9.3. Storing Thermal Energy. Transferring Thermal Energy
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1 9.3 If you have been to a beach on a hot summer day, you have likely cooled off by going for a dip in the water. The water, which is cooler than you are, removes thermal energy from your body, making you feel cooler. This shows the remarkable ability of water to absorb and store thermal energy. Storing Thermal Energy Air, land, and water have different capacities for storing thermal energy. Large bodies of water, such as oceans, and the atmosphere absorb and store thermal energy, so they are heat sinks. Water is a more effective heat sink than air because it has a greater capacity to store thermal energy. When the air is warmer than the ocean surface, the ocean absorbs thermal energy from the air. When the air is cooler than the ocean surface, the ocean releases thermal energy back into the air. As a result, the climates of regions close to oceans and large bodies of water tend to be milder in winter and cooler in summer than inland regions. conduction convection radiation Figure 1 Thermal energy moves by conduction from the flame to the pot, and then to the handle. It moves by convection through the water. Thermal energy also moves from the burner to the atmosphere by radiation. Transferring Thermal Energy When thermal energy is transferred, it always moves from an object or region that is warmer to one that is cooler (Figure 1). Thermal energy can be transferred in three different ways: radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves conduction through direct contact convection within fluids (liquids or gases) The stored energy in both air and water is transferred by winds and ocean currents. This thermal energy transfer is an important cause of Earth s climate zones. 334 Chapter 9 Causes of Climate Change
2 Convection Currents Most of Earth s thermal energy circulates throughout the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. When a fluid, such as air or water, is unevenly heated, a current forms. The cooler, denser fluid falls and pushes the warmer, less dense fluid up. This roughly circular pattern of movement is called a convection current (Figure 2). Convection currents in the air and in the oceans move thermal energy around the globe. Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere In the atmosphere, the amount of thermal energy absorbed by the air is unevenly distributed. At low latitudes, such as at the equator, the Sun s energy is more intense. The air gets much warmer than the air at higher latitudes. Air at the equator heats up rapidly and becomes less dense. Colder, denser air above it drops, pushing the warm air up into the atmosphere. This creates an area of low pressure. The warm air spreads out toward the poles and cools down. This cooler air then sinks back to Earth s surface. This creates an area of high pressure. This movement of warm and cool air creates convection currents in Earth s atmosphere. convection current: the circular movement of matter within a fluid caused by the rising of warm fluid as cool fluid sinks rising current of warm air warm air cools and sinks warmer air is displaced upward by falling cooler air Figure 2 The circulation of warm and cold fluid creates a convection current. Convection currents are one of the main ways that energy is transported in the atmosphere. They move thermal energy from the equator toward the poles (Figure 3) equator Figure 3 A complex set of convection cells forms around Earth, creating bands of prevailing winds (the yellow arrows), and moving thermal energy from the equator toward the poles. 9.3 Energy Transfer in Air and in Water 335
3 Prevailing Winds and Climate Zones The surface winds that result from convection currents are called global winds, or prevailing winds (Figure 4). Prevailing winds, such as the westerlies or trade winds, move in the same direction almost all the time. These winds can influence climate zones. A prevailing wind that passes over the ocean picks up water vapour. When this wind reaches land, the water condenses, bringing rain. These regions have high amounts of precipitation (for example, Vancouver, British Columbia). A prevailing wind that comes from the Arctic will be cold and dry. The region this wind passes over may have cold, dry winters (for example, Kenora, Ontario). Figure 4 Wind farms, like this one near Shelbourne, Ontario, take advantage of strong winds to generate power. TRY This Examine Air Currents Skills: Observing, Evaluating, Communicating In this activity, you will make air currents and observe their effects. Equipment and Materials: heavy cardstock; ruler; pencil; scissors; thread; lamp with incandescent bulb Caution Do not touch the bulb, even after it is turned off; it may still be hot. To unplug the lamp, pull on the plug, not the cord. 1.B., 3.B. 5. Hold the spiral by the thread just above the light bulb (Figure 5). Do not allow the card to touch the bulb. Record your observations. A. Explain your observations. T/I C B. H ow does this model demonstrate how air currents in the atmosphere form? A 1. From cardstock, cut out a circle with a diameter of 15 cm. 2. Starting at the outside edge of the circle, cut a continuous strip 1.5 cm wide toward the centre of the circle, forming a spiral. 3. Tie a piece of thread to the centre of the spiral. 4. Remove the shade from the lamp. Plug in the lamp and turn it on. Let it warm for several minutes. 336 Chapter 9 Causes of Climate Change Figure 5 Suspend the spiral just above the bulb.
4 Energy Transfer in the Oceans Similar to air currents, large ocean currents transfer thermal energy around Earth and affect the climate of different regions. Ocean currents are driven by three factors: prevailing winds convection uneven concentration of salts in ocean water Prevailing winds create surface ocean currents that move warm water. Convection and the uneven concentration of salts in the ocean create deep ocean currents. These currents move cold, salty water from deep in the ocean to the warmer, less salty ocean surface. Together these currents result in the mixing of water throughout the world s oceans. Thermohaline Circulation The continuous movement of water based on a difference in temperature and salinity is called the thermohaline circulation (Figure 6). Thermohaline circulation acts like a giant conveyer belt, moving water and thermal energy from the equator to the poles. As warm surface water moves toward the poles it gets colder. It also becomes saltier as surface water evaporates and sea ice forms. This cold, salty water is denser and sinks to the ocean floor. Warmer surface water from the equator then flows toward the poles to take its place. thermohaline circulation: the continuous flow of water within oceans because of differences in water temperature and salinity dig deeper Learning Tip Root Words The term thermohaline is derived from two Greek words. Thermo means hot, while hals means of salt. thermal energy release to atmosphere ATLANTIC OCEAN warm water INDIAN OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN cold, salty water thermal energy release to atmosphere Figure 6 The complex pattern of ocean currents is caused by a combination of convection currents, prevailing winds, differences in salinity, and the positions of land masses. 9.3 Energy Transfer in Air and in Water 337
5 dig deeper Reading Tip Supporting Details Details such as facts, reasons, and examples are used to support the main idea. They help the reader understand the main idea by saying something specific that the reader can relate to. An example of a supporting detail is For example, the Galapagos Islands... When summarizing a text, it is better not to include supporting details. dig deeper Career Link Avionics maintenance technicians test and repair specialized equipment on aircraft, such as navigation equipment that help pilots fly in fog. To learn more about being an avionics maintenance technician, Ocean Currents and Climate Zones Ocean currents transfer large amounts of thermal energy around the world. Ocean currents have a strong influence on climate zones. Cold ocean currents cool the air above them. They do not release as much moisture into the air as warm currents. When this cool air reaches land, it has a cooling effect. For example, the Galapagos Islands are situated on the equator and surrounded by the ocean. However, the islands have a relatively cool and very dry climate because of a cold ocean current. Warm ocean currents heat the air above them. When this warm, moist air reaches land, it warms the land and brings rain. The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current that runs up the east coast of North America and across the North Atlantic ocean toward Europe (Figure 7). When the Gulf Stream encounters the cold prevailing winds blowing from the Arctic and Greenland, some of the thermal energy from the warm surface current gets transferred to the air. This gives cities on the northwest coast of Europe a warmer, damper climate than other cities, such as Montréal, that are at the same latitude. The Grand Banks off Newfoundland and Labrador are influenced by the meeting of two ocean currents. When the cool, dry air over the cold Labrador Current meets the warm, moist air over the much warmer Gulf Stream, the result is some of the foggiest conditions in the world. go to Nelson Science Figure 7 This satellite image shows the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic, which moves warm surface water northward from the equator. Red tones are warmer currents and blue tones are cooler currents. The east coast of North America is the dark grey area in the upper left. 338 Chapter 9 Causes of Climate Change
6 TRY This Ice Cold Action Skills: Observing, Evaluating, Communicating In this activity, you will make and observe water currents. Equipment and Materials: 2 clear glass containers (e.g., drinking glasses); tap water; 2 ice cubes dyed with food colouring; 250 ml salt water (3 %) 1. Fill a clear glass container with tap water. This represents a freshwater lake. Allow the water to settle for 2 min. 2. Carefully lower a coloured ice cube into the water. Make sure that you do this with minimal disturbance of the water. This represents a sheet of ice. 3. Observe carefully as the ice melts. 4. Record your observations in a diagram. 5. Repeat Steps 1 to 4 using a solution of 3 % salt water. This represents the ocean. A. What happened to the melting ice water in the fresh water? Explain. T/I C B. What happened to the melting ice water in the salt water? Explain. T/I C C. What does this suggest happens when large icebergs or floating ice sheets melt in the Arctic Ocean? A D. What would happen to the density of the surface water if very large amounts of ice melted and flowed into the ocean near Greenland? T/I E. What effect could this have on the thermohaline circulation? T/I 3.B. 9.3 Wrap Up Earth s oceans and lakes absorb and store more thermal energy than the atmosphere does. Convection currents in the atmosphere and hydrosphere distribute thermal energy over Earth s surface. Air currents and ocean currents transfer thermal energy from the equator to the poles. Thermohaline circulation acts like a giant conveyor belt in the ocean, slowly transferring thermal energy from the equator to the poles and mixing the water in the world s oceans in the process. Check Your Learning 1. List and define the three types of thermal energy transfer. K/U 2. How do convection currents form? Use a diagram in your answer. K/U C 3. How is thermal energy distributed from low (warmer) latitudes to high (cooler) latitudes? K/U 4. What is a prevailing wind? K/U 5. What are the three factors that cause ocean currents? K/U 6. Explain what happens to warm surface water as it moves north. What type of circulation does this cause? K/U 7. How does the Gulf Stream affect the climate of the northwest coast of Europe? K/U 9.3 Energy Transfer in Air and in Water 339
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