Sails. Section 5. Nomenclature

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1 5 s 33 Section 5 s Boltrope. A rope sewn along the edge of a sail for reinforcement, to limit stretch, or to slide into a cove in the boom or mast to eliminate slides. Cove. A groove or slot built into the boom or after edge of a mast. 1 Today s sails are available in a wide variety of materials and configurations. This section discusses some of the basics of sail terminology, utilization, and design. Nomenclature 2 Learning names for sails and sailing procedures is important. The standard terms are widely recognized, and communications between skipper and crew become simpler when all hands use the same vocabulary. For example, each of the three corners and sides of a triangular sail has its own name, Figure 5 1. Batten Pockets Leech Clew Boom Foot Head Main Luff Tack Figure 5 1 Triangular s Truck Mast Head Leech Jib Luff Clew Foot Tack Roach. The part of a sail that extends beyond a straight line from the head to the clew. Self-tending. A sail that will change position by itself during a tack or jibe. 3 Most fore-and-aft mainsails have edges attached to the boom and the mast. The leading edge of the sail, the luff, is attached to the mast. The foot, or bottom edge, is attached to the boom. On some boats, the foot is attached to the boom only at the mast and at the outboard end (loose footed). 4 The third edge of a triangular mainsail is called the leech. The leech is the aft edge of the sail and is not attached directly to any of the spars. It might appear that the leech of the mainsail is simply the hypotenuse of a right triangle formed by the luff, foot, and leech. This is not the case on most boats since additional sail area is gained by adding cloth beyond the actual hypotenuse. This additional sail area is called the roach, Figure 5 2. The roach is supported by battens, which are wooden or fiberglass slats inserted in batten pockets extending from the roach into the body of the sail. s with full length battens, which extend from the leech Roach to the luff, have become popular in some cruising boat sail designs. The full length battens limit the flogging (shaking) of the sail when the sail is not filled and thus reduce wear and extend the life of the sail. They also force an airfoil shape into the sail. Figure 5 2 Roach

2 34 5 s 5 The three corners of the triangular mainsail are indicated in Figure 5 1. The tack is the corner at the intersection of the foot and the luff. The tack is attached to the gooseneck fitting (the fitting connecting the boom to the mast). The clew is the corner at the juncture of the foot and leech. The clew is attached to an outhaul fitting at the aft end of the boom. The outhaul controls tension on the foot of the sail. The third corner of the sail, at the intersection of the luff and the leech, is the head. A piece of rigid material, called a headboard, is attached to the head of the sail. The headboard provides a solid place for the attachment of the main halyard. The mainsail is attached to the halyard at the headboard, Figure 5 3. Luff Track Slide Mast Figure 5 4 Track Assembly Figure 5 3 Headboard of a Mainsail 6 The mainsail is attached to the mast and boom by various means. One method uses slides, which are fastened to the sail. The slides fit on tracks that are mounted on the aft side of the mast and the top of the boom, Figure 5 4. Mast 7 Many masts and booms have grooves called coves or slots. Ropes are stitched to the sails along the foot and luff. The roped edge of the sail (boltrope) is fed into the cove on the spar when attaching the sail, Figure 5 4. Alternatively, cylindrically-shaped plastic slugs stitched to the luff at intervals are fed into the cove. Coves are most common on boats with metal spars, although some slots are built into laminated wooden spars, Figure 5 5. Rope Cove 8 Other parts of the sail deserve mention. Grommets are metal rings used to reinforce the corners that will have stresses applied to them. When these grommets are installed in sails, the resulting reinforced holes are called cringles. Tack, clew, head, and reef cringles are examples. Grommets consist of two parts; one part is Figure 5 5 Roped in Mast or Boom Cove

3 5 s 35 Cringle Head Jibstay Luff Wire Spring Loaded Piston Hank Slugs Figure 5 6 Mainsail Reinforcement (tabling) pressed into the sail material and crimped over the mating part. Hand stitching of cringles is still practiced by some sailmakers. 9 The luff, leech, and foot of a sail are usually reinforced by the addition of extra layers of sail cloth, Figure 5 6. These layers are called tabling. Additional reinforcing layers are also added to each of the corners to strengthen and stabilize the sail in areas of stress. Modern sails are designed using computer techniques that add reinforcing fibers and material to limit stretch in highly stressed areas. 10 Dacron boltropes are sewn along the foot and luff of mainsails and covered with tape sewn to the sail. This strengthens the sail edges and limits stretching of the adjacent sail cloth. 11 Some mainsails are designed to be rolled up like a window shade on a rod inside the mast, just aft of the mast, or inside the boom for stowage while moored and for reefing while underway. Mast systems designed with this capability require that the sail be designed with only vertical battens, if any. Boom systems require that the sail have full length battens oriented parallel to the boom. These systems are particularly popular for shorthanded coastal cruising. Cringle Clew Reinforcing Patches or Tabling Figure 5 7 Jib Terminology Tack Cringle 12 The jib has part names similar to those of the mainsail, but it is not usually attached to any spars, Figure 5 7. Occasionally, on intermediate or larger boats, the jib has a small boom, called a club, to which its clew and tack are secured. A club-footed jib is self-tending during tacking. The jib is attached by its tack to the stemhead fitting at the base of the jibstay which extends from the bow to the upper part of the mast. The luff of the jib sometimes has wire rope in it that limits stretch. Seized to the leading edge of the sail are hanks that hold the jib to the jibstay (Figure 5 7). The jib halyard is connected to the head of the jib during rigging, and the sheets (sail adjustment lines) are connected to the clew cringle.

4 36 5 s 150% Genoa 130% Genoa LP 110% Genoa Tack Shackle Rigging Eye Terminal Halyard Shackle Head Shackle Feeder Entrance Aluminum Extrusion Foil Figure 5 8 Jib Profiles Working s 13 The basic sails for most boats are the working sails. These are a mainsail and working jib. The latter is limited approximately by the triangle formed by the mast, the forestay, and the deck. The working sails are most efficient when the wind is fairly brisk. When sailing downwind, a spinnaker (a large balloon-shaped sail set forward of the jibstay) can be used along with, or in place of, the jib. Genoas 14 Few boats carry more than one mainsail, but many carry larger jibs to improve boat performance when the wind is light. These larger jibs are called genoas, Figure 5 8. Genoas are categorized by comparing the LP measurement to the J measurement. The LP (luff perpendicular) is the perpendicular distance from the luff to the clew. J is the distance from the jibstay to the mast, measured at the deck. The LP/J measurement is expressed as a percent. A jib with an LP measurement that exceeds the J measurement by 50 percent is a 150 percent genoa. A working jib has an LP equal to its J and, therefore, just overlaps the mast. Genoas are also referred to as number one, number two, etc., where, for example, the number one is a 150 percent genoa, the number two is a 135 percent genoa, and subsequent numbers indicate progressively smaller sails. J Pivot Point Double Luff Groove Extrusion Drum Fork Fitting Figure 5 9 Jib Roller Furling/Reefing System 15 The largest genoas are designed for light winds and, accordingly, made of lighter-weight cloth than working jibs, Figure 5 8. Using a lightweight genoa too long in a building breeze may damage the sail since it can easily be permanently stretched by winds beyond its design limits. Jib Roller Furling/Reefing 16 Many cruising boats are equipped with jib roller furling. These rigs permit the jib to be rolled up around its luff. On earlier systems, the jib was rolled up around a wire luff rope. More recently, sails designed for roller furling have a small-diameter taped boltrope rather than hanks on the luff of the jib. The boltrope slides into a cove in an aluminum tube-like structure much like the cove on a mast or boom (often called a foil) housing the jibstay. The jib is rolled up when not in use, Figures 5 9 and A drum is fitted to the tube at deck level so that the tube can be rotated by a control line led back to the cockpit. Jib roller furling eliminates the need to remove and stow the jib after sailing. Also, if the wind increases, sail area can be reduced quickly and easily by rolling up the jib partly or fully. Although sailmakers are designing

5 5 s 37 Spinnaker Figure 5 10 Roller Furling sails to be used while partly furled, partly furled sails are less efficient than properly sized unfurled sails. Spinnakers 17 On a fore-and-aft rig, the only sail that differs markedly from the jib and mainsail is the spinnaker. The spinnaker, sometimes called a chute or a kite, is a light sail used for sailing off the wind, Figure It has a cringle at each corner. A halyard is attached to the head cringle. Until the sail is hoisted, its two edges are both called leeches, and its two remaining corners are both called clews. The bottom of the sail is called the foot. A line is tied to each of the clews, and a pole is attached to the line near the clew on the weather side of the boat (called the tack once the sail is hoisted). The other end of the pole is attached to a fitting on the mast. The pole keeps the spinnaker away from the boat and out in the wind. Spinnaker use and terminology is covered in greater detail in Section Spinnaker-like sails with various names like cruising spinnaker, asymmetric spinnaker, Flasher, and Genniker have come into use. The tacks of these sails are connected to the jib tack fitting or the end of a bowsprit by a pendant, or short rope and do not require Figure 5 11 Spinnaker a spinnaker pole. Some new boats are designed with retractable bowsprits for use with asymmetric spinnakers. With this design, spinnaker poles are not required. Storm s 19 The stronger the wind, the smaller and heavier the sails should be. Most daysailers carry only a mainsail, a working jib, and, sometimes, a spinnaker. When the wind begins to blow hard, skippers of these boats have few choices but to reduce sail and make for the nearest shelter. As boats get larger, however, the sail inventory increases to provide appropriate sails for a wider range of conditions. Storm sails are needed on larger ocean going boats that will spend relatively long periods out of range of shelter, Figure 5 12.

6 38 5 s Storm Trysail Figure 5 12 Storm Trysail and Storm Jib Storm Jib 20 A storm trysail is a heavy, triangular sail that is longer on the foot than on the luff. It is made of heavy Dacron and has rope sewn into all of its edges. The trysail is used in place of a mainsail in very heavy going. It is best hoisted on its own track on the mast located beside the mainsail track. The mainsail, under these conditions, should be tightly furled on its boom. The boom should be secured using the topping lift which supports the boom, and the mainsheet. The trysail is loose footed and has a single sheet led at the proper angle to a strong, suitably-backed, through-bolted pad eyes or eye straps on the deck. 21 A storm jib is also a small sail constructed of heavy Dacron. It replaces the working jib during storm conditions. The storm jib has a tack pendant: a long wire tail is attached at one end to the tack of the storm jib with an eye at the other end for attachment to the stemhead fitting. The long pendant positions the sail up out of the solid water that often crosses the foredeck during heavy weather. Storm jibs are sheeted like other jibs. 22 Be familiar with these heavy weather sails before their use becomes necessary. Practice hoisting and trimming these sails on days that are brisk but fair. Material and Weight 23 Most mainsails and jibs are made of Dacron : a strong, mildew-, rot-, and stretch- resistant synthetic fabric. High-tech materials such as Kevlar, Mylar laminates, Spectra, and Technora which, compared to Dacron, offer improved strength and stretch resistance, are coming into use, especially on racing boats. All cost more than Dacron, and most have substantially increased strength. Typically, the threads in sail cloth are partially welded together by heat treating during the manufacturing process. This increases the strength of the cloth, sealing the threads in place and filling voids. Long term exposure to direct sunlight is a concern for Dacron. The ultraviolet radiation in sunlight damages Dacron. Airborne pollutants have also been known to have caused serious damage to synthetic sails. For these reasons, sails should be shielded from the sun and environment when not in use. Mainsails left furled on the boom should be protected with a sail cover. Roller furling jibs should have an ultraviolet-proof sun shielding panel covering the leech and foot area of the sail that would remain exposed to the sun when the sail is fully furled. 24 Spinnakers are made of very light, rip-stop nylon cloth. While nylon stretches readily, it also returns to its original shape when the load is removed, if the load isn t too great. Its light weight is beneficial in light winds when there is little wind force to keep the sail filled and heavy sails will not fill. In gusts, its stretch capability acts as a shock absorber to reduce loads. Maintenance of an exact sail shape is not critical when sailing directly downwind. Spinnaker cloth typically weighs 3/4 of an ounce per sailmaker s yard and many light-air running spinnakers are made from 1/2 ounce material. Cut 25 making continues to be both an art and a science. Increasingly, computer-aided technology is replacing intuition in laying out two dimensional sail cloth that, in use, must become a highly efficient three dimensional airfoil. Improved quality control of materials combined with computer-aided design and manufacturing have greatly increased the ease of replication of good design. Modern techniques yield good sails (Figure 5 13).

7 5 s 39 High Aspect Ratio Low Aspect Ratio Radial Mitre Mitre Older Genoa Horizontal Modern Genoa Multiradial for roller reefing Genoa for roller reefing Racing design Radial Head Triradial Starcut Figure 5 13 Designs 26 cut refers to the manner in which the sailmaker puts together the widths of sail cloth used to construct the sail. In most circumstances the mainsails of daysailers and small cruisers are cross-cut. Figure 5 14 shows a modern, full-length-battened, cross-cut mainsail with reinforced high-stress areas shaded. Cross-cut means that individual panels (widths) of the sail are arranged perpendicular to the leech. The sheeting tension is imposed across the seams and along the thread line of the fabric, thereby reducing stretch. 27 Figure 5 15 shows a cruising-genoa design. The sail is designed to use Spectra cloth. The panels are cut in wedges with the seams oriented in the directions of maximum loads, which radiate out from the clew and head of the sail. Heavier, ultraviolet-resistant panels are added to the leech and foot of the sail to protect it from sun damage when the sail is fully furled. This is a good example of a radial-cut sail.

8 40 5 s Radial Head Battens Lighter Material in Luff Area Only One Loaded Seam Heavier Material Used on Leech and Foot Figure 5 14 Full Battened Cross-cut Mainsail 28 Spinnakers can be cut in a number of different ways for different purposes. The spinnakers generally found on daysailers and small cruisers are intended for downwind use so they are cut very full. However, spinnakers can be cut a lot flatter to allow their use on close reaches. Summary 29 The leading edge of a fore and aft sail is the luff; the bottom is the foot, and the trailing edge is the leech. Top, forward lower, and aft corners of the sail are the head, tack, and clew, respectively. The excess material along the aft side of the mainsail is the roach. Mainsails are attached to spars by slides on a track or a boltrope or slugs which fit into a cove. Jibs are hanked on to a headstay or, for roller furling jibs, a boltrope slides into a cove in a tube around the headstay. Dacron is the principal material used for making jibs and mainsails; nylon for making spinnakers. Computer-aided technology has benefited sail making. UV-Resistant Panels Built into Eliminating the Need for a Cover Figure 5 15 Cruising Genoa Radial Clew USA weight - ozs. per yard The weight in ounces calculated on 1 yard (36 inches) of cloth x 28 1/2 inches wide. Metric weight - grams per square meter The weight in grams calculated on 1 meter (39.4 inches) of cloth x 1 meter (39.4 inches) wide. Conversion factors USA wt x 43.0 = wt in g/m2 Grams divided by 43 = USA ozs. Meters to feet x Feet to meters x

9 5 s 41 Homework: Section 5: s Name 1. The additional sail area on the aft part of a triangular mainsail that extends beyond a line drawn from the head to the clew is called the: a) luff. b) tack. c) roach. d) leech. 2. The three sides of a triangular sail are called: a) clew, luff, and foot. b) tack, head, and luff. c) luff, foot, and leech. d) tack, foot, and leech. 3. The three corners of a triangular sail are called: a) foot, tack, and luff. b) clew, tack, and foot. c) tack, head, and clew. d) head, leech, and clew. 4. The halyard is attached to the: a) head. b) tack. c) clew. d) foot. 5. The storm trysail is usually: a) set in the foretriangle. b) attached to a club boom. c) attached to the mast and sheeted to the boom. d) attached to the mast and sheeted to a strong point on the deck. 6. The outhaul is used to: a) raise the centerboard. b) tension the foot of the mainsail. c) assist in tightening the jib sheet. d) assist in lifting the boat out of the water. 7. A cringle is: a) a taped seam on a sail. b) the tackle used to tension the luff of the sail. c) the noise made when loose halyards flap in the wind. d) a reinforced grommeted hole in the corner or tabling of a sail.

10 42 5 s 8. Tabling is: a) similar to cringles. b) usually made of nylon. c) delaying action until later. d) sewn to a sail for reinforcement. 9. Genoa jibs are: a) a type of spinnaker. b) larger than working jibs. c) commonly used only in heavy air. d) usually made of extra-heavy Dacron. 10. Spinnakers: a) can be reefed in heavy air. b) are used for sailing off the wind. c) improve upwind pointing ability. d) are made from high quality heavy Dacron. 11. Mainsails and jibs are usually made of Dacron because it: a) is very lightweight. b) resists ultraviolet radiation. c) is stretch resistant and economical. d) is the strongest material available for making sails. 12. A cross-cut sail has panels: a) cut with a special tool. b) oriented perpendicular to the luff. c) running perpendicular to the leech. d) set crosswise to the foot and parallel to the luff. 13. s should be covered when not in use to: a) prevent mildew and rot. b) keep the batten pockets dry. c) reduce exposure to ultraviolet rays. d) reduce environmental stretching of the panels.

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