STUDY ON THE BIG PURSE SEINERS FISHERY

Transcription

1 ~, yang,!! * Jwnal Pen Pmk,anan Laut No 40 Tl 1987 hal STUDY ON THE BG PURSE SENERS FSHERY ;<!,-:,, y r: NTHE JAVA SEA, 1) _-: ( Evoluton and Structure of the Javanese ax purse sene-s fleet11, Subhat Nurhakm2), Suherman Banon2) M Pot&), T Boely3)!, 1 ABSTRACT : The bg Purse sener of the Java Sea, ntroduced around the 1970,are the prncpal component of the pelagc fsh explotaton n that sea Snce that date, type of fshng shows a real ncrease The number of vessels and the duraton of trps grow contnously But, snce 1976, the des!gn of the vessel dd not evohe,only the man charactcrstctschange The artcle dscuss the development of the fleet snce 1976,ts man characterstct n 1985 and ts future capabltes n the current state of our knowledges, the fleet ought to reach very qukly a C tcal stage owng to the number and the sze of the vessels and owng to the fshng pressure e the pelagc fsh populatons of the Jawa Sea s _ : _,,,,,, ::, ABSTRAK:: Telah tentang perkanan pukat cn+ besar d laut Jam ( Evol~d da;l Struktur! ;! 1 : ;!, : " M, armada pukat cnch d Laut Jawa)l) oleh Subhat Nurhakm 21, Suherman Eanon2) Poter 3) dan T Jroey3) Purse sene besar d Laut Jawa dperkenalkan sektar tahun tujuh puluhan, merupakan unsur utama dalam pengusahaan perkanan pelagk dperaran n Sejak saat tu, junllah kapal dan lamanya operas d laut terus menngkat, walaupunsejak tahun 1976 "dsan" dar pada kapal tdak mengalam perubahan, hanya beberapa karakterstknya saja yang beyubah Dalam tulsan n dbahas perkembangan dar armada pukat cncn besar tersebjt sejak tahun 1976, karakterstk kapal pada tahun 1985 dan kemampuannya pada masa yang akan datang Pada säat-saat n berdasarkan nformas ddapatkan oleh penuls, armada pukat cncn besar mungkn akan mencapa tahapan yang krts pada waktu yang cepat, berdasarkan pada jumlah dan ukuran kapal dan tekanan penangkapan yang lebh terhadap sedaan kan-kan pelagk d Laut Jawa -! ) 9 1 :-,RESUME : a!, Les grands senneurs de la mer de Java apparus dans les années 1970 sont la conposante prncpale de lexplotaton des populatons pélagques de cette mer Ce type de pêche a connu un essor consdgrable Le nombre de navres et la durée des marées sont en constante augmentaton Mas le, plan du navre na pas évolu6 depus 1976, seules les caractérstques prncpales allant dans le sens de lagrandssement Lart e trate de lévoluton de la flottlle depus 1976, de ses prncpales caracté-, rstques en 1985 et de 1 k,, es possbltés davenr En état actuel de nos connassances la flottlle de- " vrat attendre tres rapde ent un stade crtque à la fos par la talle attente et par la presson de t %;:pêche exercée sur les populat s pelagqués de a mer de Java *,,,:,,::; : L ---_-_----, ; 1) Ths note belongs to a sere of papers analysng more precsely a synthess tdocument Boely and al, 1987) that regroups all the avalable basc data snce 1976 on the actvty of the bg purse seners based n the Central Java provnce 2) BPPL:: ~ 3) ORSTOM, 65 ORSTOM Fonds Documentare Not &6bsb, U4 cote t A Y

2 more Subhat Nurhaknz, Suherman ßanon, M Pot&: dan T Boely NTRODUCTON The purse sene, ntroduced around 1970, s one of the prncpal components n the pelagc fsh explotaton of the Java Sea That gear s used by two types of vessels from the bo,ahern coast, of the Java sland: the "mn purse seners" and the "bg purse seners" Accordng to theharbours, the defnton of each class can vary Meanwhle, one can defne the vessel pattern of these two types wth the followng characterstcs: The "mn purse sener": vessel 10 to 15 metres long havng mostly an out-board engne and a, sene wth a maxmum length of 300 metres The boats explot the coastal area standng away rarely!, than 15 nautc mles from the lttoral, The trps last from one to three days : A The "bg purse sener": vessel from 15 to 30 metres long All vessels have an n-board desel engne and a sene wth a length equal or more than 400 metres long, They explot now the whole Java Sea, even takng rsks n the southern part of the Chna Sea and n the Makassar Strats The J trps last from 5 to 25 days ";: >, 8 " The study wll essentally turn on that last class, of whch the vessels are based n the Central Java provnce t nserts n a more broad program of general study concernng the bg purse seners acfíety n the Java Sea n ths artcle, one wll dscuss especally the fleets structure The others, essental ponts of ths "Fshng System" wll be dscuss n further notes, n partcular: Fshng method, Catches; Samplng, Effort, etc, n a frst tme, we wll descrbe the evaluton of the fleet snce 1976, years when we start to own some relatve accurate data, then ts man characterstcs n 1985 Lastly we wll try to descrbe the dfferent possble advces to obtan a better knowledge of the fleet and ts actvty,, AVALABLE DATA - METHOD The data on wluch s based thsartcle came from two sources : the Fsheres Admnstraton and the Harbour Master,, The frst one, works out a form called SL-O where s regstered the vessels wth ther names, the owners name, the regstraton number and ther man characterstcs (length, wdth, heght, power, gross tonnage, year of shp buldng) An annual regstraton on those froms s oblgatory for the vessels before to obtan the fshng lcence, that s delvered yearly for each vessel The second one, regsters, when a new vessel enters n ts port of regstry for the frst tme, ts m a characterstcs whch allows t to get the sea letter wthout wlldh t cannot obtan the fshng lcence That document s also renewed yearly Under 50 gross tonnage, that letter s delvered n the regency offces, over that value the regstraton s carred out at the provncal level The data have, to be collected n these offces The comgarson of all documents lnked to the study of the "Buku Baku1 "* where are regstered the vessels name havng landed, allows us to produce the lst of actve vessels durng the year and, then,to know the man characterstcs of the fleetthose values are nteresng to know n the vew 8 of a good management of the resource Meanwhle, the collected data are often ncomplete Those gathered from Harbour Masters do not produce contnuous seres and are n some harbours surely false At the Fsheres Admnstraton level, the characterstcs of some vessels lack or a{e approxmate Some vessels already selled stll appear n the lsts when some new unts already n explotataton lack We can fnd some vessels regstered n two dfferent harbours for the same year n cer- :,, : ,!, *) Bas,c from where s regstered daly the name of the vessels wth the quanttes unloaded, by category, and the name of the buyers 66

3 ? Jurral Peu Perkataz Laut No hal tan harbours the annual seres are not avalable (Table 1) A more ratonal management of the regsters ought to allow to pallate quckly to those problems The descrbed evoluton s rather Pekalongan vessels Meanwhle, accordng to the mportance of that harbour s vessels n the fleet, we can consder what s representatve of ths one FLEET EVOLUTON SNCE 1976 The purse seners appeared around the 1970 n the Batang harbour At the tme of the trawl ban n the Java Sea n 1980 and 1981, that type of fshng showed a real ncrease Now, the most part of the fleet s grouped n fve harbours of the Central Java provnce: Tegal, Pekalongan, Batang, Juwana and Rembang A few unts are regstered n the Eastern Java provnce n Brondong harbour (Fg 1) Untl 1981, the vessels explot the tradtonal fshng ground of the Javanese fshermen located north Tegal and Pekalongan and n the vcnty of the Karmunjava and Bawean slands, Snce 1982, they extend largely ther actvty areas, coverng now the whole Java Sea the Southern part of the Chna Sea and the mouth of the Makassar Strats around Samber Gelap slands (Fg 2) n the frst years of- the fshery, the vessels were bult along the northern coast of Java n Batang, Juwana and Tegal n 1975 we fnd some vessels bult nsbagan Sap-Ap n Sumatra and as far as 1980 the most part of the new unts come from theren 1985, due to the hgh cost of the shpbuldng n the Java, all the vessels are bult n that place The nsde fttngs (fshholes, engne compartment) and the fttng out of-the vessels are carred out n the port of regstry, accordng to the owner and fshng master s wshes Accordng to the data collected from the Fsheres Admnstraton, the vessel pattern of th ; gory presented n 1985 the followng characterstcs: - s hpbuldng : wooden vessel, - total length : 16 to 25 metres, - engne power : 60 to 160 HP, - gross tonnage : 5 to 40 GT, - crew : 30to40men, - fshng gear : purse sene from 400 to 600 metres long, - capacty : untl 30 tons of fsh Some of these characterstcs have to be taken wth cauton-ndeed, for admnstratve, fscal and socal reasons the length, the power and the gross tonnage of the bggesf vessels are often underestmated That s partcularly true for the new unts The evoluton of the fleet assumes by a contnous growth of the number of vessels regstered snce 1976 (Table l) But thus ncrease s not lnear, t occurs by steps, each of them depctng a precse event The frst step recorded n correspond to the trawl ban n the Java Sea and to the reconverson of some trawlers n purse seners The second one corresponds to the spreadng of the fshng grounds and the ncrease of the dstance to reach them ( ), what produces the advent of new vessels better adjust to the lengthenng of the duraton of the trps They add to the vessels already exstng We fnd a parallel evoluton for the man characterstcs of these vessels : power (Table ) and gross tonnage (Table V) Ths general evoluton can be nodulated accordng to the harbours f Pekalongan follows fathfully the proposed scheme, Tegal, Batang and Pemalang harbours show a decrease n the number of vessels regstered there Rembang stays stable over the perod Snce 1984, year of ts openng to the bg purse seners, the harbour of Juwana knows a very quck ncrease of ts vessels number cate- 67

4 * 1 Subhat Nurlmknz, Suherntan Banon, M Poter dal T Boely,! r The actvty of these purse seners, frst clearly seansonal, seems now to spread out over the whole year lnlted wth the spreadng of the fshng grounds and the advent ot bg unts Meanwhle, the most actve perod s the last trmester (musm kan), the actvty reducng n May-June Ths phenomenon s easly watched n comparng tle actvty of old vessels (tradtonal :explotaton) based n Rembang and Juwana, wth that of new unts based n Pekakdlongan and Tegal (Fg 3) That scheme fnd agan n the annual number of months of actvty t fluctuates from 7 months (Juwana, Rembang) to 85 months (Pekalongan, Tega, Batang) (Table V) The duraton of the trps vanes accordng to the season and the fshng grounds prospected t spread out from 5 to 25 days The current trend s to the lengthnng lnked wth the extenson of the dstance to reach the fshg grounds The only lmt s the fuel and the supples on board The catch per unt effort of the fleet, stable from 1976 to 1980, reduces n 1981 and 1982 n a"paralle1 way to the growth of the number of vessels The extenson, of the fshng grounds snce 1983 s lndked wth a large ncrease of the CPU:E what s explaned ether by a better effcency of the new vessels or the explotaton of areas untl now unexploted STRUC-TURE OF THE FLEET W 1985 n 1985, the total number of actve vessels n the Java Sea from the Central provnce was 520 Meanwhle, more than 60% of ths fléet s concentrated n the Pekalongan harbour (Table V), the rest beng dstrbuted almost unformly n the others habours 1 Man characterstcs > n 1985, the meatage of lhe vesselss 5 years, the maxmal duraton of ther lfe does not exceed 15 years (Table V) n Pekalongan, the fleet s compounded of two age classes correnspondng to some vessels bult n , then n Tegal, ths scheme s dentcal but less vsble n these two haybours, the mean age s very low and bs very rare than one vessel remans more than sx or seven years n these landng places n the others fshng harbours, the mean age s more hgh, the older vessels of the two former harbours beng often sold there Ths explotaton can stll endure 7 or 8 years before to be defntjvely layng up The renewng rate s hgh n Pekalongan and Tegal n 1985, t was respectvely of 22% and 10% The average power s 140 CV, but on board tle new unts t can reach easly 190 CV when the old vessels are often equped wth engne that do nbt exceed 120 CV (Table VL) More, on board new unts an auxlary engne s often connected wth the man engne what ncreases the power The average gross tonnage s 29 GT (Table lx), the bg unts reachng 40 tons burden Meanwhle, ths value s certanly underestmatedthe new vessels reachng effectvely 100 tons burden Ths underestmatron can be expalned by admnstratve, fscal, and sosa1 reasons 2 Others characterstcs On board those vessels the crew s numerous, nearly all the fslkg stages beng carred out manually Accordng to the seasons the number of fshermen vares from 30 to 40 Selected by the fshng master, the crew s often forned by members of,a same vllage or even a same famly The tech- ncal level s very low even amongst the fshng masters Meanwhle, snce two or three years some young fshng masters, who know read charts and use modern navgaton systems, begn to be n command of the new vessels All are traned n the techncal state schools That new generaton of fshng masters produces tle modernsaton of the vessels and the advent of navgaton apparats such lttle echo-sounders and SSB (sngle sde band) 68

5 h Jurnal Pen Perkruza Laut No 40?l 1987 hal GS- 76?&r ;Now,, 50% of the new unts own one SSB whch allows them to communcate daly ther poston and catches allowng a better effcency of the fleet,the estmaton of the cost of a such vessel vares greatly from one harbour to another, the avearound 60 Gllons rupah that we can dvde amongst dffenrent chapters (August u _- Total dng (Bagan Sap-ap) *, 30mllons R + 6 mlons R 7 mlons R 18 mllons R ,mllons; R :! As n numerous artsanal fsheres around tfeworld, the fsherman s pad by share One example s,:, of the payment per trp s gven n Fg 4 8 CONCLUSONS AND RECOMMANDATONS s f the general pcture of the Javanese purse sener ddnot modfy snce 10 years, ts characters- tcs changed heavly n the way of the enlargement ofts sze, ts power and ts tonnage The current type seems for that vessel to be a maxmum Now the bg purse seners fleet s the man cause of the catches n the Java sea and the pressure what t exerts on the fsh populaton grows heavly snce two years When we know that ths fshng apples to speces wth a short,lfe and, therefore, senstve at any change n the fsllng pressure and envronment, t s urgent to dspose of accurate data of effort and catches to determne what s the stage of explotaton already reached For these reasons, the necessty to own accurate data about that fleet becomes, therefore; very mportant The only avalable source beng the form SL-O, ths ought to answer to the followng questons,- Nunber of vessels effectvely, regstered n the harbours and number of unts wllch are really - actve Real Characterstcs of the regstered vesseles Now, we do not prossess these nformatons for all vessels and, n the most part of the cases,the values are underestmatedchanges n the admnstraton constrants ought to obtan some more accurate data,, nsde that fleet we can determne two type of vessels based n dfferent harbours n the dyna- mc landng places wth some facltes approachs and favourable economc envronment we fnd new unts wth sze larger than prevcusly and that correspond to the new strategyof that fleet that s to explot, the whole Java Sea Ther new characterstcs allow them to shp a purse sene more large, to stay more long at sea, to aqod the seasonal decrease of the catchn May and June and to follow the mgraton of the fsh Then, ther effcency s more llgl than the old vessels concentrated n Rembang and Juwana, that purse the tradtonal explotaton of the old fshng grounds close to the harbours wth a reduced actvty n May - June and shorter trps, R /? The fleet seems, therefore, to have reach a maxmum growth by the sze of the vessels, the ex- 1: - enson of the areas prospected or the capacty of the fshng harbours to absorb the landngs Any new development comes up, n the current stage, aganst techncal problems dffcult to solve The!, 1; man teclmcal dffcultes are: -The preservaton system of the fsh used 011 board the vessels (ce and pckle), valuable for short trps, 1: 2: 1 does not seem adequate when the trp reach 25 to 30 days The fsh processed by that mean on board the new unts s not always n good preservaton state and the fnancal losses can be hgh!, 69 9

6 - : The lack of power of the vessels does not allow them to encrcle the shoals at sght, and the tme spend to the search of the fsh s relatvely low ndeed, the actvty stays very tradtonal and consst of fshng around rafts, wth one or two sets by day, usually at nght - The navgaton system stays archac and consst of, most often, one compass what does not allow to spread out the prospected areas that stay close to the slands scattered n the Java Sea Meanwhle, the emergence of young fshng masters traned n schools must allow the stuaton evolves But the opportunty of the creatng a new vessels generaton remans to set We lave to notce the expernce attempted by PT Trta Raya Mna wth three modern püke seners bult wth New-Zealand desgn was a falure, t would be, wthout doubt, better to attempt to mprove the dfferent techncal ponts descrbed above that reduces the effcency of the current vessels : The growth number of vessels sets the problem of the landngs The current harbours, even the,most modern and effcent Pekalongan, reach ther maxmum capactes n some harbours, the landngs operatons can endure untl 4 days,what produces a lost of tme and-fsh qualtythe mprovement or the extenson of these harbours could allow to solve these dffcultes n-concluson the large growth of the fleet n number, n fshng power and the extenson of the fìsllng grounds to the whole Ja ya Sea put the queston of tle resource accessblty and of the egulbrum of the pelagc fsh stocks n the Java Sea t could produce, at the end, sone overexplotaton phenomena dangerous for the economy of the northern coast of the Java sland, The, fleet cannot grow ndefntely, the resources and the fshng grounds beng lmted The Fsheres Admnstraton wll have to control the number of fslhg lcences delvered to the fshermen For that one must dspose at provncal level of accurate data At ths monent t s not the case, REFERENCES Anonymous 1986 Fsheres sttstcs of ndonesa 1984, Drektorat Jenderal Perkanan Departemen Pertanan Jakarta 98 p Boely (T), Poter (M), Subhat Nurha!um, Suherman Banon, Suwarso,Tut Harat Complaton of the data on the bg purse seners fshery n the Java sea Mar Res Fsh nst (n prep) Djadjur (H), 1978 Perkanan purse sene d Batang dan pembuatan kapal purse sene d 3atang Smposum Modernsas Perkanan Rakyat Lap Pen Perkanan ìaut Hadsubroto 1975 Perkanan pelagc dan perkembangan kapal motor purse sene yang mendaratkan haslnya d Tegal L,p Pen Perkanan Laut, 2/75 : Suherman (BA), Bambang Sadhotomo 1985 Analysng of the fshng effort of the purse sene fshery l the Java Sea Lap Pen Perlranan Laut, 32 :

7 71 _

8 Srblat Nrrltalr, Srlcraat Bao, M Poter dan T Buch 1 O0 1 * O T l % TEGAL PEKA LONG AN hac t ve E Actve 1 oc 1 ou O 5 :, r JWANA REMBANG Fg 3 Adotlly actr~(j~ (rr perccrlagc) of tle Og purse scers rcgstercd (le arborrs located alorg lc orllerr coast of Java slurd 72

9 ~ , r : *, EXAMPLE TAKEN FROM A SELLNG OF 8 MLLONS RUPAH,,-"",-,- - B Mllons rupah,,,,!,*,, f $, r explotaton redempton 6" f: Rp g$ , f: _ R Rp,, = Rp a :* L,,, L ", _ ), f 6, : \, - *) r r Rp, : : Beneft ; _, 3; Rp! 1 9; ; $, 2 F Rp, ",, B 4 L 1 : " a *, % r l a / ~ :, u,, ~ ; 1:- > 1-,_ Z? *! t r,,, f! 50% crew Rp Nakhoda 3 part: Nakhoda 25 part V; Motorst 25 part -, Motorst 2 part 5 Men 15 part, / 21 Men 1 part part, :t r : ; " 1; A Fy 4 Example of payment by slzare for one trp or board the bg purse seners of the Java Sea

10 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~- Subhat Nurhakh, Suherman Bano??, M Poter dan T Boely Table 1 Data s orgn n the harbours of the Central Jaya provnce 1 Harbour , , Rembang :*:~ X x SL-o o Other orgn of the nformatons e Table -~~ ~, *:,::, Annaual evoluton of the numb er of bg purse seners regstered per harbour 1 e, a:, Harbour Harbour : : , Tega,, Juwana Rembang 120 t 74

11 Juma1 Pen Perkman Laut 1Vo 40 Xt 1987 ha Table N Annual evoluton per harbour of the mean gross tonnage (GT) Vessels Tegal Pcnalang Pekalongan Batang Juwana Rembang Togal Number % 1 12,r4 64, o " Table Vn Characterstcs of the fleet n 1985 (Age) 75

12 J - Subhat Nurhakìrn, Suherman Banon, M Poten dan T Body Table V Characterstcs of the fleet n 1985 (Engne power) Power (hp) Total Tegal 5 * " " l ( ; j Table X Characterstcs of the fleet n 1985 (Tonnage) Tonnage(GT) Total