pln to del wiffi ffie existing surplus of tuker cpcity, discussed in chpter ٧ bove (see especilly pr. 107). (b) Developments in the liner trdes 129. Both mong shipowners nd mong shippers there ppers to be growing reliztion of the unstisfctory nture of the present sitution, nd of the need to tke long-term mesures imed t redueiug the costs of mritime trnsport. During 1975 certin mount of ction hs been tken by boffi prties. 1975), (Colchester, Englnd), vol. 5. N o. 7 (Jnly محا -ك ١ pp ; Fr Estern Economic Review (Tokyo), vol. 8, No. 27 (4 July 19?5), p. 32; Journl de l mrine mrchnde et de l nvig- 1977; p. «érienne (Pris), 57th yer. N o. 29D2 (31 July 1975), nd Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. ^56, No. 48D4 (18 September 1975), p Liner opertors re continuing to form consorti which rtionlize the opertions of group of compnies nd my reduce the costs per ton of crgo crried. The most signihcnt such formtion in 1975 ws prohbly tht of the Ace Line consortium formed by Frnco-Belgin, Hong Kong, Jpnese nd Singporen lines to operte continer vessels in the Europe/Fr Est trde. A number of freight pools, which crete the possibility of rtionliztion, hve lso been formed during the yer (for exmple: between six Jpnese lines in the trns-eeihc trde; ١ between four Jpnese lines nd Mexicn line in the Jpn/ Mexico trde; nd between one Chilen line, one Dutch line nd three Jpnese lines in the Jpn/Chile ١ trde Most of these moves re, however, limited in scope nd merely im t rtionlizing the opertions of smll group of crriers, rther thn the whole of the trde. One notble exception, which is much broder in scope, is the Atlntic Stemship Energy Conservtion Agreement, which ws given conditionl pprovl by the FMC in Mrch 1975, nd which rtionlizes the North Atlntic opertions of seven continer crriers On the side of the shippers, the formtion of shippers councils hs been continuing: three new shippers councils were estblished in the course of the yer ط the Hnited Republic of Cmeroon, Ghn nd ndonesi, s discussed further in prgrphs below. Even more importnt is the fct tht number of councils in user countries hve recogtozed the ^eed to ct on multi-country bsis nd to probe more deeply into the resons for the present levels of hner rtes. n the $outh-est Asin region shippers eouncils in the member countries of ASEAN ١ hve set up ), ل 75 ١ Jpn Mritime Gzette (Tokyo), No (6 June pp. 2-3/ nd» مم /»» de l mrine mrchnde et de l nvigtion érienne (Pris), 57th ует. N o (8 My 1975), p ١١ Contineristion /«س / «- / (London), vol. 9, No. 4 (April 1975), p. 13; Jpn Mritime Gzette (Tokyo), No (11 Mrch 1975), p. 2 nd No (8 December 1975), pp. 2-3; nd Shipping nd Trde News (Tokyo), 23 October 1975, p. 1 ١ Jpn Mritime Gzette (Tokyo), No (6 November 1975), p. 5 nd No (19 November 1975), pp p. N o (17 Deeember 1975),,.مح / ١ ١ Congressionl nformtion Bureu (V/sblngton, D.O.), vol. 79, No. 29 (11 Februry 1975), pp. 2-3 nd Journl pour le trnsport ш гетип/(bsel), XXXVth yer. N o. 14(4 April 1975), p ١ ndonesi, Mlysi, Philippines, Bingpore nd Thilnd. Bee, for nstnce, Shipping nd Trde News (Tokyo), 15 April 1975, p. 2; Journlpour le trnsport interntionl (Bsel), XXXVtb yer. No. 48 (28 November 1975), p. 5551; nd Lloyd's List (London), 1 December 1975, p. 1.

51 FASC nd hve nitited discussions with shipping conferenes on multilterl bsis FASC is questioning with conferences the dequcy of dt which shipowners trditionlly present in justifiction of demnds for freight rte increses, nd is rising with FFFC the possibility of the ppointment of ccountnts who would not merely check the ccurcy of conference ccounting sttements, but lso exmine the principles upon which these re compiled. FA$C members re now drwing up terms of reference for n investigtion into the fesibility of estblishing seprte liner service between $outh-fst Asi nd Furope s n lterntive to prticipting in the present over-ll Furope/Fr Fst trde, which would give $outh- Fst Asin shippers stronger voice in dehng with the conference nd could provide more rtionl nd cheper bsis for the trde inwrds nd outwrds from the re Aprt from these generl moves by shippers orgniztions, whieh re concerned with entire liner trdes, there hve been some significnt moves by commodity groups in obtining trnsport services which re tilor-mde for their prticulr commodities. During 1975 the most significnt such move ws the ction reportedly tken hy the Austrlin Met Bord in signing contrct with four continer lines giving them the exclusive rights of crrige for met shipped in the Anstrli/Fst Cost North Americ trde in return for substntil freight rte reductions. ۶ Such posslhilities re under ctive investigtion by other commodity groups in South-Fst Asi, following the success of the Mlysin Blm Oil Brodncers Assocition in obtining stisfctory contrct rrngements in 1973, ۶۶ nd ltogether it is likely tht this type of ctivity will become more prominent in future, since the shippers concerned obtin lsting rte reductions which they could not obtin by deling with outsider lines on csul bsis. (c) Joint ventures between developed nd developing countries 135. During the yer severl new ventures were repcrted fcr jcint shipping perticns in ech cse invclving developed ccuntry nd develcping ccnntry s prtners. The gecgrphicl distributicn cf these ventures mcng the develcping ccuntries, ws, hcwever, very uneven: nly three develcping ccnntries were invclved, nd f these tw re mj r il-pr dneing c untries Sudi Arbi ws inv lved in s me f these ventures: three ventures with Jpnese wners (f r 136 Pirply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 256, No (13 November 1975), p. 21, N o (27 November 1975), p. 11, nd N o (11 December 1975), p. 15, nd Congressionl nformtion Bureu (Wshington, D.C.), vol. 79, N o. 227 (24 November 1975), pp nd No. 236 (28 November 1975), pp point, ۶۶ For further nformtion on this trnsport, (op. cit.), pr Review o f mritime ); ۶ jouit shipping services for trdes s yet unspecified tvith the Hong Kong-bsed firm of Wllem nd o. (for the estblishment of the $ndi Grient Mrftime Go. ۶); with Netherlnds owners (for the estblishment of the Sudi Arbin Shippfng nd Trnsporttion Co. ۶); with Swedish owner (for the opertion of pssenger/ vehicle service between Suez nd Jeddh ۶۶); nd with Spnish interests (for the formtion of the Arb-Spnish Tnfer nd freight Co. ۶۶). The other mjor oilproducing country nvolved ws rn, whose ntionl oil compny (NOC) hs entered into n greement with British?etroleum for oil trnsport opertions. ۶ 137. The remining joint venture reported ws between the Mlysin nterntionl Shipping Corportion nd Bnocen Shipping Terminls Timited of Tondon for the formtion of new compny, MSC-?nocen Tnkers Sdn. Berhd, which whl operte tnkers crrying vegetble oiis nd other specilized hquid crgoes. ۶ (d) Joint ventures between developing countries 138. Severl joint ventures hetween developing countries invoiving shipping opertions hve been reported during 1975; their estblishment my not only contribute to the improvement of the trnsport lines but my lso fcilitte the development nd efficient opertion of the shipping enterprises. n the Cribben, the Jmicn Govermnent nd the ntionl line of Mexico hve greed to set up joint shipping enterprise, primrily for the purpose of crrying buxite from Jmic to North Americ, ۶ nd eight countries (Colombi, Cost Ric, Cub, Jmic, Mexico, Nicrgu, Bnm nd Venezuel) greed in My 1975 to set up regionl multintionl shipping compny, Fmpres Mritime Multincionl del Cribe (NAMUCAR), to provide regionl crgo nd pssenger service. ۶ 139. The multintionl ventures involving the mjor oil-producing countries hve resulted in the estblishment of the following enterprises: the Tederl Arb 256, vol. Firply nterntionl shipping Weekly (London), ۶ No (7 August 1975), p. 9, nd Jpn Mritime Gzette (Tokyo), No (27 August 1975), p. 8. ««'-امح de l nvigtion ۶ Journl de l mrine mrchnde (Tris), 57th yer. No (8 My 1975), p ۶ Setrde (Colchester, Englnd), vol. 5, No. 1 (Gctoher 1975), ۶۶ The Motor Ship (London), vol. 56, 663 ( etoher 1975), p. 9 ۶ Journl pour le trnsport interntionl (Bsel), XXXVth yer. N o. 48 (28 Noventher 1975), p de l nvigtion érienne Journl de l mrine mrchnde ۶ (?ris), 57th yer. No (4 December 1975), p ), Mritime Gzette (Tokyo), No (27 August سم ر ۶ pp. 6-7, nd Shipping nd Trde News (Tokyo), 4 ^eptemher 1975, p. 2. ۶ / <» ٢«/ de l mrine mrchnde et de l nvigtion érienne (Pris), م 57 yer. N o (13 November 1975), p nd Se- pp. ( okhester, Englnd), vol. 5, N o. 11 (November 1975), مح ۶ $ee Joint ventures mong Etin Americn countries (TD/B/ AC.19/R.2 nd C orr.l), prepred by A. Csss-Gonzbkz, consultnt. See lso Setrde (Colchester, Englnd), vol. 5, No. 11 (Noveml^r 1975), pp. 3-4, nd Journl de l mrine mrchnde de l nvigtion érienne (Pris), 57th yer. N o (16 Gctober 1975), p

52 ^^ritime Gompn^ ( joint shipping corportion estblished by the Trnsport Gonncil of Arb Sttes, whicb includes Egypt, tbe Libyn Arb Repnblie nd the Syrin Arb Republic; ١١٢ the United Arb Mrine Corportion (estblished by Bhrin, rq, Kuwit, Sndi Arbi nd the United Arb Emirtes); ١ the Knwiti-Eg^ptin Mritime Compny (estblished by Egyptin nd Kuwiti interests); ١ the Egyptin-Sudi Nvigtion Compny (estblished by Egypt nd Sndi ;( Arbi the rnin-eg^ptin Mritime Compny (estblished b^ the rnin Corportion for ndushil Development nd Renovtion, whieh will hold 51 per cent, nd the Generl Orgniztion for Mritime Trnsport of Egypt, which wili hold 49 per cent); ١١ joint Libyn-?kistnl shipping venture; ١ nd the rno-hindn Line (estblished by Ary Ntionl Shipping Line of rn nd the Shipping Corportion of ndi). ١ t my be dded tbt n greement between the Libyn Arb Repnblie nd Turkey provides for the estblishment of joint shipping line, s well s of shipbuilding compny. ١ 14. t is noteworthy tht, in estblishing joint shipping ventures, the Arb countries hve lso tken joint ction to ensure n dequte supply of personnel for the future. n My 1975 the member sttes of OA?EC reched greement in principle to estblish three mrltime edemies in Gtr, rq nd Sndi Arbi nd to provide extr fu^ds for the existing cdemies in Algeri nd Egypt. ١ 141. Not ll sueh ventures re necessrily mtter of public record, nd it is eqully possible tht some of the ventures reported my not be crried through to the stge of implementtion; hence t is not possible to drw up eomplete picture. Mention my lso be mde of ergo-shring nd uniform triff greement between the ndonesin Ntionl Shipowners Assocition nd the Singpore Shipping Assocition. ١ Booling rrngements between lines of developed countries nd developing countries hve been referred to in prgrph 13 bove. ١٢ Joint venmres mong Arb countries (TD/B/AC.19/R.5 nd C orr.l), miex, prepred. F.. Shiht, cons^tnt. ١ The Journl o f Commerce (New York), 5 December 1975, p. 28. ١ Shiht, op. cit., nnex. مح /. ١ ممح لت? >«٢ le trnsport interntiorml (Bsel), XXXVth Journl ١ yer. No. 41 (19 Detober 1975), p ١ Setrde (Colchester, Englnd), vol. 4, No. 11 (Novemher 1974) p. 91 nd Jpn Mritime Ozette (Tokyo), No. 4815, 25 D eem ber 1975, p. 5. Journl pour le trnsport interntionl (Bsel), XXXVth yer. No. 39 (25 July 1975), p ١ S e Review of obi'etlves nd etlvities of orgniztions of developing countries in petroieum Drgniztion o f Arb Fetroleum Exporting Countries (DABEC) (ESA/NRET/AC.19/16/ Rev.l), prepred by u. Jmli, Chief, Energy Affirs, DAFEC, p. 11. The members of DABEC re: Algeri, Bhrin, Egypt, rq, K w it, Libyn Arb Republie, ^ tr, Sudi Arbi, Syrin Arb Republic nd United АтЬ Emirte. ١ Shipping مح«ع Trde News (Tokyo), 5 July 1975, p. 1, A ctions by G overnments or t the () NTERNATONAL LEVEL Code / Conduct /٢ Liner Conferences 142. According to rticle 49 of the Gonvention on Gode of Gondnct for Liner Gon^renees, the Gonvention shll enter nto force six months fter the dte on whieh not less thn 24 sttes, the eomhined tonnge of whieh mounts to t lest 25 per cent of world tonnge, hve become Gontrcting?rties to it. By 1 September 1975, 32 countries, econnting for 26 per eent of the relevnt world tonnge, hd either signed, mde definitive signtnre, rtified or cceded to the Gonven- prties. tion, of whieh nine hd beeome contrcting By 3 Mreh 1976 Urther five countries hd beeome contrcting prties. ١ A number of other countries re in the process of tking the necessry legisltive or other smps to become contrcting prties. At the seventh session of the Gommittee on Shipping (Genev, November 1975) the Group of 77 re rmed tbeir fith in the Gode nd stted tht they wonld pursue ll necessry ction for the entry into foree of the Gonvention despite etion b^ pressure groups on some countries with view to preventing tbose countries from becoming Gontreting?rties to the Gonvention. ١ (b) Mritime trnsport chrter 143. Representtives of the Sttes of ^ e s t nd Gentrl Afric, t ministeril conference held t Abidjn (vory Gost) in My 1975, pproved nd recommended for doption mritime trnsport chrter for the region, ١١ whieh wonld ly the foundtion for eo-ordinted etion mong these countries. (c) Conference Ministers / Trnsport / Est Africn Sttes 144. Representtives of Est Afrien $ttes, t ministeril conference t Kmpl, Ugnd, in November 1975, dopted resolution which, ^«٢ li, recommended tht («) n Africn merchnt mrine ssoeition should be formed nnder the uspices of OAU nd EGA; ) the member Sttes should rtify nd implement the ) Gonvention on Gode of Gonduct for Liner Gonferences; (c) ntionl shippers councils, s well s re- United Ntions Conference! / ' سم «متي«/م» Code / + Finl / ٢ Liner Conferences, vol., «مح» the) including ««/سسممحس» م ' «^«م ( tonngeمح««س>«سم Ntions) United Sles No. E.75..D " 12. '(. - See Mtters relting to the Uonventlon on ode of Uon ا duct for Liner Uonferences: re?ort by the UNCTAD seeretrit TD/B/C.4/143), prs( See Signtures nd rtifictions of or ccessions to the Con ل vention on ode of Uondnet for Liner Uonferences: note by the UNCTAD secretrit (TD/B/U.4/NE 13. (. Officil / مح م ٢ مح«Trdeج ئ Development,مح ٢ Seventh Specil Session, Supplement N. د TD/B/591-TD/B/U.4/47) (, nnex, prs. 4 nd5. For the full text of the resolution nd of the chrter, see لا Review of mritime trnsport, 1974: key issues report by the UNCTAD secretril (TD/B/C.4/125), nnex.

53 gionl federtion of ntionl councils, should be formed; nd ( /) steps should be tken to estblish specil consorti of Africn shipping compnies nd multintionl Africn shipping lines. The Gonference lso rebornmended tht n Africn conference on mritime nd costl shipping be orgnized to consider the bovemetoioned mtters nd mke recommendtions for erly implementtion. (d) ١ Mritime greements between Covernments 145. The institutionl developments covered in this subsection re not necessrily exhustive. The present ccount is bsed minly on press reports, the complete ccurcy of whieh the UNCTAD seeretrit hs not been ble to verify, lthough they re Relieved to be substntilly correct. A comprehensive review bs been published of mritime greements, or other greements covering mritime trnsport, etoered into by the Federl Republic of Germny in 1975 up to 15 August. During this period, one full mritime greement (with Chin) ١ nd 19 other greements hving one or more cluses on mritime trnsport were mde A mritime greement between Algeri nd Brzil ws initilled on 12 September The greemeto reserves the trffic between the two couffiries to ntionl flg vessels nd provides, inter li, for n equitble division of the freight. An greemeffi whieh, ٣ «/ ٢ «, reserves the trde between Algeri nd Chin for ntionl vessels on n equl bsis ws initilled in October The Brzilin mritime trnsport gency, SUNAMAM, nnounced erly in 1975 tht, following 1974 greement between Brzil nd Chile, ll freight between ffie two coumries must henceffirth be crried in the vessels of one Brzilin ffie nd the two Chilen opertors in the trde n November 1975 Chin nd Finlnd nitilled n greemeffi whieh provides for most-fvoured-ntlon tretment, exempts Finnish shipping lines from the tx on income erned in Chinese wters nd lso covers, se. ١ «, semen s rights nd ccidents t / ٣ ٢ «148. An greement on freight rtes for the crrige of specihed gricultur! commodities ws concluded betweeu the United Sttes nd the USSR in Sepffimher ١٥ n December of tht yer the two countries greed to extend, up to 31 Deeember 1981, the conditions concerning the crrige of crgoes which hd been greed between tbe two conntries in 1972, s well s the rte rrngemetos of September ١٢ (i) /+ (e) ٢ / Cost Ntionl developments 149. n $eptenrber 1975 the Government dopted series of mesures imed t improving the country s mritime trnsport sitution. These included the pprovl of the regionl mritime trnsport chrter (see p^r. 143 bove), substntil tovestmeto progrmme for the shipping line STRAM, the restructuring of the ntionl shippers council, the estblishment of n institute of m ritim e documenttion, studies nd reserch nd the reservtion of 4 per cent of the foreign trde for ntionl flg vessels. ١٢١ (ii) N ٢١٧«/ 150. The Storting (?rlimeto) pproved bill for the estblishment of temporry gurntee tostitute for the merchnt toet. The institute, set up s joint stock compny with mjority $tte prticiption nd b^sed on commercil considertions, would be ble to gurtoee lons tken up by the memhers. lu prtociple, the support is reported to be limited to tonnge so modern nd competitive tht it will retin its vlue to the community ud would not cover lons for new buildings to be delivered fter 1 Jnury ١١ (iii) Philippines 151. A Mritime ndustry Authority (MARNA) hs been estblished nd is chrged with implementing prcticble nd co-ordtoted mritime industry development progrmme whieh will give specil ttention to the erly replcemem of obsolete nd uneconomic vessels nd the expnsion of domestic cpbility for shipbuilding, repir nd mintennce. (iv) United Sttes / Americ New FMC regultions luly 1975 the EMC issued hnl regultions ئ 152. to djust or meet eouditious utovourble to shippiug in the foreigu trde of the United Sttes. T h e s e ١ S ^ Resolntion dopted by ffie Conference of Niffisters of Trnsport of Est Africn Sttes (E/CN.14/TRANS/128), nnex. ١ Eor detils of this grém ent, see Hns (Hmburg), 112th yer. No. 19 (Dctober 1975), pp pp.,.مح / ١ Journl de l mrine mrchnde ع l «س تي ^ا érienne ffiris), 57ffi yer. No (2 Dctober 1975), p p. ffiمح., yer. No (30 Dctober 1975), ١٥ , vol. / Shipping Weekly (London), س ' س-اج«م م/م >ما مل No (20 Februry 1975), pi 11. (Bsei), XXXVth / م«'أسسمج ;» سمم>سم / pour le سم«م / ١ yer. No. 47 (21 November 1975), p ١ Congressionl /«/ سعسم» م سم (Wshington, D.C.), vol. 79, N o.118) 2 September 1975), pp. 1-3, nd Lloyd's List(LoAor\), 6 December 1975, p. 1. vol...), (Wshington, سسم«Congressionl nformtion ل 79, No. 249 (^9 December 1975), pp. 1-3, nd The Journl o f Com- 8. New )سم«York), 30 Deeemher 1975, pp. 1 nd de l nvigtion érienne Journl de l mrine mrchnde ل ل (Pris), 5?ffi yer. N o (18 Beptemher 1975), p (London), 31 Dctoher 1975, p. 10; Scndinvin محمم/ أل Shipping ممم ( openhgen), +058,ما No. 11 (Novemher 1975), p. 8; nd Firply سم ' س- ج»/ / Shipping Weekly (Londoffi, vol. 256, No (11 Decemher 1975), p , vol. «/ Shipping Weekly (Londoffi, 'س س- ج /«Firply ل No (18 September 1975), p. 73. See Regultion to d)ust or meet conditions unfvourble م ل / سمعمحك to shipping in ffie foreign trde of ffie United Sttes in Register (Wshington, D.U.), vol 39, No. 2D, 1 November 1974, p

54 provide tht regultory ctions my be t^en when the TMC finds tht foreign Government hs enforced or intends to enforce lws, decrees, regultions, or the like, or hs engged in or intends to engge in prctices which hve creted or conld crete conditions nnfvourble to shipping in its foreign trde, or when foreign vessels engge in or intend to engge in competitive methods or prctices which hve creted or could crete such conditions. United Sttes triff filing requirements 153. Also in July 1975, the FMC issued notice of proposed rule-mking on the submission of revenue nd cost d^t, concerning generl rte increses nd certin surchrges hied by common crriers, conferences nd memher crriers of rte greements. ۶۶ The proposed rule stipultes, inter li, tht in the cse of generl rte increses, s dehned, ggregtive cost nd revenue dt nd sttement of the resons for requesting the rte increse should lso be hied s further specified; lso, tht in the cse of new mended surchrges, ggregtive cost nd operting dt should he hied to justify the prticulr surchrge. The proposed rule ws supported by the severl United Sttes government deprtments concerned, s well s hy severl individul shippers or groups of shippers. ۶۶ On the other hnd, the proposed rnle ws shrply opposed by shipping conferences nd C N$A. ۶۶۶ At the time of writing (December 1975), it ws not cler to wht extent the vrious comments submitted by difierent prties would fiect the proposed rules nd if nd when finl rules might he issued The hill, $868/HR794, known s the third-fig bill, ۶۶ which would provide minimum rte provisions for non-ntionl crriers in the foreign commerce of the United $t^tes, ws reffitrodnced in the Sente on Tehrury At the time of writing, the likelihood ل 4 of doption ws not cler. ۶۶ See Gener! rte inereses nd certin snrehrges hied by common crriers, conferences, nd member erriers of rte greements, in Federl Register (Wshington, D.C.), vol. 40, No. 155, 11 August 1975, p ۶۶ The Journl / -ا سم (N٥١٧ Tork), 7 November 1975, p. ^8; Congressionl nformtion Bureu (Wshington, D.C.), vo}. 79, No. 194 (6 October 1975), pp. 4-7 nd voh 79, No. ^15 (6 November 1975), pp. 17-^3. t my be noted tht the Deprtmem of Commerce expressed the vie١٧ tht m)or dr١٧bk of the proposed rule ws the provision for the submission of cost nd revenue dt by conferences of erriers in ggregte form, noting tht such dt refieeted verges of il conference members nd were not useful in determining cost-bsed rtes of the most efficient conference members (Congressionl nformtion Bureu (Wshington, D.C.), voh 79, No. ^15 (6 Novemher 1975), p. 19). For considertion of this itter poiffi in different context, see Costs nd freight rtes in liner trdes; report hy the UNCTAD seeretrit (TD/B/C.4/128). ۶٢٢ Congressionl nformtion س- ا (Wshington, D.C.), vol. 79, No. 216 (7 November 1975), pp. 5-19; vol. 79, No. 224 (19 November 1975), pp ; vol. 79, No. 225 (20 November 1975), pp. 1-7 nd voi. 79, No. 226 (21 November 1975), pp /۶ $ee Congressionl nformtion Bureu (Wshington, D.C.), vol. 79, No. ل 1979 October 1975), p. 1, nd No. 141 (22 July 1975), pp ; nd The Journl o f Commerce (New York), 15 October 1975, p. B, nd 23 July 1975, p N tionl, regionl nd subregionl snieeers ORGANZATONS OR OTHER BODES DEALNG W TH O T T E R S PERTANNG TO THE GONDTONS AND GOSTS OF CARRAGE OE T^ADE 155. At its seventh session, in November 16?5, the Committee on Shipping dopted resolution 25 ( ), ۶۶ in whieh, inter li, it invited Governments of Sttes members of UNCTAD to consider, s pproprite, inititing nd/or eneonrging the estblishment on ntionl, regionl nd subregionl bsis, of shippers orgniztions or other bodies deling with mtters pertining to the conditions nd costs of crrige of their trde nd to fcilitte their opertions, thereby ensming efieetive procedures for consffittion nd, where mntnlly greed, negotitions. t recommended tht Governments of Sttes members of UNCTAD nrge memher lines of conferences to eo-operte closely with such bodies. t lso requested the Secretry-Generl of UNCTAD to prepre progress report on the estblishment nd opertion of ntionl, regionl nd subregionl shippers orgniztions or other bodies dehng with mtters pertining to the conditions ^nd costs of crrige of tiie trde concerned, for considertion by the Committee t its eighth session (tenttively scheduled for Mrch 1977) n resolution 24 ( 11) مل the Committee on Shipping requested UND? to exmine wys nd mens of incresing the funds mde vilble to the UNCTAD secretrit in order to enble it to continue nd expnd its technicl ssistnce ctivities in shipping nd ports nd, in prticulr, inter li, to undertlce ctivities concerning the estbhshment, on ntionl, regionl nd subregionl bsis, of pproprite institutions which could ply role in the solution of problems relted to mritime trnsport A shippers council ws formlly inngnrted in Gh^n on 18 Februry The min functions of the council nclude studies nd enquiries on problems fiecting shippers, consulttions between shippers, shipowners nd the Rilwy nd?orts Authority, nd negotintions nd entering into greements with shipowners إ أ. shippers on mtters fiecting 158. A ntionl shippers council, comprising commodity ssocitions nd orgniztions from the publie nd privte sectors, ws formed in ndonesi (DEPALNDO) in November ۶۶ 159. A shippers council ws lso formed in the United Republic of Cmeroon by Government decree on 21 Tebrury 1975, nd becme opertionl in $eptember. ۶ ۶۶ Officil Records مح / Trde nd Development محممر, Seventh Specil Session, Supplement N د. o (TD/B/591), nnex. ۶۶ Bsed on informtion communieted to the UNCTAD secretrit by the o^ernmem of Ghn. ۶ informtion mde viibie to the UNCTAD secretrit by the ndonesin Ntionl? 8hi ers Couneil. ۶ nformtion commufficted to the UNCTAD secreritt by the Conseil Cmerounis des chrgeurs. 4?

55 B. Unitiztion 160. No mjor or nne^pected developments took plce during the yer with regrd to unitiztion. $ome of the trends which hve been pprent in recent yers towrds vriety of unit lod systems continued, nd nnitiztion ws extended to dditionl rontes. Although proper nlysis of the extent nd type of unitiztion remins impossible, due to the continued bsence of comprehensive sttisticl dt, ١ there were severl signihcnt developments in At the sme time, eonsiderble expnsion oecurred with regrd to Ro/Ro services, prticulrly to the Middle Est. Enrthermore, there ws spreding interest in the possible use of brge systems in new trdes As lso noted in the Review / mritime trnsport, 1974, م there ppers to be growing interest in vessels offering verstility of serviee. This point hs lredy been diseussed in eonnexion with the evointion of the world ffeet nd tonnge on order. ١ 162. ^ ith regrd to eontiner services, the trend towrds consorti or eo-opertive greements ws lso notieeble in 1975, s ws the plnning or expnsion of continer services. As mentioned in prgrph 130 bove, third mjor continer consortium strted oper- ting in the Europe/Fr Est trde in ل ٢ A mjor new eontiner serviee nnounced in 1975 ws the ssignment of six eontiner vessels by the Crol Group to the Europe-Cribben/Centrl Americ trde. ١ Other trde routes where plnned or gretly expnded continer services were ^nnonnced include Europe-Austrli/New Z eln d, م Anstrli-$onth- st Asi, ١ ١ Est. Enrope-Middle Est ١١ nd United $ttes-er Up-to-dte dt comprble to those contined in tble 33 ل of Review ofm ritim e trnsport, 1974 (pp.,(. were not viibie to the secretrit t the time of writin.?rtil informtion on continer trnsport to selected developing countries my be found in Vi Port o f New York (New York), Jnury 1976, pp. 6-8; Crgo Systems /«سم س-ا / (L ondo^, vol. 2, No. 8 (September 1975), / - مم p. 34; Americn Assocition of Port Authorities, World Americn Seport (Wshington, D..), vol 38, No. 1 (October 1975), pp. 10 nd ^3; nd Contineristion / م سم / (London), vol. 10, No. 1 (Jnury 1976), pp pr.,(. (op. Review o f mritime trnsport, 1974 ١ Nvires, See bove, chpter, pr. 35 nd tble 10. See lso ١ Con- chntiers (Pris), N o. 305 (October 1975), p. 686, nd -مم tineristion /«سم. «/ (London), vol. 9, No. 10 (October 1975), pp See lso, for instnce, Jpn Mritime ممم (Tokyo), No (6 June 1975), pp t my be noted tht new continer opertor in the United Sttes-Fr Fst trde wih include s mny s 12 ports in its service, nd tht the continer vessels will include fcilities for hndling lods of non-stndrd shpe nd size, fetures which re intended to enble the line to drw on lrger crgo bse. ١ 163. T e introduction of third eontiner consortium on the Europe/Fr Est trde hs eontributed to incresed competition on this trde, where continer vesseis re not only eompeting with conventionl liner vessels but lso with the Trns-$iberin lnd bridge nd, more recently, with tbe Er Est-Europe serviee vi the United Sttes lnd bridge. T e risks nd uncertinties whieh my be involved in continer services were highlighted by reports tht mjor Jpnese lines were running lrge dehcits in the eontiner ship division, ١ nd tht one continer line serving the Europe- ^ e s t Afric trde ws cesing opertions nd ws expected to go into liquidtion. ١ 164. ^ ith regrd to Ro/Ro services, it hs lredy heen mentioned tht these were expnding during 1975 nd tht this expnsion ws not limited to ner se trdes bnt ws grdully inelnding deep se nd longer trde routes. According to recently published report, 19.9 per cent of the ergo Ro/Ro tonnge (exeluding pssenger/crgo nd eertin other types of Ro/Ro vessels) is operted on the North أAt ظس, some 19.6 per cent on interregionl routes within Northern Europe, some 13.8 per cent in the trde from Northern Enrope to Austrli, nd some 8.2 per cent from the ^ e s t Gost of North Americ to Austrli. ١ T e distinction between continer nd Ro/Ro vessels my lso be grdully blurred s result of incresed ffexibility of new vessels, which my combine Ro/^ 0 nd regulr continer fcilities. ١٢ c. Reopening of the Suez Cnl 165. The $uez Cnl, which before its closure in 1967 ws hndling bout 14 per cent of world seborne trde ١ nd pproximtely one-tbird of Europen seborne imports, ws reopened on 5 June The mximum size of vessels whieh cn use the cnl ws incresed from n initil 40,000 dwt, or feet - 33 drr, t the time of opening, to its pre-elosure level of ships of up to 38-feet (11.6m) drft, nd 70, Pirply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 258, N o (2 October 1975), p. 7. ١ Jpn Mritime ممم (Tokyo), No. 4686,19 June 1975, p p. (London), 3 December 1975, آل ك' محممل - م See The Westinform Service (London), The Westinform ما rectory >/ Ro-Ro Vessels , Westinform Shipping Report No 307. See lso The Finncil Times (London), 9 December 1975, pp ; nd Contineristion nterntiorml (London), vol. 9, No. 9 (September 1975), p. 29, nd vol. 9, No. 12 (December 1975), ١٢ Contineristion nterntionl (London), vol. 9, N o. 10 (October 1975), pp , nd The Finncil Times (London), 9 December 1975, p. 2^. / the Suez Cnl: study -«م / / the حم The economic ١ by the secretrit o f UNCTAD (United Ntions pubiietion. Sles N o. E.73.R.D.13), pr. 9. Hpg- following compnies prticipte in this group: م 6 آ ل Lloyd, Thos. Js. Hrrison Ltd., KNSM nd Oompgnie g6n6rle mritime S/A. See lso Shipping مح«Trde News (Tokyo), 31 My 1975, pp. 1-2, nd Firply nterntionl Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 255, N o (8 My 1975), p ), (Tokyo), No (30 Juiy ممم Jpn Mritime ١ pp. 8-9, nd Shipping nd Trde News (Tokyo), 30 October 1975, pp. 1 nd 3. de l nvigtion érienne / de l mrine mrchnde «- ا م ١ (Pris), 57th yer, N (17 April 1975), p / o f Commerce (Liverpool), 31 July 1975, p. 1), nd س- سر ١١ Journlde / mrine محسا-س de l «م. تي ^ érienne (Pris), 57th yer. No (26 June 1975), p ١ Shipping مح«ا Trde News (Т^у), 31 My 1975, pp. 1-2, nd 19 August 1975, p. 1 ; see lso Firply / «سم /»( ي Shipping Weekly (L ondo^, vol. 258, N o (2 O c to ^ r 1975), pp. 7-9.

56 dwt fnlly loded or 15, dwt in bllst lter in the yer. ١ The lrgest vessel to use the cnl in bllst tnker. dwt م, إ 23 ws 167. Preprtory work for the initil phse of widening nd deepening of the cnl ws strted in mid nd ctul dredging nd widening work ws expected to strt in Jnury 1976, with ssistnce from Jpn. ٥١ Upon completion of this phse (i.e. within hout three yers), the cnl would be ble to hndle fully loded tnkers of مم, م 15 dwt (53-feet or 16.2m مم, 3 or م, 25 drft), whieh wonld be incresed to dwt fully lden t the end of plnned subsequent phse, expected to strt in 1978 nd be completed in n November 1975, it ws reported tht the $U Z Cnl Authority, with technicl ssistnce grnt from the Oovernment of the United Kingdom, ws engging tem of engineers, eeonomists nd reserchers to prepre recommendtions concerning the optimum width nd depth to which the cnl should ٥ enlrged. be 168. Published comments on the level of the cnl dues nd on the sfety of trnsit hve generlly been fvourble. t my be dded tht the wr risk premiums for pssge through the cnl hve been redueed in stges from.25 per cent the dy before reopening eptember - mid to. 375 per cent by 169. The trffic usffig the Suez Cnl hs been incresing grdully since its opening nd dditionl lines hve been nnouncing plns to use the enl for services. their liner services, inclnding some contffier The number of vessels using the cnl thus neresed from n verge of 11 per dy in June to 28 in Sep- tember nd 33 in November The use of the cul by tnkers hs lso been ineresing. Thus, while in luly some 25 loded tnkers, of.7 million dwt used the Cul, this number hd incresed to 53 loded tnkers, of 1.6 million dwt, in Dctober nd 4 tnkers. of 1.3 million dwt, in December n ddition, in October some 52 tnkers, of 2.8 million dwt, trversed the сп! in hllst, nd the figure incresed to tnkers, of 2.9 million dwt, in Deeember D. UNCTAD trining courses 17. The fourth in series of interntionl trining cu rse s in ^ort mngement, finnced by grnt from SDA ws orgnized by ^ C T A D in Arush (United Republic of Tnzni) nd Mombs (Keny) from 6 Detober to 5 Deeember The Est Africn Community nd the Est Africn Hrbours Corportion eted s hosts for the course, whieh ws the first interntion! course to be!oeted in the recently completed Est Afrien Community Mngement Trining nstitute t Arush. Twenty-four prticipnts holding senior mngement positions in the ports industry in 12 countries in Afrie nd the Cribben took prt in this course The course progrmme coneetorted on fonr min subjects: port plnning, port dministrtion, port opertions nd finncil mngement. n ddition to leetures, discussion groups nd seminrs,, frequent use ws mde of business gmes nd c^se studies written speeifielly for trining courses of this type. Visits were mde to the ports nd shipping compnies nd stevedoring orgniztion in Dr-es-$lm, Tng nd Mombs so tht prticipnts could see how port problems similr to ffieir own were being tekled in difierent countries The prctice of orgnizing seminrs to disseminte the results of the reserch work on ports by the UNCTAD seeretrit ws cotoinued with the orgniztion of fourth seminr, on Systemtic methods of improving berth throughput. This seminr, which ws conducted in French, ws held t Tunis in April 1975 nd ws ttended by totl of 27 prticlptos from 15 ports in 12 countries. Shipping nd Trde! p. (London), 18 July 1925, آل محمم/ ١ > News (Tokyo), 3 June 1925, p. 1; nd BM CO Weekly (CopeHtgen), N o. 58 (26 November 1975), p. 5. de l nvigtion érienne مح«عا/- «de / mrine س-«مر (Pris), 57tb yer. No (16 etober 1975), p مح / ١. Shipping nd Trde News (Tokyo), 3 June 1975, p. 1 nd 39 September 1975, p. 2; nd محم/ List (London), 6 December 1975, Ltoyd slist<jjondion), 13 November 1975, p. 1, nd 6Deeember 1975, p. 1. My 1975, p. 1; see lso Journl pour le trnsport مح م,. 26 interntionl (Bsel), XXXVth yer. No. 42 (17 Oetober 1975), p ^9^ Setrde (Colcbester, Englnd), vol. 5, N o. 9 (September 1975), p. 13. Journl» مم - le trnsport interntionl (Bsel), XXXVth yer, N 28 ( Ju!y 1975), p nd ^ X V h h yer. No. 42 (17 Oetober 1975), p. 4817; سم ر Mritime ممم Ookyo), No (15 October 1975), pp. 2-3 nd Lloyd s List (London), 29 October 1975, p. 1. محمم/ issues; BNCO Weekly Circulr (Copenhgen), vrious ٥ (London), 6 December 1975, p. 1 ; nd lso Journlde l mrine mrchnde de l nvigtion érienne (Pris), 5?th yer. Nu (16 October 1975), p E. Air trnsport 173. Trends in ir freight trnsport (in terms of ton-kilometres) for the period ل- 97 ل 974 re shown in tble 3, together with the trend hr operting revenues. From 197 to 1974 ir freight trnsport incresed fster in terms of ton-kilometres thn of tons, reflecting n increse in the verge distnce from bout 2,27 kilometres in 197 to bout 2,58 kilomeffies in According to lata, the prospects for ir trnsport in 1975 were poor, s the ltest dt (mid-1975) indicted mrginl trffic growth nd deteriorting finncil ١ results. vrious issues, published, '«م«م Shipping Sttistics nd by H. P. Drewry (Shipping Consultnts) Ltd., London..مح/م World Air Trnsport Sttistics, 1974 (Montrel, 1975), No. 19, p. 2.

PCT MINIMUM DOCUMENTATION

PCT MINIMUM DOCUMENTATION Ref.: PCT Minimum Documenttion pge: 4.1.1 PCT MINIMUM TION INVENTORY S CCORDING TO PCT RULE 34.1 (PERIOD FROM 1920 TO 2000) Explntory Notes 1. On the following pges is given the inventory of ptent documents,

More information

Working Paper: Reversal Patterns

Working Paper: Reversal Patterns Remember to welcome ll ides in trding. AND remember to reserve your opinion until you hve independently vlidted the ide! Working Pper: Reversl Ptterns Working Pper In this pper I wnt to review nd (hopefully)

More information

2014 Victorian Shooting Championship

2014 Victorian Shooting Championship 2014 Victorin Shooting Chmpionship VPCI, in conjunction with the Stte Coches nd the Stte Umpires invite ll PFA licensed petnque plyers in the Stte of Victori to tke prt in the 2014 Victorin Shooting Chmpionship.

More information

Minnesota s Wild Turkey Harvest Fall 2016, Spring 2017

Minnesota s Wild Turkey Harvest Fall 2016, Spring 2017 Minnesot s Wild Turkey Hrvest Fll 2016, Spring 2017 Lindsey Messinger Frmlnd Wildlife Popultions nd Reserch Group Minnesot Deprtment of Nturl Resources Mdeli, Minnesot 15 August 2017 Summry of Seson Structure

More information

INVESTIGATION 2. What s the Angle?

INVESTIGATION 2. What s the Angle? INVESTIGATION 2 Wht s the Angle? In the previous investigtion, you lerned tht when the rigidity property of tringles is comined with the ility to djust the length of side, the opportunities for useful

More information

ERRATA for Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 4th Edition (GBF-4)

ERRATA for Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 4th Edition (GBF-4) Dvid Bernhrdt, P.E., President Commissioner, Mine Deprtment of Trnsporttion Bud Wright, Executive Director 444 North Cpitol Street NW, Suite 249, Wshington, DC 20001 (202) 624-5800 Fx: (202) 624-5806 www.trnsporttion.org

More information

PCT MINIMUM DOCUMENTATION

PCT MINIMUM DOCUMENTATION Ref.: PCT inimum Documenttion pge: 4.1.1 PCT INIU TION INVENTY S CCDING TO PCT RULE 34.1 (PERIOD FRO 1920 TO 1996) Explntory Notes 1. On the following pges is given the inventory of ptent documents, covering

More information

Chapter 4 Group of Volunteers

Chapter 4 Group of Volunteers CHAPTER 4 SAFETY CLEARANCE, FREEBOARD AND DRAUGHT MARKS 4-1 GENERAL 4-1.1 This chpter specifies the minimum freebord for inlnd wterwy vessels. It lso contins requirements concerning the indiction of the

More information

A Measurement Framework for National Key Performance Measures

A Measurement Framework for National Key Performance Measures MINISTERIAL COUNCIL ON EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, TRAINING AND YOUTH AFFAIRS Performnce Mesurement nd Reporting Tskforce Working for qulity eduction outcomes A Mesurement Frmework for Ntionl Key Performnce

More information

Open Access Regression Analysis-based Chinese Olympic Games Competitive Sports Strength Evaluation Model Research

Open Access Regression Analysis-based Chinese Olympic Games Competitive Sports Strength Evaluation Model Research Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthmscience.e The Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journl, 05, 9, 79-735 79 Open Access Regression Anlysis-bsed Chinese Olympic Gmes Competitive Sports Strength Evlution

More information

2014 WHEAT PROTEIN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN

2014 WHEAT PROTEIN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN 2014 WHEAT PROTEIN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN Aron Wlters, Coopertor Ryford Schulze, Coopertor Dniel Hthcot, Extension Progrm Specilist Dr. Clrk Neely, Extension Stte Smll Grins Specilist Ryn Collett, Extension

More information

An Indian Journal FULL PAPER ABSTRACT KEYWORDS. Trade Science Inc. The tennis serve technology based on the AHP evaluation of consistency check

An Indian Journal FULL PAPER ABSTRACT KEYWORDS. Trade Science Inc. The tennis serve technology based on the AHP evaluation of consistency check [Type text] [Type text] [Type text] ISSN : 097-7 Volume 0 Issue 0 BioTechnology 0 An Indin Journl FULL PAPER BTAIJ, 0(0), 0 [-7] The tennis serve technology bsed on the AHP evlution of consistency check

More information

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: The open-loop Ziegler-Nichols method. The open-loop Ziegler-Nichols method

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: The open-loop Ziegler-Nichols method. The open-loop Ziegler-Nichols method Exercise 6-3 Level Process Control EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will perform PID control of level process. You will use the open-loop step response method to tune the controller. DISCUSSION

More information

Bypass Compensator Cartridge, Size 16

Bypass Compensator Cartridge, Size 16 Bypss Compenstor Crtridge, Size 6 Q mx = 5 l/min, p mx = 42 br Direct cting, djustble compenstor spring Description These direct-cting bypss pressure-compenstor (hydrostt) crtridges, series DWDP-2B -6,

More information

FREEWAY SYSTEM PROBLEMS AND DEFICIENCIES: PHYSICAL DESIGN, TRAFFIC SAFETY, AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION

FREEWAY SYSTEM PROBLEMS AND DEFICIENCIES: PHYSICAL DESIGN, TRAFFIC SAFETY, AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION Finl Drft s Approved by Technicl Subcommittee SEWRPC Plnning Report No. 7 A REGIONAL FREEWAY RECONSTRUCTION SYSTEM PLAN FOR SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN Chpter V FREEWAY SYSTEM PROBLEMS AND DEFICIENCIES: PHYSICAL

More information

AHP-based tennis service technical evaluation consistency test

AHP-based tennis service technical evaluation consistency test Avilble online.jocpr.com Journl of Chemicl nd Phrmceuticl Reserch, 0, ():7-79 Reserch Article ISSN : 097-78 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC AHP-bsed tennis service technicl evlution consistency test Mio Zhng Deprtment

More information

Chapter 5. Triangles and Vectors

Chapter 5. Triangles and Vectors www.ck12.org Chpter 5. Tringles nd Vectors 5.3 The Lw of Sines Lerning Objectives Understnd how both forms of the Lw of Sines re obtined. Apply the Lw of Sines when you know two ngles nd non-included side

More information

United States Patent (19)

United States Patent (19) United Sttes Ptent (19) Mobley (11) 45) Ptent Number: Dte of Ptent: Nov. 19, 1991 (54) BICYCLE RACK FORMOUNTING ON A VAN 76 Inventor: Mrk H. Mobley, P.O. Box 636, Norris, Tenn. 37828 21 Appl. No.: 436,492

More information

6. INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION_ I

6. INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION_ I 6. INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION_ I SOLUTIONS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS PROBLEM NO.1 In the books of Rebuilt Ltd. Journl Entries Prticulrs Debit (Rs.) Credit (Rs.) 1 Equity shre cpitl A/c (Rs.50) To Equity shre

More information

Characteristics, Expenditures, and Economic Impact of Resident and Nonresident Hunters and Anglers in North Dakota, , Season and Trends

Characteristics, Expenditures, and Economic Impact of Resident and Nonresident Hunters and Anglers in North Dakota, , Season and Trends Agriculturl Economics Report No. 389 June 1998 Chrcteristics, Expenditures, nd Economic Impct of Resident nd Nonresident Hunters nd Anglers in North Dkot, 1996-97, Seson nd Trends Tin D. Lewis Jy A. Leitch

More information

Lesson 8: Application Technology

Lesson 8: Application Technology The type of ppliction equipment used must suit the type of ppliction. In this module, you ll lern the prts of the most common types of ppliction equipment used by ssistnt pplictors, s well s how to properly

More information

Contents TRIGONOMETRIC METHODS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Contents TRIGONOMETRIC METHODS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS ontents UNIT 7 TRIGONOMETRI METHODS Lesson 1 Trigonometric Functions................... 462 1 onnecting ngle Mesures nd Liner Mesures.............. 463 2 Mesuring Without Mesuring.........................

More information

Why? DF = 1_ EF = _ AC

Why? DF = 1_ EF = _ AC Similr Tringles Then You solved proportions. (Lesson 2-) Now 1Determine whether two tringles re similr. 2Find the unknown mesures of sides of two similr tringles. Why? Simon needs to mesure the height

More information

VB-7253 Series. Application. Features. Applicable Literature

VB-7253 Series. Application. Features. Applicable Literature VB-7253 Series 1/2 to 2 Screwed NPT Stinless Steel Trim with Teflon Disc Stem Up Open, Two-Wy Vlves Generl Instructions Appliction VB-7253 series single set, stem down to close, two wy vlves control wter

More information

OFFSHORE USE OF FLOATING SHEERLEGS

OFFSHORE USE OF FLOATING SHEERLEGS Proceedings of the ASME 211 3th Interntionl Conference on Ocen, Offshore nd Arctic Engineering OMAE211 June 19-24, 211, Rotterdm, The Netherlnds OMAE211-49394 OFFSHORE USE OF FLOATING SHEERLEGS Vincent

More information

PRESSURE LOSSES DUE TO THE LEAKAGE IN THE AIR DUCTS - A SAFETY PROBLEM FOR TUNNEL USERS?

PRESSURE LOSSES DUE TO THE LEAKAGE IN THE AIR DUCTS - A SAFETY PROBLEM FOR TUNNEL USERS? - 7 - PRESSURE LOSSES DUE TO THE LEAKAGE IN THE AIR DUCTS - A SAFETY PROBLEM FOR TUNNEL USERS? Pucher Krl, Grz Uniersity of Technology, Austri E-Mil: pucherk.drtech@gmx.t Pucher Robert, Uniersity of Applied

More information

Exploring Impacts of Countdown Timers on Queue Discharge Characteristics of Through Movement at Signalized Intersections

Exploring Impacts of Countdown Timers on Queue Discharge Characteristics of Through Movement at Signalized Intersections Avilble online t www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedi - Socil nd Behviorl Scienc es 96 ( 2013 ) 255 264 13th COTA Interntionl Conference of Trnsporttion Professionls (CICTP 2013) Exploring Impcts

More information

APPLICATION OF POLISH CALCIUM SORBENTS IN CARBONATE LOOPING

APPLICATION OF POLISH CALCIUM SORBENTS IN CARBONATE LOOPING Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process. 49(), 203, 20 www.minproc.pwr.wroc.pl/journl/ Physicochemicl Problems of Minerl Processing ISSN 643-049 (print) ISSN 2084-4735 (online) Received April 3, 202; reviewed;

More information

bark bark bat bat Multiple Meaning Words: Kindergarten to Grade 2 More Teaching Tools at harsh sound made by a dog

bark bark bat bat Multiple Meaning Words: Kindergarten to Grade 2 More Teaching Tools at  harsh sound made by a dog the brk the brk bt bt hrsh sound mde by dog Mx, stop brking! outside cover of the trunks, brnches, nd roots of woody plnts The brk of this tree is very rough. club of wood or metl used to hit the bll in

More information

Design and Calibration of Submerged Open Channel Flow Measurement Structures: Part 3 - Cutthroat Flumes

Design and Calibration of Submerged Open Channel Flow Measurement Structures: Part 3 - Cutthroat Flumes Uth Stte University DigitlCommons@USU Reports Uth Wter Reserch Lbortory Jnury 1967 Design nd Clibrtion of Submerged Open Chnnel Flow Mesurement Structures: Prt 3 - Cutthrot Flumes Gylord V. Skogerboe M.

More information

Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of life Science, PO-Box N-1432 Ås, Norway.

Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of life Science, PO-Box N-1432 Ås, Norway. Presenttion in session H11.5 * The ehviour of horses in different pddock sizes, with nd without exercise G.H.M. Jørgensen * & K.E. Bøe. Deprtment of Animl nd Aquculturl Sciences, Norwegin University of

More information

ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND MODEL

ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AND MODEL Proceedings of The Twelfth () Interntionl Offshore nd Polr Engineering Conference Kitkyushu, Jpn, My 31, Copyright by The Interntionl Society of Offshore nd Polr Engineers ISBN 1-53-5-3 (Set); ISSN 19-19

More information

Chance. PARAMOUNT LDS 1st & 3rd Ward

Chance. PARAMOUNT LDS 1st & 3rd Ward FRONTIER DISTRICT MERIT BADGE DA Y

More information

Skills Practice Skills Practice for Lesson 4.1

Skills Practice Skills Practice for Lesson 4.1 Skills Prctice Skills Prctice for Lesson.1 Nme Dte Interior nd Exterior Angles of Tringle Tringle Sum, Exterior Angle, nd Exterior Angle Inequlity Theorems Vocbulry Write the term tht best completes ech

More information

1. God 2. Family 3. Career

1. God 2. Family 3. Career Attributes for Success 1. Congenil, Likes People 2. Positive Outlook, Visionry 3. Cpble, Willing 4. Motivted, Committed 5. Sincere, Professionl 6. High Integrity 7. Fmily Oriented Benefits of n MK Creer...

More information

Multiple Meaning Words: Grade 3 to 5 More Teaching Tools at

Multiple Meaning Words: Grade 3 to 5 More Teaching Tools at pool pool pool pool smll re of still wter, typiclly one formed nturlly Pools of wter formed on the street fter the rin. smll, shllow ptch of liquid lying on surfce There s pool of oil under our cr. deep

More information

2018 Sponsorship Opportunities

2018 Sponsorship Opportunities Thursdy Sturdy, September 27 29, 2018 Henry B. Gonzlez Convention Center Hytt Regency Sn Antonio Sn Antonio, Texs 2018 Sponsorship Opportunities Secure Your Spce Tody! Event co-sponsored the Auto Glss

More information

PROTECTION FROM HAND-ARM TRANSMITTED VIBRATION USING ANTIVIBRATON GLOVES

PROTECTION FROM HAND-ARM TRANSMITTED VIBRATION USING ANTIVIBRATON GLOVES PROTECTION FROM HAND-ARM TRANSMITTED VIBRATION USING ANTIVIBRATON GLOVES VLADO GOGLIA IGOR ĐUKIĆ JOSIP ŢGELA Abstrct There re vrious wys of reducing the helth-hzrds of hnd-trnsmitted vibrtion. One of the

More information

PILOT PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION OF NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES PREPARED BY: WILMINGTON, MA ON UF PERMEATE

PILOT PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION OF NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES PREPARED BY: WILMINGTON, MA ON UF PERMEATE PILOT PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION OF NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES ON UF PERMEATE PREPARED BY: KOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS, INC. 850 MAIN STREET WILMINGTON, MA 01887 NANOPILT. D157 INTRODUCTION This progrm will outline

More information

Minnesota Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices

Minnesota Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Minnesot Mnul on Uniform Trffic Control Devices MN MUTCD Jnury 2014 MINNESOTA MANUAL ON UNIFORM TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES MN MUTCD Jnury 2014 Minnesot Deprtment of Trnsporttion Office of Trffic, Sfety,

More information

TECHNICAL BULLETINApril 2016

TECHNICAL BULLETINApril 2016 SYN-86 TECHNICAL BULLETINApril 216 Synovex One-Feedlot Implnts in Feedlot Steers: Phse IIIB Studies in Nersk nd Texs Zoetis Florhm Prk, NJ 7932 Summry Two Phse IIIB studies 1,2 were conducted in feedlot

More information

Grade 6. Mathematics. Student Booklet SPRING 2011 RELEASED ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS. Record your answers on the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet.

Grade 6. Mathematics. Student Booklet SPRING 2011 RELEASED ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS. Record your answers on the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet. Grde 6 Assessment of Reding, Writing nd Mthemtics, Junior Division Student Booklet Mthemtics SPRING 211 RELEASED ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Record your nswers on the Multiple-Choice Answer Sheet. Plese note:

More information

Syngenta Soybean Insecticide Screening Study Beaumont, TX 2017

Syngenta Soybean Insecticide Screening Study Beaumont, TX 2017 I II III IV N Syngent Soyben Insecticide Screening Study Beumont, TX 2017 PLOT PLAN 20 1 LG 32 4 BX 19 8 GX 31 5 O 18 3 B 30 2 LGX 17 6 OX 29 7 G 16 1 LG 28 2 LGX 15 7 G 27 8 GX 14 3 B 26 6 OX 13 5 O 25

More information

ANNUAL SPECIAL EVENTS SPONSORSHIP

ANNUAL SPECIAL EVENTS SPONSORSHIP 2018-19 ANNUAL SPECIAL EVENTS SPONSORSHIP BY THE NUMBERS $160,000 TOTAL RAISED FROM SPECIAL EVENTS 480 NORFOLK COLLEGIATE PARENTS 2,965 NORFOLK COLLEGIATE ALUMNI 4,802 FOLLOWERS ON SOCIAL MEDIA Sponsorship

More information

Intended Hydration Strategies and Knowledge of Exercise-Associated Hyponatraemia in Marathon Runners: A Questionnaire-Based Study

Intended Hydration Strategies and Knowledge of Exercise-Associated Hyponatraemia in Marathon Runners: A Questionnaire-Based Study Journl of Athletic Trining 2018;53(7):696 702 doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-125-17 Ó by the Ntionl Athletic Triners Assocition, Inc www.ntjournls.org Exertionl Het Illness Intended Hydrtion Strtegies nd Knowledge

More information

Report. Honolulu City Council. The Proposed Sale of City Housing Properties

Report. Honolulu City Council. The Proposed Sale of City Housing Properties Report t o m ~ t 4 rfl +r~ +kn L~J LI IC V 0 Honolulu City Council ~2c - C rn on The Proposed Sle of City Housing Properties Prepred By The Council Tsk Force to Review Utiliztion of All City Property (Tsk

More information

2018 Sponsorship Opportunities

2018 Sponsorship Opportunities Thursdy-Sturdy, September 27-29, 2018 Henry B. Gonzlez Convention Center L Quint Inn nd Suites Riverwlk Sn Antonio, Texs 2018 Sponsorship Opportunities Secure Your Spce Tody! Event sponsored nd orgnized

More information

How To Demonstrate Guide E24 & E26

How To Demonstrate Guide E24 & E26 Pre-Demonstrtion Checklist Clen the entire mchine Chrge tteries Check squeegee ldes Bring proper rushes nd/or pds Clening cost nlysis Prepre quottion with lese pyments E24 & E26 literture nd fct sheet

More information

Nick Willis Discipline: Middle distance running Specialist events: 800m and 1500m

Nick Willis Discipline: Middle distance running Specialist events: 800m and 1500m Olympic Eduction Discipline: Middle distnce running Specilist events: 800m nd 1500m ws born in Lower Hutt (ner Wellington) in 1983.Running tlent obviously runs in the Willis fmily, s Nick nd his brother

More information

1985 BFS CLINICS. BFS Clinic-Assembly in Kamloops, British Columbia. Westsyde High School. Bob Bridges is the Football Coach.

1985 BFS CLINICS. BFS Clinic-Assembly in Kamloops, British Columbia. Westsyde High School. Bob Bridges is the Football Coach. 1985 BFS CLINICS BFS Clinic-Assembly in Kmloops, British Columbi. Westsyde High School. Bob Bridges is the Footbll Coch. BFS Clinicin Rick Anderson detils BFS Nutrition Progrm t Lke Hvsu High School in

More information

Multiple Meaning Words: Kindergarten to Grade 2 More Teaching Tools at

Multiple Meaning Words: Kindergarten to Grade 2 More Teaching Tools at n prk n prk prk prk re of public lnd, s in city, tht is set side for rest nd enjoyment Let s got for wlk in the prk. re devoted specified purpose My prents compny is locted in business prk. field or stdium

More information

IGF Research Project N Safer High Heels

IGF Research Project N Safer High Heels IGF Reserch Project 17868 N Sfer High Heels Survivl of compnies in the fshion nd sesonlly dependent sectors such s the footwer industry depends upon their ility to implement the ltest trends. Shoe ottoms

More information

Fitness, obesity and risk of heat illness among army trainees

Fitness, obesity and risk of heat illness among army trainees Occuptionl Medicine Advnce Access published July 14, 2014 Occuptionl Medicine doi:10.1093/occmed/kqu062 Fitness, obesity nd risk of het illness mong rmy trinees S. A. Bedno 1, N. Urbn 2,3, M. R. Boivin

More information

1970 BRITISH COHORT STUDY: SURVEY

1970 BRITISH COHORT STUDY: SURVEY 1970 BRITISH COHORT STUDY: 2016-18 SURVEY Self-completion Questionnire HOW TO FILL IN THE QUESTIONNAIRE Plese complete the questionnire using blck or blue ink. The questionnire will be red by scnner, so

More information

* LANDING ROLLED CURB SIDEWALK RAMP TYPE R (ROLLED SIDES) * LANDING ** RAMP FULL CURB HEIGHT MAY BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE MAXIMUM SIDE FLARE SLOPE

* LANDING ROLLED CURB SIDEWALK RAMP TYPE R (ROLLED SIDES) * LANDING ** RAMP FULL CURB HEIGHT MAY BE REDUCED TO ACCOMMODATE MAXIMUM SIDE FLARE SLOPE * MXIMUM LNDING IS 2.0% IN ECH DIRECTION OF TRVEL. LNDING MINIMUM DIMENSIONS 5' x 5'. ** MXIMUM RMP CROSS IS 2.0%, RUNNING 5% - 7% (8.3% MXIMUM). "NON-WLKING" RE * LNDING 24" CROSS FULL WIDTH PERMNENT

More information

First Aid in School Policy

First Aid in School Policy First Aid in School Policy Approved y the Governing Body of West Monkton Church of Englnd Primry School: Reviewed y Governors nd Agreed: Septemer 2017 At West Monkton we im to e n inspirtionl community,

More information

Copyright 1983 by ASME NEGATIVE INCIDENCE FLOW OVER A TURBINE ROTOR BLADE

Copyright 1983 by ASME NEGATIVE INCIDENCE FLOW OVER A TURBINE ROTOR BLADE THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS 345 E. 47 St., New York, N.Y. 7 83-GT-23 ^+ The Society shll not be responsible for sttements or opinions dvnced in ppers or in G discussion t meetings of the

More information

Name Class Date SAMPLE. Complete the missing numbers in the sequences below. 753, ,982. The area of the shape is approximately cm 2

Name Class Date SAMPLE. Complete the missing numbers in the sequences below. 753, ,982. The area of the shape is approximately cm 2 End of term: TEST A You will need penil. Yer 5 Nme Clss Dte 1 2 Complete the missing numers in the sequenes elow. 200 3926 4926 400 500 700 7926 753,982 553,982 Estimte the re of the shpe elow. The re

More information

Ferskvannsavlusing small-scale tests: Short-term exposure tests to elucidate handling effects.

Ferskvannsavlusing small-scale tests: Short-term exposure tests to elucidate handling effects. Ferskvnnsvlusing smll-scle tests: Short-term exposure tests to elucidte hndling effects. The use of freshwter to control infesttions of the se louse Lepeophtheirus slmonis K on Atlntic slmon Slmo slr L.

More information

THERMOFLO FLUID PUMPS& SYSTEMS THERMOFLO FOR HEATING, COOLING AND WATER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS TO BS7074 SEALED SYSTEMS EXPANSION VESSELS PRESSURIZERS

THERMOFLO FLUID PUMPS& SYSTEMS THERMOFLO FOR HEATING, COOLING AND WATER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS TO BS7074 SEALED SYSTEMS EXPANSION VESSELS PRESSURIZERS THERMOFLO S E A L E D S Y S T E M S THERMOFLO SEALED SYSTEMS FOR HEATING, COOLING AND WATER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS TO BS7074 EXPANSION VESSELS PRESSURIZERS PUMPS& SYSTEMS WALL OR BASE MOUNTING PRESSURIZERS

More information

Reproduction. Not for. Mower - Roller Bar WARNING. Installation and Leveling Instructions. Attention Setup Personnel: Model: ,

Reproduction. Not for. Mower - Roller Bar WARNING. Installation and Leveling Instructions. Attention Setup Personnel: Model: , Mower - Roller Br Instlltion nd Leveling Instructions 4 Model: 9555, 9594 Attention Setup Personnel: 5 4 5 Model: 958, 9595 Model: 9559 Model: 959 The sfety wrnings provided in this guide nd in the trctor's

More information

Lateral Earth Pressure on Lagging in Soldier Pile Wall Systems

Lateral Earth Pressure on Lagging in Soldier Pile Wall Systems Lterl Erth Pressure on Lgging in Soldier Pile Wll Systems Howrd A. Perko, Ph.D, P.E., CTL Thompson, Fort Collins, CO, USA hperko@ctlthompson.com John J Boulden, SGM, Inc., Grnd Junction, CO johnb@sgm-inc.com

More information

The infection of tench (Tinca tinca) with Ligula intestinalis plerocercoids in Lake Beysehir (Turkey)

The infection of tench (Tinca tinca) with Ligula intestinalis plerocercoids in Lake Beysehir (Turkey) Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pthol., 23(5) 2003, 223 The infection of tench (Tinc tinc) with Ligul intestinlis plerocercoids in Lke Beysehir (Turkey) H. Yvuzcn Yıldız*, A. S. Korkmz nd Ö. Zencir Ankr University,

More information

Standard Weight (W s ) Equation and Length Categories for Shovelnose Sturgeon

Standard Weight (W s ) Equation and Length Categories for Shovelnose Sturgeon North Americn Journl of Fisheries Mngement 18:9 7, 18 Copyright by the Americn Fisheries Society 18 Stndrd Weight (W s ) Eqution nd Length Ctegories for Shovelnose Sturgeon MICHAEL C. QUIST,* CHRISTOPHER

More information

Small Game Hunter Lead Shot Communication Study. Executive Summary. A cooperative study conducted by:

Small Game Hunter Lead Shot Communication Study. Executive Summary. A cooperative study conducted by: 8 Smll Gme Hunter Led Shot Communiction Study Executive Summry A coopertive study conducted y: Minnesot Coopertive Fish nd Wildlife Reserch Unit Minnesot Deprtment of Nturl Resources 9 Smll Gme Hunter

More information

APPNA SPRING MEETING CHICAGO, ILLINOIS RETAIL BAZAAR REGISTRATION MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN MAGNIFICENT MILE 540 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE

APPNA SPRING MEETING CHICAGO, ILLINOIS RETAIL BAZAAR REGISTRATION MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN MAGNIFICENT MILE 540 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE 1 PPN SPRING MEETING 2018 CHICGO, ILLINOIS PRIL 26 29, 2018 MRRIOTT DOWNTOWN MGNIFICENT MILE 540 NORTH MICHIGN VENUE RETIL ZR REGISTRTION 2 COMPNY NME CONTCT NME DDRESS RETIL ZR REGISTRTION PREFERRED PHONE

More information

Study on Fish Migration through a Stone-Embedded Fish Passage Based on Preference

Study on Fish Migration through a Stone-Embedded Fish Passage Based on Preference Journl of Wter nd Environment Technology, Vol.13, No.1, 2015 Study on Fish Migrtion through Stone-Embedded Fish ssge Bsed on reference Rin FEBRINA 1) 2), Mshiko SEKINE 2), Hiroshi KANEMOTO 2), Koichi YAMAMOTO

More information

Garden City Community Park - Bike Terrain Park Consultation Process

Garden City Community Park - Bike Terrain Park Consultation Process To: From: City of Richmond Prks, Recretion nd Culturl Services Committee Mike Redpth, Senior Mnger, Prks Report to Committee To V~-- \Wht A 20 x>r3. \ Dte: My 13, 2013 File: 06-2345-20- MNOR1NoI01 Re:

More information

Firearm Safety. Links to Topics below XAVIER BECERRA THE SIX BASIC GUN SAFETY RULES. Attorney Genera] The. Six Basic Gun Safety Rules

Firearm Safety. Links to Topics below XAVIER BECERRA THE SIX BASIC GUN SAFETY RULES. Attorney Genera] The. Six Basic Gun Safety Rules firerm Sfety Stte of Cliforni - Deprtment of Justice - Office of the Attorney Generl Pge 1 of 14 Stte of Cliforni Deprtment of]ustice XAVIER BECERRA Attorney Gener] Serch Trnslte Website Trducir Sitio

More information

An Analysis of the Visual Demands Associated with Aviation Maintenance Inspectors. The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 2

An Analysis of the Visual Demands Associated with Aviation Maintenance Inspectors. The Ohio State University College of Optometry, Columbus, OH 2 An Anlysis of the Visul Demnds Associted with Avition Mintennce Inspectors Gregory W. Good 1, Json J. Nichols 1, Mnoj V. Subbrm 1, Vn B. Nkgwr 2, Ronld W. Montgomery 2 1 The Ohio Stte University College

More information

Listening & Speaking. Grade 1. Supports. instructi GRADE. Develops oral and receptive language. 15- to 20-minute daily activities

Listening & Speaking. Grade 1. Supports. instructi GRADE. Develops oral and receptive language. 15- to 20-minute daily activities Grde 1 to Stte Correlted Stndrds GRADE Develops orl nd receptive lnguge 1 EMC 2416 15- to 20-minute dily ctivities Listening & Home School Connection resources Supports t s r i F g n i Red ding E- bo ok

More information

Dorridge & District Residents Association A Walk From Dorridge to Blythe Valley Nature Reserve

Dorridge & District Residents Association A Walk From Dorridge to Blythe Valley Nature Reserve Dorridge & District Residents Assocition A Wlk From Dorridge to Bly Vlley Nture Reserve This is circulr wlk. It is wlk of round 5 miles from centre of Dorridge, though obviously, those nerer Four Ashes

More information

Bicycle wheel and swivel chair

Bicycle wheel and swivel chair Aim: To show conservtion of ngulr momentum. To clrify the vector chrcteristics of ngulr momentum. (In this demonstrtion especilly the direction of ngulr momentum is importnt.) Subjects: Digrm: 1Q40 (Conservtion

More information

EMBASSY SWIMMING POOL & FITNESS SUITE Fitness Programme June - September 2017

EMBASSY SWIMMING POOL & FITNESS SUITE Fitness Programme June - September 2017 EMBASSY POOL & FITNESS SUITE Fitness Progrmme June - September 2017 7m Sturdy dy dy sdy nesdy sdy dy 7m - using the benefits of wter resistnce for low impct crdio nd muscle toning workout tht cn suit wide

More information

Alterations of Ventilation to Perfusion Ratios Distribution

Alterations of Ventilation to Perfusion Ratios Distribution Journl of Clinicl Investigtion Vol. 44, No. 9, 1965 Altertions of Ventiltion to Perfusion Rtios Distribution Associted with Successive Clinicl Stges of Pulmonry Emphysem * CLAUDE LENFANT t AND WILLIAM

More information

A Universal Zombie RPG Add-On

A Universal Zombie RPG Add-On A Universl Zombie RPG Add-On Brk Blckburn Assuming you re plying gme tht uses dice for tsk resolution, the Zombie Die cn be semlessly integrted into your gme. Zombies! Thnks to George Romero, Zombies re

More information

Computación y Sistemas ISSN: Instituto Politécnico Nacional México

Computación y Sistemas ISSN: Instituto Politécnico Nacional México Computción y Sistems ISSN: 1405-5546 computcion-y-sistems@cic.ipn.mx Instituto Politécnico Ncionl México Btyrshin, Ildr Z.; Kubyshev, Nily; Solovyev, Vlery; Vill-Vrgs, Luis A. Visuliztion of Similrity

More information

Biomechanical Analysis of Pressure Redistribution

Biomechanical Analysis of Pressure Redistribution Biomechnicl Anlysis Redistribution Dul PegAssist Conur Bllet-Style Sports (neutrl shoe) Dul Chrcteristics Dul + Generl PegAssist + Conur All mpping results re bsed upon following prmeters: Test Person

More information

Skills Practice Skills Practice for Lesson 4.1

Skills Practice Skills Practice for Lesson 4.1 Skills Prctice Skills Prctice for Lesson.1 Nme Dte Interior nd Exterior Angles of Tringle Tringle Sum, Exterior Angle, nd Exterior Angle Inequlity Theorems Vocbulry Write the term tht best completes ech

More information

WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL OF COASTAL ERITREA: AN ANALYSIS OF SPARSE WIND DATA

WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL OF COASTAL ERITREA: AN ANALYSIS OF SPARSE WIND DATA Solr Energy Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 201 3, 1999 Pergmon P II: S0038 092X(99)00026 2 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved. Printed in Gret Britin 0038-092X/99/$ - see front mtter www.elsevier.com/

More information

Physics 20 Lesson 12 Relative Motion

Physics 20 Lesson 12 Relative Motion Physics 20 Lesson 12 Reltie Motion In Lessons 10 nd 11, we lerned how to dd rious dislcement ectors to one nother nd we lerned numer of methods nd techniques for ccomlishin these ector dditions. Now we

More information

Samba. Brief History. Characteristics and Technique. Timing

Samba. Brief History. Characteristics and Technique. Timing Smb Brief History Smb is dnce nd musicl genre originting in Brzil, with roots from Afric vi the West Africn slve trde nd Africn religious trditions, prticulrly Angol nd the Congo. Introduced in 97, the

More information

FOR OWNERS OF HORSE BUSINESSES

FOR OWNERS OF HORSE BUSINESSES W 371-B MANAGEMENT AND COST CONSIDERATIONS FOR OWNERS OF HORSE BUSINESSES Andrew P. Griffith, Assistnt Professor nd UT Extension Specilist Deprtment of Agriculturl nd Resource Economics BACKYARD VEGETABLES

More information

Supplement of Population-specific responses in physiological rates of Emiliania huxleyi to a broad CO 2 range

Supplement of Population-specific responses in physiological rates of Emiliania huxleyi to a broad CO 2 range Supplement of Biogeosciences, 15, 3691 371, 21 https://doi.org/1.519/bg-15-3691-21-supplement Author(s) 21. This work is distributed under the Cretive Commons Attribution. License. Supplement of Popultion-specific

More information

STOCK ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP Pandalus borealis (KRØYER 1838) IN SKJÁLFANDI BAY NORTHERN ICELAND

STOCK ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP Pandalus borealis (KRØYER 1838) IN SKJÁLFANDI BAY NORTHERN ICELAND P.O. Box 1390, Skulgt 4 120 Reykjvik, Icelnd Finl Project 2008 STOCK ASSESSMENT OF SHRIMP Pndlus borelis (KRØYER 1838) IN SKJÁLFANDI BAY NORTHERN ICELAND Josephus Choe Junior Mmie Ministry of Fisheries

More information

ANNEX 1 CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING SUMMARY TABLES

ANNEX 1 CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING SUMMARY TABLES ANNEX CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING SUMMARY TABLES ANNEX CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING SUMMARY TABLES NOTE: The codifiction of hzrd s is further explined in Annex 3 (Section ). The hzrd re intended to be

More information

1 Measurement. What you will learn. World s largest cylindrical aquarium. Australian Curriculum Measurement and Geometry Using units of measurement

1 Measurement. What you will learn. World s largest cylindrical aquarium. Australian Curriculum Measurement and Geometry Using units of measurement Austrlin Curriulum Mesurement nd Geometry Using units of mesurement hpter 1 Mesurement Wht you will lern 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Conversion of units Perimeter Cirumferene Are Are of irle Surfe

More information

Daytime Habitat Selection by Resident Golden Eagles in Southern Idaho, USA

Daytime Habitat Selection by Resident Golden Eagles in Southern Idaho, USA Dytime Hbitt Selection by Resident Golden Egles in Southern Idho, USA Environmentl & Sttisticl Consultnts Chd LeBeu 1-04-14 Ryn Nielson, Eric Hllingstd, nd Dve Young cwlebeu@west-inc.com Introduction Risk

More information

UNIFORM STANDARD DRAWINGS CLARK COUNTY AREA, NEVADA YEAR 2016 REVISIONS

UNIFORM STANDARD DRAWINGS CLARK COUNTY AREA, NEVADA YEAR 2016 REVISIONS , NEVD YER 2016 REVISIONS DWG NO. TITLE ND REVISIONS SUMMRY EFFECTIVE DTE 223.1 Residential Driveway without djacent Sidewalk 7/1/2016 New Drawing to allow flexibility in Roadway Design. 234.1 Typical

More information

Physics 20 Lesson 11 Relative Motion

Physics 20 Lesson 11 Relative Motion Physics 20 Lesson 11 Reltie Motion In Lessons 9 nd 10, we lerned how to dd rious dislcement ectors to one nother nd we lerned numer of methods nd techniques for ccomlishin these ector dditions. Now we

More information

Models for Predicting Average Bubble Diameter and Volumetric Bubble Flux in Deep Fluidized Beds

Models for Predicting Average Bubble Diameter and Volumetric Bubble Flux in Deep Fluidized Beds This is n open ccess rticle published under n ACS AuthorChoice License, which permits copying nd redistribution of the rticle or ny dpttions for non-commercil purposes. Cite This: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

More information

BASKETBALL SPEED AND AGILITY

BASKETBALL SPEED AND AGILITY SKETLL SPEED ND GILITY Off court Speed and gility Work: ox gility Drills: cone set up 5 yards apart, read and follow description Drill 1 : (1-2-3-4) Sprint around cones, make hard cuts Drill 2: 1-2 Sprint,

More information

Involuntary Resettlement Due Diligence Report. SRI: Integrated Road Investment Program Project 1

Involuntary Resettlement Due Diligence Report. SRI: Integrated Road Investment Program Project 1 Involuntry Resettlement Due Diligence Report My 2014 SRI: Integrted Rod Investment Progrm Project 1 Volume 1: Southern Province Rurl Rods Prepred by Rod Development Authority, Ministry of Highwys, Ports

More information

(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/ A1

(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/ A1 US 2003O183916A1 (19) United Sttes (12) Ptent Appliction Publiction (10) Pub. No.: US 2003/0183916A1 Heck et l. (43) Pub. Dte: Oct. 2, 2003 (54) PACKAGING (22) Filed: Mr. 27, 2002 MICROELECTROMECHANICAL

More information

Corrective actions identified

Corrective actions identified University of Otgo Lbortory helth nd sfety udit tool Deprtment: Loction Detils: DLM: Building: Room: Dte: Nme Of Auditor(s) Signture of Auditor(s) Lbortory Designtions: HSNO Exempt Rdionuclide Lbortory

More information

Chp. 3_4 Trigonometry.notebook. October 01, Warm Up. Pythagorean Triples. Verifying a Pythagorean Triple... Pythagorean Theorem

Chp. 3_4 Trigonometry.notebook. October 01, Warm Up. Pythagorean Triples. Verifying a Pythagorean Triple... Pythagorean Theorem Chp. 3_4 Trigonometry.noteook Wrm Up Determine the mesure of the vrile in ech of the following digrms: x + 2 x x 5 x + 3 Pythgoren Theorem - is fundmentl reltionship mongst the sides on RIGHT tringle.

More information

CHAPTER 4. Surface Root-zone Water Content and Bentgrass Water Stress. During Drydown for Selected Putting Green Construction.

CHAPTER 4. Surface Root-zone Water Content and Bentgrass Water Stress. During Drydown for Selected Putting Green Construction. CHAPTER 4 Surfce Root-zone Wter Content nd Bentgrss Wter Stress During Drydown for Selected Putting Green Construction Systems ABSTRACT Creeping entgrss, cool-seson grss used extensively in golf courses

More information

FREIGHT AND LOWER COMMODITY PRICES METAL BULLETIN INTERNATIONAL IRON ORE SYMPOSIUM

FREIGHT AND LOWER COMMODITY PRICES METAL BULLETIN INTERNATIONAL IRON ORE SYMPOSIUM FREIGHT AND LOWER COMMODITY PRICES METAL BULLETIN INTERNATIONAL IRON ORE SYMPOSIUM JUNE 215 PRESENTATION STRUCTURE current situation acutely depressed actual & expected earnings China slowdown more severe

More information

Comparison of Uniconazole Products on Greenhouse Crops

Comparison of Uniconazole Products on Greenhouse Crops A Report Sumitted to Fine Americs, Inc. Comprison of Uniconzole Products on Greenhouse Crops Spring 2006 Mtthew Blnchrd, Roerto Lopez, Mike Olrich, nd Erik Runkle Michign Stte University OBJECTIVE The

More information

August Forestry Commission Wales Public Funding of Ffynone and Cilgwyn Woodlands

August Forestry Commission Wales Public Funding of Ffynone and Cilgwyn Woodlands 357A2010 - Ffynone Woodlnds report - pv5:lyout 1 09/08/2010 14:12 Pge 1 August 2010 www.wo.gov.uk Forestry Commission Wles Pulic Funding of Ffynone nd Cilgwyn Woodlnds Forestry Commission Wles Pulic Funding

More information