Fontes Renováveis Não-Convencionais. Parte II

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Fontes Renováveis Não-Convencionais. Parte II"

Transcription

1 Fontes Renováveis Não-Convencionais Parte II Prof. Antonio Simões Costa Prof. Tom Overbye, U. of Illinois

2 Power in the Wind Consider the kinetic energy of a packet of air with mass m moving at velocity v 1 KE mv Divide by time and get power 1 m passing though A Power through area A v t The mass flow rate is (r is air density) m passing though A m= = ra v t 1

3 Power in the Wind Combining previous equations, 1 Power through area A ra vv 1 3 PW ra v (6.4) Power in the wind P W (Watts) = power in the wind ρ (kg/m 3 )= air density (1.5kg/m 3 at 15 C and 1 atm) A (m )= the cross-sectional area that wind passes through v (m/s)= wind speed normal to A (1 m/s =.37 mph)

4 Power in the Wind (for reference solar is about 600 w/m^ in summer) Power increases with the cube of wind speed Doubling the wind speed increases the power by eight Energy in 1 hour of 0 mph winds is the same as energy in 8 hours of 10 mph winds Nonlinear, so we cannot use average wind speed 3

5 Power in the Wind 1 3 PW ra v Power in the wind is also proportional to A For a conventional HAWT, A = (π/4)d, so wind power is proportional to the blade diameter squared Cost is somewhat proportional to blade diameter This explains why larger wind turbines are more cost effective (plus, as we shall see, because they are higher, the winds are stronger) 4

6 Example: Energy in 1 m of Wind 1 3 Energy ra v t 100 hours of 6 m/s winds 1 3 Energy 1.5 kg/m (1m ) 6 m/s h=13,30 Wh 50 hours of 3 m/s winds and 50 hours of 9 m/s winds - *the average wind speed is 6 m/s 1 3 Energy (3 m/s) 1.5 kg/m (1m ) 3 m/s 3 50 h=87 Wh 1 3 Energy (9 m/s) 1.5 kg/m (1m ) 9 m/s 3 50 h=,36 Wh Don t use average wind total = 3,15 Wh speed! 5

7 Air Density for Different Temperatures and Pressures r P M.W. 10 RT 3 P = absolute pressure (atm) M.W. = molecular weight of air (g/mol) = 8.97 g/mol T = absolute temperature (K) R = ideal gas constant = m3 atm K-1 mol-1 Air density is greater at lower temperatures For example, in comparing 90º F (305 K) to 10º F 65.3 K), ratio is about

8 Air Density Altitude Correction dp P( z dz) P( z) grdz dp dz rg We get a differential equation in terms of pressure: dp P dz H P1 atm e where H is in meters 7

9 Air Density Temperature and Altitude Impacts Variation in density with respect to temperature and altitude is given by r 353.1exp( z/ T) T kg/m 3 where T is in kelvins (K) and z is in meters above sea level With z=0, T= then ρ = 1.5kg/m 3 With z=00, T= , then ρ = 1.5kg/m (about 91% of sea level, 15 degree C value) 8

10 Impact of Elevation and Earth s Roughness on Windspeed Since power increases with the cube of wind speed, we can expect a significant economic impact from even a moderate increase in wind speed There is a lot of friction in the first few hundred meters above ground smooth surfaces (like water) are better Wind speeds are greater at higher elevations tall towers are better Forests and buildings slow the wind down a lot 9

11 Characterization of Elevation and Earth s Roughness on Wind Speed v v H H 0 0 α = friction coefficient given in Table 6.3 v = wind speed at height H v 0 = wind speed at height H 0 (H 0 is usually 10 m) Typical value of α in open terrain is 1/7 For a large city, α = 0.4; for small town, α = 0.3, for high crops,, α = 0., for calm water or hard ground, α =

12 Friction coefficient 0

13 Impact of Elevation and Earth s Roughness on Wind speed Alternative formulation (used in Europe) v ln( / ) H l v ln( H / l) 0 0 l is the roughness length given in Table 7. Note that both equations are just approximations of the variation in wind speed due to elevation and roughness the best thing is to have actual measurements 11

14 Roughness length 0

15 Impact of Elevation and Earth s Roughness on Power in the Wind Combining earlier equations we get 3 3 P v H = P0 v0 H0 The other constants in the power in the wind equation are the same, so they just cancel: P P 0 1 r 1 r Av Av

16 Impact of Elevation and Earth s Roughness on Windspeed Figure 7.16 For a small town, windspeed at 100 m is twice that at 10 m Areas with smoother surfaces have less variation with height 13

17 Example Rotor Stress Wind turbine with hub at 50-m and a 30-m diameter rotor, α = 0. Find the ratio of power in the wind at highest point to lowest point 50 m 65 m P P = m Power in the wind at the top of the blades is 45% higher! Picture may not be to scale 14

18 Maximum Rotor Efficiency Two extreme cases, and neither makes sense- Downwind velocity is zero turbine extracted all of the power Downwind velocity is the same as the upwind velocity turbine extracted no power Albert Betz There must be some ideal slowing of the wind so that the turbine extracts the maximum power 15

19 Maximum Rotor Efficiency Constraint on the ability of a wind turbine to convert kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power Think about wind passing though a turbine- it slows down and the pressure is reduced so it expands Figure

20 Power Extracted by The Blades 1 P b m v v d (7.1) ṁ = mass flow rate of air within stream tube v = upwind undisturbed wind speed v d = downwind wind speed From the difference in kinetic energy between upwind and downwind air flows 17

21 Determining Mass Flow Rate Easiest to determine at the plane of the rotor because we know the cross sectional area A Then, the mass flow rate is m r Av b (7.) Assume the velocity through the rotor v b is the average of upwind velocity v and downwind velocity v d v b v vd = m v v r A d 18

22 Power Extracted by the Blades Then 1 v vd Pb r A v v Define d (7.3) v d v, will be less than 1.0 (7.4) Then substituting for v d to get the power extracted 1 v v P b ra v v (7.5) 19

23 Power Extracted by the Blades 1 v v P b ra v v Pb v v = v - v + v v v - v 3 v = v = r Av P W = Power in the wind C P = Rotor efficiency 0

24 Maximum Rotor Efficiency Find the wind speed ratio λ that maximizes the rotor efficiency, C P From the previous slide C P 1 1 = Set the derivative of rotor efficiency to zero and solve for λ: C P C P C P = =3 1 0 = maximizes rotor efficiency 1

25 Maximum Rotor Efficiency Plug the optimal value for λ back into C P to find the maximum rotor efficiency: C P = 59.3% (7.9) The maximum efficiency of 59.3% occurs when air is slowed to 1/3 of its upstream rate Called the Betz efficiency or Betz law

26 Maximum Rotor Efficiency Rotor efficiency C P vs. wind speed ratio λ 3

27 Tip-Speed Ratio (TSR) Efficiency is a function of how fast the rotor turns Tip-Speed Ratio (TSR) is the speed of the outer tip of the blade divided by wind speed Rotor tip speed rpm D Tip-Speed-Ratio (TSR) = (7.30) Wind speed 60v D = rotor diameter (m) v = upwind undisturbed wind speed (m/s) rpm = rotor speed, (revolutions/min) One meter per second =.4 miles per hour 4

28 Tip-Speed Ratio (TSR) TSR for various rotor types If blade turns too slow then wind passes through without hitting blade; too fast results in turbulence Rotors with fewer blades reach their maximum efficiency at higher tip-speed ratios Figure 7.18 A higher TSR is needed when there are fewer blades 1

29 Example 40-m wind turbine, three-blades, 600 kw, wind speed is 14 m/s, air density is 1.5 kg/m 3 a. Find the rpm of the rotor if it operates at a TSR of 4.0 b. Find the tip speed of the rotor c. What gear ratio is needed to match the rotor speed to the generator speed if the generator must turn at 1800 rpm? d. What is the efficiency of the wind turbine under these conditions?

30 Example a. Find the rpm of the rotor if it operates at a TSR of 4.0 Rewriting (7.30), Tip-Speed-Ratio (TSR) 60v rpm D 4.060sec/min 14m/s rpm = 6.7 rev/min 40m/rev We can also express this as seconds per revolution: 6.7 rev/min rpm = rev/sec or.4 sec/rev 60 sec/min 3

31 Example b. Tip speed From (7.30): rpm D Rotor tip speed= 60 sec/min Rotor tip speed = (rev/sec) D Rotor tip speed = rev/sec 40 m/rev = 55.9 m/s c. Gear Ratio Generator rpm 1800 Gear Ratio = = = 67.4 Rotor rpm 6.7 4

32 Example d. Efficiency of the complete wind turbine (blades, gear box, generator) under these conditions From (7.7): PW A v = kw 4 Overall efficiency: 600 kw 8.4% 11 kw 5

Energy Output. Outline. Characterizing Wind Variability. Characterizing Wind Variability 3/7/2015. for Wind Power Management

Energy Output. Outline. Characterizing Wind Variability. Characterizing Wind Variability 3/7/2015. for Wind Power Management Energy Output for Wind Power Management Spring 215 Variability in wind Distribution plotting Mean power of the wind Betz' law Power density Power curves The power coefficient Calculator guide The power

More information

Wind Regimes 1. 1 Wind Regimes

Wind Regimes 1. 1 Wind Regimes Wind Regimes 1 1 Wind Regimes The proper design of a wind turbine for a site requires an accurate characterization of the wind at the site where it will operate. This requires an understanding of the sources

More information

Farm Energy IQ. Farms Today Securing Our Energy Future. Wind Energy on Farms

Farm Energy IQ. Farms Today Securing Our Energy Future. Wind Energy on Farms Farm Energy IQ Farms Today Securing Our Energy Future Wind Energy on Farms Farm Energy IQ Wind Energy on Farms Ed Johnstonbaugh, Penn State Extension Objectives of this Module At the conclusion of this

More information

CACTUS MOON EDUCATION, LLC

CACTUS MOON EDUCATION, LLC CACTUS MOON EDUCATION, LLC ENERGY FROM THE WIND WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES EDUCATION MODULE www.cactusmooneducation.com TEACHER S NOTES (wnd01tn) _ Cactus Moon Education, LLC. ENERGY FROM THE WIND WIND ENERGY

More information

Wind Turbines. Figure 1. Wind farm (by BC Hydro)

Wind Turbines. Figure 1. Wind farm (by BC Hydro) Wind Turbines Figure 1. Wind farm (by BC Hydro) Purpose Observe the operation of a wind turbine at different wind speeds Contextualize the size of an industrial wind turbine Introduction and Theory Humans

More information

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HAWT BLADES

COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HAWT BLADES 5 th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS 09), May 13-15, 2009, Karabuk, Turkey COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HAWT BLADES Emrah KULUNK a, * and Nadir YILMAZ b a, * New

More information

AN ISOLATED SMALL WIND TURBINE EMULATOR

AN ISOLATED SMALL WIND TURBINE EMULATOR AN ISOLATED SMALL WIND TURBINE EMULATOR Md. Arifujjaman Graduate Student Seminar: Master of Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John s, NL, Canada

More information

Wind Resource Assessment for FALSE PASS, ALASKA Site # 2399 Date last modified: 7/20/2005 Prepared by: Mia Devine

Wind Resource Assessment for FALSE PASS, ALASKA Site # 2399 Date last modified: 7/20/2005 Prepared by: Mia Devine 813 W. Northern Lights Blvd. Anchorage, AK 99503 Phone: 907-269-3000 Fax: 907-269-3044 www.aidea.org/wind.htm Wind Resource Assessment for FALSE PASS, ALASKA Site # 2399 Date last modified: 7/20/2005 Prepared

More information

How Does A Wind Turbine's Energy Production Differ from Its Power Production? 1

How Does A Wind Turbine's Energy Production Differ from Its Power Production? 1 Siting Wind Power: Wind Power Curves & Community Considerations (Teacher Notes) (Assessing the Feasibility of Wind Power for Pennsylvania) Notes on Part 1 A Beaufort scale is included on the next page

More information

EE 364B: Wind Farm Layout Optimization via Sequential Convex Programming

EE 364B: Wind Farm Layout Optimization via Sequential Convex Programming EE 364B: Wind Farm Layout Optimization via Sequential Convex Programming Jinkyoo Park 1 Introduction In a wind farm, the wakes formed by upstream wind turbines decrease the power outputs of downstream

More information

Wind Energy Resource and Technologies

Wind Energy Resource and Technologies Wind Energy Resource and Technologies Dr. Ram Chandra DBT s Energy Bioscience Overseas Fellow Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016

More information

WIND SHEAR, ROUGHNESS CLASSES AND TURBINE ENERGY PRODUCTION

WIND SHEAR, ROUGHNESS CLASSES AND TURBINE ENERGY PRODUCTION WIND SHEAR, ROUGHNESS CLASSES AND TURBINE ENERGY PRODUCTION M. Ragheb /18/17 INTRODUCTION At a height of about 1 kilometer the wind is barely affected by the surface of the Earth. In the lower atmospheric

More information

Wind Project Siting and Permitting Blaine Loos

Wind Project Siting and Permitting Blaine Loos Wind Project Siting and Permitting Blaine Loos Energy Project Analyst Center for Wind Energy at James Madison University Wind Project Siting and Permitting The Energy in Wind Resource Assessment (Macro-siting)

More information

Exercise 3. Power Versus Wind Speed EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Air density DISCUSSION

Exercise 3. Power Versus Wind Speed EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Air density DISCUSSION Exercise 3 Power Versus Wind Speed EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will know how to calculate the power contained in the wind, and how wind power varies with wind speed. You

More information

Wind Power Systems. Energy Systems Research Laboratory, FIU

Wind Power Systems. Energy Systems Research Laboratory, FIU Wind Power Systems Historical Development of Wind Power In the US - first wind-electric systems built in the late 1890 s By 1930s and 1940s, hundreds of thousands were in use in rural areas not yet served

More information

Wind and Wave Power. By: Jon Riddle, Phillip Timmons, Joe Hanson, Chris Lee-Foss and Xavier Schauls

Wind and Wave Power. By: Jon Riddle, Phillip Timmons, Joe Hanson, Chris Lee-Foss and Xavier Schauls Wind and Wave Power By: Jon Riddle, Phillip Timmons, Joe Hanson, Chris Lee-Foss and Xavier Schauls Equation for power of a wave The equation for the power of a wave is equal to the density of the liquid

More information

kpa := 1000 Pa p atm := 101 kpa := i is inside o is outside effects are small. R gas := M gas 1000 mol

kpa := 1000 Pa p atm := 101 kpa := i is inside o is outside effects are small. R gas := M gas 1000 mol Homework Problem 1 Tall buildings can develop a significant difference in pressure between the inside and the outside of the build lock entrances are used at the ground level so the pressure at the ground

More information

Session 2: Wind power spatial planning techniques

Session 2: Wind power spatial planning techniques Session 2: Wind power spatial planning techniques IRENA Global Atlas Spatial planning techniques 2-day seminar Central questions we want to answer After having identified those areas which are potentially

More information

Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center. Wind Energy

Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center. Wind Energy Wind Energy References Chapter 15 - Text Book Wind Energy, Explained by J.F. Manwell, J.G. McGowan and A.L. Rogers, John Wiley, 2002. Wind Energy Hand Book, T. Burton, D. Sharpe, N. Jenkins and E. Bossanyi,

More information

III. Wind Energy CHE 443 III. Wind Energy

III. Wind Energy CHE 443 III. Wind Energy WIND ENERGY Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air moving from one place to another in the form of wind. Wind is created as the results of uneven heating of the earth by the sun: Warm air rises leaving

More information

Small Scale Wind Technologies Part 2. Centre for Renewable Energy at Dundalk IT CREDIT

Small Scale Wind Technologies Part 2. Centre for Renewable Energy at Dundalk IT CREDIT Small Scale Wind Technologies Part 2 Centre for Renewable Energy at Dundalk IT CREDIT 1 Part 2 Small and large scale wind turbine technologies 2 Overview of small scale grid connected system Wind Turbine

More information

RESOURCE DECREASE BY LARGE SCALE WIND FARMING

RESOURCE DECREASE BY LARGE SCALE WIND FARMING ECN-RX--4-14 RESOURCE DECREASE BY LARGE SCALE WIND FARMING G.P. Corten A.J. Brand This paper has been presented at the European Wind Energy Conference, London, -5 November, 4 NOVEMBER 4 Resource Decrease

More information

Session 2a: Wind power spatial planning techniques. IRENA Global Atlas Spatial planning techniques 2-day seminar

Session 2a: Wind power spatial planning techniques. IRENA Global Atlas Spatial planning techniques 2-day seminar Session 2a: Wind power spatial planning techniques IRENA Global Atlas Spatial planning techniques 2-day seminar Central questions we want to answer After having identified those areas which are potentially

More information

Windmills using aerodynamic drag as propelling force; a hopeless concept. ing. A. Kragten. April 2009 KD 416

Windmills using aerodynamic drag as propelling force; a hopeless concept. ing. A. Kragten. April 2009 KD 416 Windmills using aerodynamic drag as propelling force; a hopeless concept It is allowed to copy this report for private use. ing. A. Kragten April 2009 KD 416 Engineering office Kragten Design Populierenlaan

More information

Modulation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Modulation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Modulation of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Apurwa Gokhale 1, Nehali Gosavi 2, Gurpreet Chhabda 3, Vikrant Ghadge 4, Dr. A.P.Kulkarni 5 1,2,3,4 Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune. 5 Professor,

More information

Introduction to Wind Energy Systems

Introduction to Wind Energy Systems Introduction to Wind Energy Systems Hermann-Josef Wagner Institute for Energy Systems and Energy Economy Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany lee@lee.rub.de Summer School of Physical Societies, Varenna 01.08.2012

More information

1. The principle of fluid pressure that is used in hydraulic brakes or lifts is that:

1. The principle of fluid pressure that is used in hydraulic brakes or lifts is that: University Physics (Prof. David Flory) Chapt_15 Thursday, November 15, 2007 Page 1 Name: Date: 1. The principle of fluid pressure that is used in hydraulic brakes or lifts is that: A) pressure is the same

More information

Evaluation of aerodynamic criteria in the design of a small wind turbine with the lifting line model

Evaluation of aerodynamic criteria in the design of a small wind turbine with the lifting line model Evaluation of aerodynamic criteria in the design of a small wind turbine with the lifting line model Nicolas BRUMIOUL Abstract This thesis deals with the optimization of the aerodynamic design of a small

More information

Aerodynamic Analyses of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine By Different Blade Airfoil Using Computer Program

Aerodynamic Analyses of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine By Different Blade Airfoil Using Computer Program ISSN : 2250-3021 Aerodynamic Analyses of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine By Different Blade Airfoil Using Computer Program ARVIND SINGH RATHORE 1, SIRAJ AHMED 2 1 (Department of Mechanical Engineering Maulana

More information

Computational studies on small wind turbine performance characteristics

Computational studies on small wind turbine performance characteristics Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Computational studies on small wind turbine performance characteristics To cite this article: N Karthikeyan and T Suthakar 2016 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

More information

Blade Design and Performance Analysis of Wind Turbine

Blade Design and Performance Analysis of Wind Turbine International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN( USA): IJCRGG ISSN : 0974-4290 Vol.5, No.2, pp 1054-1061, April-June 2013 ICGSEE-2013[14 th 16 th March 2013] International Conference on Global Scenario

More information

Chapter 12. Properties of Gases

Chapter 12. Properties of Gases Properties of Gases Each state of matter has its own properties. Gases have unique properties because the distance between the particles of a gas is much greater than the distance between the particles

More information

Chapter 12. The Gaseous State of Matter

Chapter 12. The Gaseous State of Matter Chapter 12 The Gaseous State of Matter The air in a hot air balloon expands When it is heated. Some of the air escapes from the top of the balloon, lowering the air density inside the balloon, making the

More information

Fundamentals of Wind Energy

Fundamentals of Wind Energy Fundamentals of Wind Energy Alaska Wind Energy Applications Training Symposium Bethel, Alaska E. Ian Baring-Gould National Renewable Energy Laboratory TOPICS Introduction Energy and Power Wind Characteristics

More information

Site Description: LOCATION DETAILS Report Prepared By: Tower Site Report Date

Site Description: LOCATION DETAILS Report Prepared By: Tower Site Report Date Wind Resource Summary for Holyoke Site Final Report Colorado Anemometer Loan Program Monitoring Period:: 6/21/26 /6/27 Report Date: December 2, 27 Site Description: The site is 17.4 miles south of the

More information

GEG 124: Energy Resources Lab #10: Wind

GEG 124: Energy Resources Lab #10: Wind GEG 124: Energy Resources Lab #10: Wind Recommended Textbook Reading Prior to Lab: Chapter 8: Wind. Energy Resources by Theodore Erski o Wind s Capacity Growth o Air Pressure, Wind & Power o Wind Farms

More information

Wind Power. Kevin Clifford METR 112 April 19, 2011

Wind Power. Kevin Clifford METR 112 April 19, 2011 Wind Power Kevin Clifford METR 112 April 19, 2011 Outline Introduction Wind Turbines Determining Wind Power Output The Price of Wind Power Wind Power Availability across the World and US California Wind

More information

AERODYNAMICS OF ROTOR BLADES

AERODYNAMICS OF ROTOR BLADES AERODYNAMICS OF ROTOR BLADES M. Ragheb 3/8/018 INTRODUCTION In a modern wind machine, the preferred configuration is to place the rotor consisting of the rotor blades and the hub upwind of the nacelle

More information

Optimization of Blades of Horizontal Wind Turbines by Choosing an Appropriate Airfoil and Computer Simulation

Optimization of Blades of Horizontal Wind Turbines by Choosing an Appropriate Airfoil and Computer Simulation International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 4106, P-ISSN 2347 5161 2017 INPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet Research Article Optimization

More information

Session 2b: Wind power spatial planning techniques

Session 2b: Wind power spatial planning techniques Session 2b: Wind power spatial planning techniques IRENA Global Atlas Spatial planning techniques 2-day seminar Central questions we want to answer After having identified those areas which are potentially

More information

Exploring Wind Energy

Exploring Wind Energy 2013-2014 Exploring Wind Energy Student Guide SECONDARY Introduction to Wind What is Wind? Wind is simply air in motion. It is produced by the uneven heating of the Earth s surface by energy from the sun.

More information

PHYS 101 Previous Exam Problems

PHYS 101 Previous Exam Problems PHYS 101 Previous Exam Problems CHAPTER 14 Fluids Fluids at rest pressure vs. depth Pascal s principle Archimedes s principle Buoynat forces Fluids in motion: Continuity & Bernoulli equations 1. How deep

More information

Increasing the Efficiency of Gilan Wind Power Plant in Iran by Optimization in Wind Turbines Arrangment in Wind Farm

Increasing the Efficiency of Gilan Wind Power Plant in Iran by Optimization in Wind Turbines Arrangment in Wind Farm Increasing the Efficiency of Gilan Wind ower lant in Iran by Optimization in Wind Turbines Arrangment in Wind Farm SHIVA SHAVANDI Operating power plants Section Mapna Group No. 31, Mirdamad. Sq. Tehran

More information

Job Sheet 1 Blade Aerodynamics

Job Sheet 1 Blade Aerodynamics Job Sheet 1 Blade Aerodynamics The rotor is the most important part of a wind turbine. It is through the rotor that the energy of the wind is converted into mechanical energy, which turns the main shaft

More information

Name Chemistry Pre-AP

Name Chemistry Pre-AP Name Chemistry Pre-AP Notes: Gas Laws and Gas Stoichiometry Period Part 1: The Nature of Gases and The Gas Laws I. Nature of Gases A. Kinetic-Molecular Theory The - theory was developed to account for

More information

CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory

CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases The word kinetic refers to. Kinetic energy is the an object has because of its motion. Kinetic Molecular

More information

B WindII. The physics of wind power. = 1 2 ρav3. (B.2)

B WindII. The physics of wind power. = 1 2 ρav3. (B.2) B WindII The physics of wind power To estimate the energy in wind, let s imagine holding up a hoop with area A, facing the wind whose speed isv. Consider the mass of air that passes through that hoop in

More information

Site Description: Tower Site

Site Description: Tower Site Wind Resource Summary for Elizabeth Site Final Report Colorado Anemometer Loan Program Monitoring Period: 7/3/6 /15/7 Report Date: December 22, 7 Site Description: The site is.6 miles northeast of the

More information

LECTURE 18 WIND POWER SYSTEMS. ECE 371 Sustainable Energy Systems

LECTURE 18 WIND POWER SYSTEMS. ECE 371 Sustainable Energy Systems LECTURE 18 WIND POWER SYSTEMS ECE 371 Sustainable Energy Systems 1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT The first wind turbine used to generate electricity was built by La Cour of Denmark in 1891 2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

More information

Comparing the calculated coefficients of performance of a class of wind turbines that produce power between 330 kw and 7,500 kw

Comparing the calculated coefficients of performance of a class of wind turbines that produce power between 330 kw and 7,500 kw World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education Vol.11, No.1, 2013 2013 WIETE Comparing the calculated coefficients of performance of a class of wind turbines that produce power between 330

More information

A Novel Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine for Distributed & Utility Deployment

A Novel Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine for Distributed & Utility Deployment A Novel Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine for Distributed & Utility Deployment J.-Y. Park*, S. Lee* +, T. Sabourin**, K. Park** * Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Korea + KR Wind Energy Research

More information

The Wind Resource: Prospecting for Good Sites

The Wind Resource: Prospecting for Good Sites The Wind Resource: Prospecting for Good Sites Bruce Bailey, President AWS Truewind, LLC 255 Fuller Road Albany, NY 12203 bbailey@awstruewind.com Talk Topics Causes of Wind Resource Impacts on Project Viability

More information

Tidal streams and tidal stream energy device design

Tidal streams and tidal stream energy device design Tidal streams and tidal stream energy device design This technical article introduces fundamental characteristics of tidal streams and links these to the power production of tidal stream energy devices.

More information

Outline. Wind Turbine Siting. Roughness. Wind Farm Design 4/7/2015

Outline. Wind Turbine Siting. Roughness. Wind Farm Design 4/7/2015 Wind Turbine Siting Andrew Kusiak 2139 Seamans Center Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1527 andrew-kusiak@uiowa.edu Tel: 319-335-5934 Fax: 319-335-5669 http://www.icaen.uiowa.edu/~ankusiak Terrain roughness Escarpments

More information

CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory

CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases The word kinetic refers to. Kinetic energy is the an object has because of its motion. Kinetic Molecular

More information

Vertical Wind Energy Engineering Design and Evaluation of a Twisted Savonius Wind Turbine

Vertical Wind Energy Engineering Design and Evaluation of a Twisted Savonius Wind Turbine Design and Evaluation of a Twisted Savonius Wind Turbine Ian Duffett Jeff Perry Blaine Stockwood Jeremy Wiseman Outline Problem Definition Introduction Concept Selection Design Fabrication Testing Results

More information

GASES. Unit #8. AP Chemistry

GASES. Unit #8. AP Chemistry GASES Unit #8 AP Chemistry I. Characteristics of Gases A. Gas Characteristics: 1. Fills its container a. no definite shape b. no definite vol. 2. Easily mixes w/ other gases 3. Exerts pressure on its surroundings

More information

Second Heart Report. July 12, engineering modeling design. Contact details. enmodes GmbH

Second Heart Report. July 12, engineering modeling design. Contact details. enmodes GmbH enmodes GmbH engineering modeling design Second Heart Report July 12, 2018 Contact details Dr. Fiete Böhning Head of Engineering Services boehning@enmodes.de +49 (0)241 41251073 +49 (0)176 78013798 enmodes

More information

Enter your parameter set number (1-27)

Enter your parameter set number (1-27) 1- Helium balloons fly and balloons with air sink. Assume that we want to get a balloon that is just floating in the air, neither rising nor falling, when a small weight is placed hanging in the balloon.

More information

Can Wind Energy Be Captured in New York City? Case Study on Urban Wind based on a Feasibility Study by Orange Line Studio. Spark 101 Educator Resource

Can Wind Energy Be Captured in New York City? Case Study on Urban Wind based on a Feasibility Study by Orange Line Studio. Spark 101 Educator Resource Can Wind Energy Be Captured in New York City? Case Study on Urban Wind based on a Feasibility Study by Orange Line Studio Spark 101 Educator Resource Copyright 2013 Defining Key Concepts What is wind power?

More information

BMM4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

BMM4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES BMM4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Prof Dr Shahrani Haji Anuar Energy Sustainability Focus Group 1 Summary 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Overview 5.3 Formation of wind 5.4 Classification of wind 5.5 Factors affecting

More information

Wind loads investigations of HAWT with wind tunnel tests and site measurements

Wind loads investigations of HAWT with wind tunnel tests and site measurements loads investigations of HAWT with wind tunnel tests and site measurements Shigeto HIRAI, Senior Researcher, Nagasaki R&D Center, Technical Headquarters, MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDSUTRIES, LTD, Fukahori, Nagasaki,

More information

Wind turbine Varying blade length with wind speed

Wind turbine Varying blade length with wind speed IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-issn: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, PP 01-05 www.iosrjournals.org Wind turbine Varying blade length with wind speed Mohammed Ashique

More information

PREDICTION THE EFFECT OF TIP SPEED RATIO ON WIND TURBINE GENERATOR OUTPUT PARAMETER

PREDICTION THE EFFECT OF TIP SPEED RATIO ON WIND TURBINE GENERATOR OUTPUT PARAMETER Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2012 Hari Pal Dhariwal et al., 2012 Research Paper ISSN 2278 0149 www.ijmerr.com Vol. 1, No. 3, October 2012 2012 IJMERR. All Rights Reserved PREDICTION THE EFFECT OF TIP

More information

VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY MOUNTED WIND MILLS. Wind Energy Production in Tampere University of Applied Sciences

VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY MOUNTED WIND MILLS. Wind Energy Production in Tampere University of Applied Sciences VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY MOUNTED WIND MILLS Wind Energy Production in Tampere University of Applied Sciences Ekaterina Evdokimova Bachelor s thesis May 2013 Degree Programme in Environmental Engineering

More information

Project 1 Those amazing Red Sox!

Project 1 Those amazing Red Sox! MASSACHVSETTS INSTITVTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.001 Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs Spring Semester, 2005 Project 1 Those amazing Red

More information

Unit 2 Kinetic Theory, Heat, and Thermodynamics: 2.A.1 Problems Temperature and Heat Sections of your book.

Unit 2 Kinetic Theory, Heat, and Thermodynamics: 2.A.1 Problems Temperature and Heat Sections of your book. Unit 2 Kinetic Theory, Heat, and Thermodynamics: 2.A.1 Problems Temperature and Heat Sections 10.1 10.2 of your book. Convert the following to Celsius and Kelvin temperatures: 1. 80.0 o F Early E. C.:

More information

Maximizing Wind Farm Energy Production in Presence of Aerodynamic Interactions

Maximizing Wind Farm Energy Production in Presence of Aerodynamic Interactions Proceedings of the International Conference of Control, Dynamic Systems, and Robotics Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 15-16 2014 Paper No. 71 Maximizing Wind Farm Energy Production in Presence of Aerodynamic

More information

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

TOPICS TO BE COVERED UNIT-3 WIND POWER TOPICS TO BE COVERED 3.1 Growth of wind power in India 3.2 Types of wind turbines Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) and horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) 3.3 Types of HAWTs drag and

More information

Rural Small Wind Energy:

Rural Small Wind Energy: Rural Small Wind Energy: Resource Overview and System Components Phil Hofmeyer, Ph.D. Asst. Professor of Renewable Energy Morrisville State College MVCC Small Wind Energy Conference June 27, 2009 Hi, I

More information

Whitney Hauslein Global War Wa ming

Whitney Hauslein Global War Wa ming Whitney Hauslein Global Warming The Ocean has only recently been used and tested as a new resource to be used as an alternative energy source. This seems awful late in forthcoming since the ocean covers

More information

Wind Energy Technology. What works & what doesn t

Wind Energy Technology. What works & what doesn t Wind Energy Technology What works & what doesn t Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis Turbines

More information

Chapter 10: Properties of Gases: The Air We Breathe

Chapter 10: Properties of Gases: The Air We Breathe Chapter 10: Properties of Gases: The Air We Breathe Sept, 2006 Sept, 2016 http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov 1 Chapter Outline 10.1 The Properties of Gases 10.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases* 10.3

More information

Chapter 14-Gases. Dr. Walker

Chapter 14-Gases. Dr. Walker Chapter 14-Gases Dr. Walker State of Matter Gases are one of the four states of matter along with solids, liquids, and plasma Conversion to Gases From liquids Evaporation Example: Boiling water From solids

More information

8. Now plot on the following grid the values of T (K) and V from the table above, and connect the points.

8. Now plot on the following grid the values of T (K) and V from the table above, and connect the points. Charles s Law According to Charles s law, the volume of a fixed mass of gas varies directly with its Kelvin temperature if its pressure is constant. The following table contains Celsius temperature and

More information

ROTORS for WIND POWER

ROTORS for WIND POWER ROTORS for WIND POWER P.T. Smulders Wind Energy Group Faculty of Physics University of Technology, Eindhoven ARRAKIS 1 st edition October 1991 revised edition January 2004 CONTENTS ROTORS for WIND POWER...

More information

Chapter 5: Gases 5.1 Pressure Why study gases? An understanding of real world phenomena. An understanding of how science works.

Chapter 5: Gases 5.1 Pressure Why study gases? An understanding of real world phenomena. An understanding of how science works. Chapter 5: Gases 5.1 Pressure Why study gases? An understanding of real world phenomena. An understanding of how science works. A Gas Uniformly fills any container. Easily compressed. Mixes completely

More information

Process Dynamics, Operations, and Control Lecture Notes - 20

Process Dynamics, Operations, and Control Lecture Notes - 20 Lesson 0. Control valves 0.0 Context Controller output is a signal that varies between 0 and 100%. Putting this signal to use requires a final control element, a device that responds to the controller

More information

Energy Utilisation of Wind

Energy Utilisation of Wind Ing. Pavel Dostál, Ph.D., Ostrava University 1 Energy Utilisation of Wind Choice of locality Energy and wind output Wind-power installations Wind-power installations: types and classification Basic parts

More information

Unit 9 Packet: Gas Laws Introduction to Gas Laws Notes:

Unit 9 Packet: Gas Laws Introduction to Gas Laws Notes: Name: Unit 9 Packet: Gas Laws Introduction to Gas Laws Notes: Block: In chemistry, the relationships between gas physical properties are described as gas laws. Some of these properties are pressure, volume,

More information

Modelling the Output of a Flat-Roof Mounted Wind Turbine with an Edge Mounted Lip

Modelling the Output of a Flat-Roof Mounted Wind Turbine with an Edge Mounted Lip Modelling the Output of a Flat-Roof Mounted Wind Turbine with an Edge Mounted Lip S. J. Wylie 1, S. J. Watson 1, D. G. Infield 2 1 Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology, Department of Electronic

More information

Wind Energy Basics Lecture 13

Wind Energy Basics Lecture 13 Wind Energy Basics Lecture 13 Based on a Presentation made by Marc Chappell, MSC Enterprises, Energy Efficiency and Renewable and Energy Workshop, Feb. 5, 2003, Kingston, ON, and information from http://www.windpower.org

More information

1. Find the potential energy of 20 Kg mass child sitting on a roof 10 m above the ground.

1. Find the potential energy of 20 Kg mass child sitting on a roof 10 m above the ground. LECTURE_8 Name: ID: DATE: 22/04/2015 101 PHYS ASSIGNMENT 1. Find the potential energy of 20 Kg mass child sitting on a roof 10 m above the ground. 2. A women is pulling a box of 20 Kg mass on a horizontal

More information

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and

More information

Problems of Chapter 3

Problems of Chapter 3 Problems of Chapter 3 Section 3.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas 3. A sealed cubical container 20 cm on a side contains three times Avogadro s number of molecules at a temperature of 20 C. Find the force

More information

Development of a Reciprocating Aerofoil Wind Energy Harvester

Development of a Reciprocating Aerofoil Wind Energy Harvester Development of a Reciprocating Aerofoil Wind Energy Harvester Russell hillips a and Danie Hattingh a Received 9 September 8, in revised form 6 November 9 and accepted December 9 Theoretical predictions

More information

Urban wind turbines do they have a future? Or will they be white elephants?

Urban wind turbines do they have a future? Or will they be white elephants? Urban wind turbines do they have a future? Or will they be white elephants? Presented by Brian Kirke As part of the What On Earth series, UniSA, 1 November 2012 WWEA* is optimistic about small wind (defined

More information

9A Gas volume and pressure are indirectly proportional.

9A Gas volume and pressure are indirectly proportional. The Gas Laws Key Terms Boyle s law Charles s law combined gas law absolute zero Gay-Lussac s law Scientists have been studying physical properties of gases for hundreds of years In 1662, Robert Boyle discovered

More information

2. Pressure Conversions (Add to your Conversion Sheet

2. Pressure Conversions (Add to your Conversion Sheet The Gas Law Reference Sheet 1. The Kelvin Temperature Scale Degrees Kelvin = C + 273 Convert to K 1) 27 C 2) 0. C 3) 48 C 4) 16 C 5) 106 C 2. Pressure Conversions (Add to your Conversion Sheet 1 mm Hg

More information

temperature and pressure unchanging

temperature and pressure unchanging Gas Laws Review I. Variables Used to Describe a Gas A. Pressure (P) kpa, atm, mmhg (torr) -Pressure=force exerted per unit area (force/area) -Generated by collisions within container walls (more collisions=more

More information

Terms and Definitions for Small Wind Site Assessor

Terms and Definitions for Small Wind Site Assessor Terms and Definitions for Small Wind Site Assessor AEO/ AEP: Annual energy output, also known as AEP, annual energy production of the wind electric system. Alpha: Surface friction coefficient, used to

More information

Chapter 10 Gases. Characteristics of Gases. Pressure. The Gas Laws. The Ideal-Gas Equation. Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation

Chapter 10 Gases. Characteristics of Gases. Pressure. The Gas Laws. The Ideal-Gas Equation. Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation Characteristics of Gases Chapter 10 Gases Pressure The Gas Laws The Ideal-Gas Equation Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation Gas mixtures and partial pressures Kinetic-Molecular Theory Real Gases: Deviations

More information

Third measurement MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE

Third measurement MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE 1. Pressure gauges using liquids Third measurement MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE U tube manometers are the simplest instruments to measure pressure with. In Fig.22 there can be seen three kinds of U tube manometers

More information

Farm Energy IQ. Wind Energy on Farms. Objectives of this Module. How windy is it? How windy is it? How windy is it? 2/16/2015

Farm Energy IQ. Wind Energy on Farms. Objectives of this Module. How windy is it? How windy is it? How windy is it? 2/16/2015 Farms Today Securing Our Energy Future Ed Johnstonbaugh, Penn State Extension Objectives of this Module At the conclusion of this module, you should: Understand wind requirements for power generation Be

More information

Efficiency Improvement of a New Vertical Axis Wind Turbine by Individual Active Control of Blade Motion

Efficiency Improvement of a New Vertical Axis Wind Turbine by Individual Active Control of Blade Motion Efficiency Improvement of a New Vertical Axis Wind Turbine by Individual Active Control of Blade Motion In Seong Hwang, Seung Yong Min, In Oh Jeong, Yun Han Lee and Seung Jo Kim* School of Mechanical &

More information

Chapter 5. Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure. Gases. Force Pressure = Area

Chapter 5. Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure. Gases. Force Pressure = Area Chapter 5 Gases Water for many homes is supplied by a well The pump removes air from the pipe, decreasing the air pressure in the pipe The pressure then pushes the water up the pipe Pressure Atmospheric

More information

Stefan Emeis

Stefan Emeis The Physics of Wind Park Optimization Stefan Emeis stefan.emeis@kit.edu INSTITUTE OF METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE RESEARCH, Photo: Vattenfall/C. Steiness KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and

More information

Chapter 11. Recall: States of Matter. Properties of Gases. Gases

Chapter 11. Recall: States of Matter. Properties of Gases. Gases Chapter 11 Gases Recall: States of Matter Solids and Liquids: are closely related because in each case the particles are interacting with each other Gases: Properties of Gases Gases can be compressed Gases

More information

11 Properties of Gases

11 Properties of Gases South asadena Honors Chemistry Name 11 roperties of Gases eriod Date S A I O N 1 E M E R A U R E Standard emperature is: 0 C or 273 K Convert: 26.0 C 299 K 400 K _127 C 100 K 173 C 135 C _408_ K -127 C

More information

Wind: Small Scale and Local Systems Chapter 9 Part 1

Wind: Small Scale and Local Systems Chapter 9 Part 1 Wind: Small Scale and Local Systems Chapter 9 Part 1 Atmospheric scales of motion Scales of atmospheric circulations range from meters or less to thousands of kilometers- millions of meters Time scales

More information