Seasonal Evaluation of Temperature Inversion

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Seasonal Evaluation of Temperature Inversion"

Transcription

1 Seasonal Evaluation of Temperature Inversion Kandil, H A 1, Kader M M. A 2, Moaty, A A. 2, Elhadidi, B 3, Sherif, A.O. 3 The seasonal evaluation of the temperature inversion over Cairo-Egypt is examined for a complete year [September 2004 to September 2005]. This area suffers annual episodes, known as Black Cloud, resulting from concentration increase of the trapped suspended Particulate Matter (PM) associated with temperature inversion at autumn and spring. The fifth generation of the Penn State NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) [ 1] was used to investigate two types of temperature inversion, the Ground Temperature inversion (GTI) associated with a rapid decrease in the ground surface temperature and simultaneous existence of warm air in the lower troposphere and Subsidence temperature inversion (STI) which forms when a warmer air mass moves over a colder air mass. The inversion develops in association with a stagnating high-pressure system (generally associated with fair weather) and higher water vapor content. Under these conditions, the pressure gradient becomes progressively weaker so that winds become light reducing the transport and dispersion of pollutants. The results of this study shows that the GTI strength increases in December, January, and February when the solar and ground heat fluxes are minimal. Strong anti-correlation coefficients of (-0.8 and -0.81) were obtained between the ground heat fluxes and the GTI strength and lifetime respectively. The STI appeared with higher frequencies and strength in September, October, April and May compared to the other months. The increase in STI strength resulted from large-scale convection from the Mediterranean Sea represented in increased sea level pressure and surface water vapor in warm season. The STI strength and elevation were correlated to satellite observations of Aerosol Optical depth (AOD) and resulted in strong correlation of (0.80 and -0.91) respectively. This showed that the higher strength and lower elevation of STI in addition to light wind speed increased the trapped suspended PM concentrations. 1. Introduction Air pollution episodes have been recorded in Cairo, during the fall season, since 1999, as a result of specific meteorological conditions combined with large quantity of pollutants created by several ground-based sources. These weather conditions represented in low variable winds, high humidity and strong temperature inversions in the few-hundred meters above the ground. The temperature inversion resulted from the subsidence of air in the high pressure area situated north of Egypt with centre in the Eastern Mediterranean. This high pressure area gives rise to a slow movement of humid air from the north-east across the Nile Delta into Cairo area causing the formation of the temperature inversion. These conditions create a lid on the Cairo air mass. Under this lid the wind speeds decrease during the afternoons to near calm conditions. As a result, the local surface winds slowly move air pollutants back into Cairo from the south in the evening. The unusual high humidity together with high concentrations of suspended dust and other pollutants created what in Europe is called a winter type smog episode [ 8]. 1 German University in Cairo

2 References [ 9 4, 5, 14] used the MM5 model to study two types of temperature invasions over the Greater Cairo, which are GTI and STI, during an air pollution episode. The simulation results showed that the MM5 model was capable to predict the two types of temperature inversion. In addition, the results showed that most of Nile Delta area was covered by the two types of inversion from the sunset until the next day sunrise while the wind blew from the north-east of Greater Cairo. In this study, seasonal evaluation of the temperature inversion is presented for a complete year using the MM5 model. Two nested domains were used to cover Egypt (27km and 9km and 42 vertical levels) [ 9-12]. The selected grid spacing represents the general behavior of the temperature inversion due to limited availability of computational power [ 6, 11]. Thirteen months were considered [September 2004 to September 2005]. Black Cloud periods, which usually occur between the end of September and the beginning of November, were covered. To maintain the model accuracy within accepted limits [ 9-12], the simulation was divided into a sequence of runs each covering three days (72hours) and the model was reinitialized at the start of every three days. The boundary conditions were updated every six hours. A spin up time of twelve hours was used to avoid the effect of model initialization. A time step of 60 seconds was used for the coarsest domain in order to avoid any CFL model failure [ 1]. The model output fields hourly and was limited by the available storage system (one Terabytes). The vertical temperature profile was calculated [ 4-6] for a selected station located at the Cairo international Airport, and was analyzed to study the seasonal change of the temperature inversion. Three parameters for the temperature inversion were introduced which are the daily averages thickness, strength and lifetime based on hourly data. Each type of temperature inversion was identified based on observations of Whiteman [13], Kolev et al. [ 7]. The analysis for the GTI was calculated starting from ground level and up to 200 meters. The STI analysis was calculated starting from 200 meters up to 2000 meters. 2. Model Results (a) Ground temperature inversion analysis for whole year The obtained daily average values of the GTI layer for the thickness, the strength and the lifetime for December 2004 are shown in Figure 1. The detected average thickness of GTI was [20-250m], strength of [ deg.m -1 ] and lifetime of [5-13 hours]. The maximum GTI

3 lifetime for this month was thirteen hours and was observed only in two days [27 th and 30 th ] of December. Figure 1 Ground temperature inversion daily averages, December 2004 Figure 1 shows that the GTI was detected for 15 days. The monthly average for the GTI thickness, strength and lifetime was 65m, deg.m -1 and 9.33 hours respectively. The daily averages for GTI thickness, strength and lifetime were calculated for nine months for the same location, Figure 2. It is clear that September and October recorded the minimum number of days that the GTI was detected while January recoded the maximum number (17 days). The maximum daily averages for GTI strength are obtained in December, January and February where the early morning fogs were present at the location of this study. The total surface heat flux, TSHF, increased in warm season where the solar radiation was high and associated with increase in ground temperature compared to cold season, Figure 3. The decrease in TSHF in the cold season was associated with decrease in ground temperature as well which increased GTI strength. Figure 4 shows the monthly averages for the GTI number of days, monthly average for the GTI strength and thickness. The maximum GTI strength was obtained at December, January and February leading to favorable condition for formation of GTI.

4 Figure 2 Ground temperature inversion analysis for nine months

5 Figure 3 Hourly total surface heat flux history at Cairo International Airport for complete year Figure 4 Ground temperature inversion monthly average analysis for appearance days, average strength and average thickness

6 (b) Subsidence temperature inversion analysis for whole year Figure 5 shows the STI daily averages for September 2004, detected for twenty days. The daily average thickness varied from [ m] in this month. The range of STI strength varies [from to.018 deg.m -1 ], The STI lifetime varies [from 4 to 22 hours]. The 6th day of September 2004 records STI maximum thickness of 1014 meters but the corresponding STI strength was minimal,.0015 deg.m -1. This was insignificant and hence did not contribute to the weather conditions. (Pasquill-Gifford classifications). Figure 5 Subsidence temperature inversion daily averages,september 2004 The same analysis had been carried out for the other months from. Figure 6 plots the analysis results nine months in the period [October 2004 to September 2005]. The STI was detected almost each month for the simulated period but the number of days in each month, the strength and the lifetime of the STI varies. The maximum number of STI days was detected in May, 2005, and was detected for twenty one days. The corresponding monthly average strength was deg.m -1 while the average thickness was 280 meters.

7 The maximum STI monthly average strength was detected in September, The STI was detected in twenty days in September, 2004, Figure 7. The maximum monthly average STI thickness (was detected in January, 2005 but the corresponding monthly average STI strength was 0.003deg.m -1 which was weak STI. The STI was detected in five days only in January, 2005 as shown in Figure 6. The minimum STI monthly average strength was obtained at three months which are December, 2004, January 2005 and February, The corresponding number of days that STI was detected was 13 days for December 2004, 5 days for January 2005 and 11 days for February 2005 as shown in Figure 7. In brief, a complete year simulation was carried out to investigate the annual frequency of GTI and STI. Based on the model results, the GTI strongly appeared in the months December, January, and February when the early morning fogs are exist. The GTI strength increased in the months when the solar inclination and solar fluxes are minimal. In addition, the STI appeared with higher frequencies and strength in months September, October, April and May compared to the other months. The high strength of the STI was associated with decrease in elevation at September, October, April and May. It was noticed that the STI strength increased in the months when the air pollution episodes exist at the station of study. These air pollution episodes include the Black cloud phenomenon in months September, October and November [ 8] and the Khamasin sand storms (April and May).

8 Figure 6 Subsidence temperature inversion analysis for nine months

9 Figure 7 subsidence temperature inversion monthly average analysis for appearance days, average strength and average thickness (c) MODEL VALIDATION USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA FOR THE AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is a measure of the opaqueness of air, where high values of AOD indicate poor visibility. AOD data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS sensor is used in to measure the relative amount of aerosols suspended in the atmosphere and hence how much light is blocked by the airborne particles. Among of these detected aerosols are the dust, sea salts, volcanic ash, and smoke either being solid or liquid particles. Dust and smoke are the main constituents of the vertical column in this case where they reflect the visible and near infrared radiation preventing them from passing through the atmospheric column. The presence of the dust and smoke particles during certain time periods through the year results in increase of optical depth.

10 The MODIS sensors are used to retrieve various surface parameters such as the ground surface temperature, vegetation coverage, surface emissivity and AOD. Furthermore, the STI has direct impacts on the weather conditions that it may trap the pollutants underneath as well. This will decrease the opaqueness of the air which will increase the AOD. In this section, the AOD of the MODIS sensors will be used in order to validate and correlate the STI to the AOD. The monthly averages for the STI strength was obtained for a selected station (31.38 E and N) based on the year simulation results. The AOD is obtained for the same station based on monthly MODIS products [ 2]. Figure 8 Comparision between AOD[ 2] and STI strength for selected station Figure 8 shows that the STI is highly correlated to the AOD with correlation coefficient of This correlation increased in winter months where minimum values for the STI were obtained. As shown in Figure 8, the AOD values were high at September, April and May compared to other months. At April and May, the Greater Cairo episodes the Khamasin sand storm which decrease the visibility and hence increase in AOD. As shown in Figure 8, the increase in AOD at April and May is associated with increase in STI strength which shows the impact of the STI on the sand storms events. At September, the Greater Cairo episodes the Black Cloud event which decreases the visibility and increases the AOD. Figure 8, shows that the STI is high at September where the AOD is high and Black Cloud exists. This shows also that the STI has direct impact on the Black Cloud phenomenon.

11 The STI elevation was obtained based on a year simulation over the Greater Cairo. As shown in Figure 9, the elevation of the STI is anti-correlated to the AOD with correlation coefficient of This shows that the increase in AOD is caused by trapped particles under STI layers at lower elevation. This concludes also that the STI strength is associated with STI layers vertical movement and causes a particles trapping when the STI strength is high at lower elevations. Figure 9 Comparision between AOD[ 2] and STI elevation for selected station 3. Conclusions The seasonal evaluation of the temperature inversion has been studied over the Greater Cairo. The results of this study showed that the GTI strength increased in December, January, and February when the solar and ground heat fluxes were minimal. Strong anticorrelation coefficients of (-0.8 and -0.81) were obtained between the ground heat fluxes and the GTI strength and lifetime respectively. This shows that the GTI development strongly depends on the ground heat fluxes. The STI appears with higher frequencies and strength in September, October, April and May compared to the other months. The increase in STI strength resulted from largescale convection from the Mediterranean Sea represented in increased sea level pressure and sea surface water vapor in warm season which is giving rise to a slow movement of humid air from the north-east across the Nile Delta into the Cairo area causing the formation of the STI.

12 The STI strength and elevation was correlated to satellite observations of Aerosol Optical depth (AOD) and resulted in strong correlation of (0.80 and -0.91) respectively. This showed that the higher strength and lower elevation of STI in addition to light wind speed increased the AOD index. This resulted in air pollution episodes represented in Black cloud in September, October and November and Khamasin sand storms in March and April. References 1. Dudhia J., G. Dave, M. Kevin, W. Wei, B. Cindy, K. Sudie," PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Modeling System, Tutorial Class Notes and User's Guide", NCAR Technical Notes, January El Askary H.,"Air Pollution Impact on Aerosol Variability over Mega Cities Using Remote Sensing Technology: Case study", Proceeding of 41 st U.S. Egypt Workshop on Predictive Methodologies for Global Weather- Climate and Related Disasters, Cairo, Egypt, 13 th 15 th March, El Askary H. and M. Kafatos, Potential for Dust Storms Detection Through Aerosol Radiative Forcing on Atmospheric Parameters, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS2006, Denver, USA, July 31 st - August 4 th, Kandil A. H., M. M. Abdel Kader, A. Abdel Moaty, B. Elhadidi, A. O. Sherif, Simulation of Atmospheric Temperature Inversions over Greater Cairo Using the MM5 Meso-scale Atmospheric Model, Proceeding of 41 st U.S-Egypt Workshop on The Predictive methodologies For Global Weather-Climate and Related Disasters, 13 th 15 th March, Kandil A. H., M. M. Abdel Kader, A. Abdel Moaty, B. Elhadidi, A. O. Sherif, Simulation of Atmospheric Temperature Inversions over Greater Cairo Using the MM5 Meso-scale Atmospheric Model, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, ISSN , Volume IX, pp , Kandil A. H., M. M. Abdel Kader, A. Abdel Moaty, B. Elhadidi, A. O. Sherif, Building an Accurate Weather Prediction Model for Egypt, The Egyptian Journal

13 of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, ISSN , Volume IX, pp. 3-14, Kolev I., P. Savov, B. Kaprielov, O. Parvanov, and V. Simeonov, Lidar Observation of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer Formation over Sofia, Bulgaria, Jpurnal of Atmospheric Environment, Volume 34, pp , Sivertsen B., Air Pollution Levels Measured in Egypt Exceed Air Quality Limit Values, Environmental Information and Monitoring Program, EEAA - Danida - COWI NILU, EIMP Air Quality Info., December, Sherif A. O., H. A. Kandil, B. Elhadidi, A. Abdel Moaty, and M. M. Abdel Kader, Using Remote Sensing Observations to Improve the Predictions of a High- Resolution Meso-Scale Weather Modeling System for Egypt, Cairo 9 th International Conference on Energy & Environment, Sharm ElSheikh, Egypt, 13 th 15 th March, Sherif A. O., H. A. Kandil, B. Elhadidi, A. Abdel Moaty, and M. M. Abdel Kader, Regional Weather Prediction Models with Remotely Sensed Data Assimilation, Cairo University 2 nd International Conference on Applied Research, Cairo, Egypt, December, Sherif A. O., H. A. Kandil, B. Elhadidi, A. Abdel Moaty, and M. M. Abdel Kader, Improving the Weather Prediction Capabilities Using the Remote-sensing Technology on a Cluster of 64-bit Machines, 2 nd International Conference on Advances on Engineering Science & Technology, National Research Center (NRC), Egypt, 12 th -14 th November, Sherif A. O., H. A. Kandil, B. Elhadidi, A. Abdel Moaty, and M. M. Abdel Kader, Simulation of Surface Temperature Inversions In Egypt Using The MM5 Meso- Scale Numerical Modeling System, Cairo 9 th International Conference on Energy & Environment, Sharm ElSheikh, Egypt, March, Whiteman C. D., Breakup of Temperature Inversions in Deep Mountain Valleys: Part I, Observations, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Volume 21, pp , 1982.

Atmospheric Dispersion, Transport and Deposition. Dispersion. Wind Speed. EOH 468 Spring 2008 Dr. Peter Bellin, CIH, Ph.D.

Atmospheric Dispersion, Transport and Deposition. Dispersion. Wind Speed. EOH 468 Spring 2008 Dr. Peter Bellin, CIH, Ph.D. Atmospheric Dispersion, Transport and Deposition EOH 468 Spring 2008 Dr. Peter Bellin, CIH, Ph.D. Dispersion Atmospheric process affect dilution. Wind speed and lapse rate impact on emissions. Planetary

More information

6.28 PREDICTION OF FOG EPISODES AT THE AIRPORT OF MADRID- BARAJAS USING DIFFERENT MODELING APPROACHES

6.28 PREDICTION OF FOG EPISODES AT THE AIRPORT OF MADRID- BARAJAS USING DIFFERENT MODELING APPROACHES 6.28 PREDICTION OF FOG EPISODES AT THE AIRPORT OF MADRID- BARAJAS USING DIFFERENT MODELING APPROACHES Cecilia Soriano 1, Darío Cano 2, Enric Terradellas 3 and Bill Physick 4 1 Universitat Politècnica de

More information

METEOROLOGY OF FAIRBANKS WINTER: MAKING SENSE OF THAT CRAZY INVERSION

METEOROLOGY OF FAIRBANKS WINTER: MAKING SENSE OF THAT CRAZY INVERSION METEOROLOGY OF FAIRBANKS WINTER: MAKING SENSE OF THAT CRAZY INVERSION Rick Thoman Climate Science and Services Manager National Weather Service Alaska Region What s an inversion and why should I care?

More information

Meteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer

Meteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer Chapter 4 Worksheet 3 Meteorology Name: Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer 1) Natural convection and turbulence are most likely to occur when: a) temperature decreases rapidly with

More information

10.6 The Dynamics of Drainage Flows Developed on a Low Angle Slope in a Large Valley Sharon Zhong 1 and C. David Whiteman 2

10.6 The Dynamics of Drainage Flows Developed on a Low Angle Slope in a Large Valley Sharon Zhong 1 and C. David Whiteman 2 10.6 The Dynamics of Drainage Flows Developed on a Low Angle Slope in a Large Valley Sharon Zhong 1 and C. David Whiteman 2 1Department of Geosciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 2Pacific Northwest

More information

ASSESSMENT OF SEA BREEZE CHARACTERISTICS FROM SODAR ECHOGRAMS

ASSESSMENT OF SEA BREEZE CHARACTERISTICS FROM SODAR ECHOGRAMS ASSESSMENT OF SEA BREEZE CHARACTERISTICS FROM SODAR ECHOGRAMS SUNEETHA RANI. JUPUDI Prof. M. PURNACHANDRA RAO Department of Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. ABSTRACT The SODAR echograms

More information

Conditions for Offshore Wind Energy Use

Conditions for Offshore Wind Energy Use Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg Institute of Physics Energy Meteorology Group Detlev Heinemann Conditions for Offshore Wind Energy Use Detlev Heinemann ForWind Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg

More information

2.4. Applications of Boundary Layer Meteorology

2.4. Applications of Boundary Layer Meteorology 2.4. Applications of Boundary Layer Meteorology 2.4.1. Temporal Evolution & Prediction of the PBL Earlier, we saw the following figure showing the diurnal evolution of PBL. With a typical diurnal cycle,

More information

1. Large-scale temperature inversions.

1. Large-scale temperature inversions. Lecture 18. Local and regional pollution issues: plumes of pollution. Objectives: 1. Large-scale temperature inversions. 2. Plumes of pollution. Readings: Turco: p.128-135; Brimblecombe: p.130-138 1. Large-scale

More information

ASAP Satellite-based tropopause fold and mountain wave detection and validation

ASAP Satellite-based tropopause fold and mountain wave detection and validation ASAP Satellite-based tropopause fold and mountain wave detection and validation Tony Wimmers, Kristopher M. Bedka, Wayne Feltz, Nathan Uhlenbrock Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies

More information

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Numerical investigation of the formation of elevated pollution layers over the Los Angeles air basin Rong Lu, R.P. Turco Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard

More information

Vertical Motion and Atmospheric Stability

Vertical Motion and Atmospheric Stability Lesson 4 Vertical Motion and Atmospheric Stability This lesson describes the vertical structure of the atmosphere, atmospheric stability and the corresponding vertical motion. Adiabatic diagrams are introduced

More information

Characterization of Boundary-Layer Meteorology During DISCOVER-AQ

Characterization of Boundary-Layer Meteorology During DISCOVER-AQ Characterization of Boundary-Layer Meteorology During DISCOVER-AQ Daniel M. Alrick and Clinton P. MacDonald Sonoma Technology, Inc. Gary A. Morris St. Edward s University for Texas Air Quality Research

More information

Water on Earth. How do oceans relate to weather and the atmosphere? Solar Radiation and Convection Currents

Water on Earth. How do oceans relate to weather and the atmosphere? Solar Radiation and Convection Currents Earth is often called the Blue Planet because so much of its surface (about 71%) is covered by water. Of all the water on Earth, about 96.5% is held in the world s oceans. As you can imagine, these oceans

More information

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS Atmospheric Stability An understanding of why and how air moves in the atmosphere is fundamental to the prediction of weather and climate. What happens to air as it moves up and down

More information

An Analysis of the South Florida Sea Breeze Circulation: An Idealized Study

An Analysis of the South Florida Sea Breeze Circulation: An Idealized Study An Analysis of the South Florida Sea Breeze Circulation: An Idealized Study John Cangialosi University of Miami/RSMAS Abstract This experiment is an idealized study (removal of mean large scale flow) to

More information

Local Winds. Please read Ahrens Chapter 10

Local Winds. Please read Ahrens Chapter 10 Local Winds Please read Ahrens Chapter 10 Scales of Motion Microscale: meters Turbulent eddies Formed by mechanical disturbance or convection Lifetimes of minutes Mesoscale: km s to 100 s of km s Local

More information

Local Winds & Microclimates. Unit 2- Module 1

Local Winds & Microclimates. Unit 2- Module 1 Local Winds & Microclimates Unit 2- Module 1 Objectives Overview of local winds (sea & land breezes, valley winds) Overview of microclimates (valley, urban, woodland) Local Winds Local Winds Local winds

More information

1 INTRODUCTION. Figure 2: Synoptical situation at the beginning of the simulation: 5th January 1999 at 12UTC.

1 INTRODUCTION. Figure 2: Synoptical situation at the beginning of the simulation: 5th January 1999 at 12UTC. 2.2 NOCTURNAL CIRCULATIONS UNDER WEAK PRESSURE GRADIENTS IN THE ISLAND OF MALLORCA J. Cuxart and M.A. Jiménez Universitat de les Illes Balears, Spain 1 INTRODUCTION To study the local nocturnal circulations

More information

Analysis of katabatic flow using infrared imaging at micro- and mesoscale

Analysis of katabatic flow using infrared imaging at micro- and mesoscale AMS - Boundary Layers and Turbulence 06/10/2014 Analysis of katabatic flow using infrared imaging at micro- and mesoscale Analysis of katabatic flow using infrared imaging at micro- and mesoscale Martina

More information

Unit Test Study Guide:

Unit Test Study Guide: Name: Homeroom: Date: Unit 6: Meteorology Study Guide Unit Test Study Guide: Atmosphere & Weather Use the summary points below as a resource to help you study for our unit test Monday! EARTH S ATMOSPHERE:

More information

REMINDERS: Problem Set 2: Due Monday (Feb 3)

REMINDERS: Problem Set 2: Due Monday (Feb 3) REMINDERS: Problem Set 2: Due Monday (Feb 3) Midterm 1: Next Wednesday, Feb 5 - Lecture material covering chapters 1-5 - Multiple Choice, Short Answers, Definitions - Practice midterm will be on course

More information

Sea and Land Breezes METR 4433, Mesoscale Meteorology Spring 2006 (some of the material in this section came from ZMAG)

Sea and Land Breezes METR 4433, Mesoscale Meteorology Spring 2006 (some of the material in this section came from ZMAG) Sea and Land Breezes METR 4433, Mesoscale Meteorology Spring 2006 (some of the material in this section came from ZMAG) 1 Definitions: The sea breeze is a local, thermally direct circulation arising from

More information

Chapter 2. Turbulence and the Planetary Boundary Layer

Chapter 2. Turbulence and the Planetary Boundary Layer Chapter 2. Turbulence and the Planetary Boundary Layer In the chapter we will first have a qualitative overview of the PBL then learn the concept of Reynolds averaging and derive the Reynolds averaged

More information

Dust radiative forcing and Heat Low dynamics over West Africa

Dust radiative forcing and Heat Low dynamics over West Africa Dust radiative forcing and Heat Low dynamics over West Africa Cyrille Flamant 1, Juan Cuesta 2, Christophe Lavaysse 3, Ridha Guebsi 1, Marco Gaetani 1, Wenje Wang 4 & Amato Evan 4 1 LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ.

More information

Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation-

Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation- Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation- Overview: Atmosphere & Climate Atmospheric layers Heating at different latitudes Atmospheric convection cells (Hadley, Ferrel, Polar) Coriolis Force Generation of winds

More information

EVE 402/502 Air Pollution Generation and Control. Introduction. Intro, cont d 9/18/2015. Chapter #3 Meteorology

EVE 402/502 Air Pollution Generation and Control. Introduction. Intro, cont d 9/18/2015. Chapter #3 Meteorology EVE 402/502 Air Pollution Generation and Control Chapter #3 Meteorology Introduction Meteorology is the study and forecasting of weather changes resulting from large-scale atmospheric circulation Characteristics

More information

Section 1. Global Wind Patterns and Weather. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes

Section 1. Global Wind Patterns and Weather. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes Chapter 5 Winds, Oceans, Weather, and Climate Section 1 Global Wind Patterns and Weather What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Determine the effects of Earth s rotation and the uneven

More information

Chapter 8 Air Masses

Chapter 8 Air Masses Chapter 8 Air Masses Air Masses - 1 1. An Air Mass is a large body of air usually about 1500 km across and several km thick, that has homogeneous physical properties. 2. The important physical properties

More information

Analysis of katabatic flow using infrared imaging at micro and meso scale

Analysis of katabatic flow using infrared imaging at micro and meso scale AMS - Boundary Layer and Turbulences 06/10/2014 Analysis of katabatic flow using infrared imaging at micro and meso scale Analysis of katabatic flow using infrared imaging at micro and meso scale Martina

More information

Measurement of Coastal & Littoral Toxic Material Tracer Dispersion. Dr. Robert E. Marshall T41 NSWCDD

Measurement of Coastal & Littoral Toxic Material Tracer Dispersion. Dr. Robert E. Marshall T41 NSWCDD Measurement of Coastal & Littoral Toxic Material Tracer Dispersion Dr. Robert E. Marshall robert.e.marshall@navy.mil T41 NSWCDD Mouth of the Piankatank River Chesapeake Bay Model this for CB defense? Ground

More information

Meteorology 2/6/2017. Wind, and its Interaction with Particle Plumes. Variation of wind speed with elevation. Variation of wind speed during the day

Meteorology 2/6/2017. Wind, and its Interaction with Particle Plumes. Variation of wind speed with elevation. Variation of wind speed during the day Meteorology The effect of wind, weather, and temperature conditions on the behavior of particle plumes Wind, and its Interaction with Particle Plumes Variation of wind speed with elevation Variation of

More information

IMPACTS OF COASTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES ON THE COASTS OF CRETE: NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS

IMPACTS OF COASTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES ON THE COASTS OF CRETE: NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS IMPACTS OF COASTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES ON THE COASTS OF CRETE: NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS Tsanis, I.K., Saied, U.M., Valavanis V. Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania,

More information

Mesoscale Meteorology

Mesoscale Meteorology Mesoscale Meteorology METR 4433 Spring 2015 3.4 Drylines The dryline is a mesoscale phenomena whose development and evaluation is strongly linked to the PBL. In this section, we will consider its general

More information

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RETRIEVAL USING TRMM MICROWAVE IMAGER SATELLITE DATA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RETRIEVAL USING TRMM MICROWAVE IMAGER SATELLITE DATA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RETRIEVAL USING TRMM MICROWAVE IMAGER SATELLITE DATA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA Mohd Ibrahim Seeni Mohd and Mohd Nadzri Md. Reba Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Engineering Universiti

More information

Increased Project Bankability : Thailand's First Ground-Based LiDAR Wind Measurement Campaign

Increased Project Bankability : Thailand's First Ground-Based LiDAR Wind Measurement Campaign Increased Project Bankability : Thailand's First Ground-Based LiDAR Wind Measurement Campaign Authors: Velmurugan. k, Durga Bhavani, Ram kumar. B, Karim Fahssis As wind turbines size continue to grow with

More information

DIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA

DIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA MT DIREION DE PERSONL ERONUTIO DPTO. DE INSTRUION PREGUNTS Y OPIONES POR TEM 1 TEM: 0643 OM-RT - Weather - hap. 6 OD_PREG: PREG20098600 (5301) PREGUNT: Every physical process of weather is accompanied

More information

Lecture 13 El Niño/La Niña Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. Idealized 3-Cell Model of Wind Patterns on a Rotating Earth. Previous Lecture!

Lecture 13 El Niño/La Niña Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. Idealized 3-Cell Model of Wind Patterns on a Rotating Earth. Previous Lecture! Lecture 13 El Niño/La Niña Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Previous Lecture! Global Winds General Circulation of winds at the surface and aloft Polar Jet Stream Subtropical Jet Stream Monsoons 1 2 Radiation

More information

Emission Inventory Evaluation Using DISCOVER-AQ Aircraft Data

Emission Inventory Evaluation Using DISCOVER-AQ Aircraft Data Emission Inventory Evaluation Using DISCOVER-AQ Aircraft Data Gary McGaughey, David Allen (PI) and Elena McDonald-Buller (co-pi) Center for Energy and Environmental Resources The University of Texas at

More information

Greenhouse Effect Activity

Greenhouse Effect Activity Greenhouse Effect Activity Objectives: The student will: 1. Read and use weather instruments. 2. Collect and record temperature readings. 3. Describe the concept of the greenhouse effect. Materials: Fish

More information

1.5 THE LAND BREEZE CHARACTERISTICS IN ISRAEL DURING THE SUMMER BY THE MM5 MODEL

1.5 THE LAND BREEZE CHARACTERISTICS IN ISRAEL DURING THE SUMMER BY THE MM5 MODEL 1. THE LAND BREEZE CHARACTERISTICS IN ISRAEL DURING THE SUMMER BY THE MM MODEL S. Berkovic and Y. Feliks Department of Mathematics, Israel Institute for Biological Research P.O.B 19, Ness-Ziona, Israel

More information

Variability in the tropical oceans - Monitoring and prediction of El Niño and La Niña -

Variability in the tropical oceans - Monitoring and prediction of El Niño and La Niña - Variability in the tropical oceans - Monitoring and prediction of El Niño and La Niña - Jun ichi HIROSAWA Climate Prediction Division Japan Meteorological Agency SST anomaly in Nov. 1997 1 ( ) Outline

More information

The Air-Sea Interaction. Masanori Konda Kyoto University

The Air-Sea Interaction. Masanori Konda Kyoto University 2 The Air-Sea Interaction Masanori Konda Kyoto University 2.1 Feedback between Ocean and Atmosphere Heat and momentum exchange between the ocean and atmosphere Atmospheric circulation Condensation heat

More information

3 Global Winds and Local Winds

3 Global Winds and Local Winds CHAPTER 1 3 Global Winds and Local Winds SECTION The Atmosphere BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What causes wind? What is the Coriolis effect?

More information

Data Analysis of the Seasonal Variation of the Java Upwelling System and Its Representation in CMIP5 Models

Data Analysis of the Seasonal Variation of the Java Upwelling System and Its Representation in CMIP5 Models Data Analysis of the Seasonal Variation of the Java Upwelling System and Its Representation in CMIP5 Models Iulia-Mădălina Ștreangă University of Edinburgh University of Tokyo Research Internship Program

More information

Abstract. 1 Introduction

Abstract. 1 Introduction On the atmospheric stability in the Athens Basin M. Petrakis,* P. Kassomenos,* S. Lykoudis,* V. Synodinou^ "National Observatory ofathens, Institute of Meteorology and Physics of the Atmospheric Environment,

More information

ALARO physics developments

ALARO physics developments Regional Cooperation for Limited Area Modeling in Central Europe ALARO physics developments Neva Pristov contributions from R. Brožkova, J. Mašek, L. Gerard, Ivan Baštak Duran, C. Wastl, C. Wittmann, M.

More information

Influence of NOx/VOC emission-reduction on ozone levels in the Mediterranean area

Influence of NOx/VOC emission-reduction on ozone levels in the Mediterranean area EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE Environmental Modelling Task Force Influence of NOx/VOC emission-reduction on ozone levels in the Mediterranean area C. Cuvelier, P. Thunis

More information

Results for the stratosphere

Results for the stratosphere Results for the stratosphere Bruno Carli Day 6 Lecture 2 Results for the stratosphere - Bruno Carli 1 Table of Contents MIPAS objectives Multidimensional coverage of MIPAS measurements New observations

More information

Exercise: Satellite Imagery Analysis. 29 June 2016 Japan Meteorological Agency

Exercise: Satellite Imagery Analysis. 29 June 2016 Japan Meteorological Agency Exercise: Satellite Imagery Analysis 29 June 2016 Japan Meteorological Agency Contents 1. Fog/Stratiform Cloud 2. Cb (Cumulonimbus)/Cg (Cumulus congestus) 3. Upper-level Flow Jet stream, upper trough,

More information

(Some) Fundamentals of Weather

(Some) Fundamentals of Weather (Some) Fundamentals of Weather The Weather Channel Weather & Air Quality: Keys: Air motion, clouds, and precipitation. Horizontal: Vertical: Wind Vertical Motions, mixing Wind, mixing dperse Pollutants!!

More information

Lesson 2C - Weather 2C-1-S190-EP

Lesson 2C - Weather 2C-1-S190-EP Lesson 2C - Weather 2C-1-S190-EP Fire Weather *Click on image to play video 2C-2-S190-EP A. Air Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. 1. Air Temperature varies with: Time Location

More information

Meteorology I Pre test for the Second Examination

Meteorology I Pre test for the Second Examination Meteorology I Pre test for the Second Examination MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A primary reason why land areas warm up more rapidly than water areas is that a) on land, all solar energy is absorbed in a shallow

More information

Horizontal distance, x

Horizontal distance, x Height, z z i pping Free Atmosphere Inversion Boundary Layer Troposphere ~11 km ~2 km Earth Horizontal distance, x Adapted from Meteorology for Scientists and Engineers A Technical Companion Book to C.

More information

Effect of Orography on Land and Ocean Surface Temperature

Effect of Orography on Land and Ocean Surface Temperature Present and Future of Modeling Global Environmental Change: Toward Integrated Modeling, Eds., T. Matsuno and H. Kida, pp. 427 431. by TERRAPUB, 2001. Effect of Orography on Land and Ocean Surface Temperature

More information

Water Budget I: Precipitation Inputs

Water Budget I: Precipitation Inputs Water Budget I: Precipitation Inputs Forest Cover Global Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) Biomes and Rainfall Forests won t grow where P < 15 / yr Forest type depends strongly on rainfall quantity, type

More information

Scott Denning CSU CMMAP 1

Scott Denning CSU CMMAP 1 Thermodynamics, Buoyancy, and Vertical Motion Temperature, Pressure, and Density Buoyancy and Static Stability Adiabatic Lapse Rates Dry and Moist Convective Motions Present Atmospheric Composition What

More information

3.3 USING A SIMPLE PARCEL MODEL TO INVESTIGATE THE HAINES INDEX

3.3 USING A SIMPLE PARCEL MODEL TO INVESTIGATE THE HAINES INDEX 3.3 USING A SIMPLE PARCEL MODEL TO INVESTIGATE THE HAINES INDEX Mary Ann Jenkins 1 Steven K. Krueger 2 and Ruiyu Sun 2 1 York University, Toronto, Canada 2 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 1. INTRODUCTION

More information

MET 200 Lecture 11 Local Winds. Last Lecture: Forces. Review of Forces. Balance of Forces

MET 200 Lecture 11 Local Winds. Last Lecture: Forces. Review of Forces. Balance of Forces MET 200 Lecture 11 Local Winds Last Lecture: Forces Scales of Motion Eddies Sea Breeze Mountain-Valley Circulations Chinook - Snow Eater Drainage Wind - Katabatic Wind 1 2 Review of Forces 1. Pressure

More information

Write answers on your own paper. A. the Sun B. the Moon C. Earth s gravity D. Earth s rotation

Write answers on your own paper. A. the Sun B. the Moon C. Earth s gravity D. Earth s rotation The tmosphere Write answers on your own paper 1. What is the primary energy source that drives all weather events, including precipitation, hurricanes, and tornados?. the Sun. the Moon C. Earth s gravity

More information

WEATHER SYSTEMS OF MIDDLE LATITUDES

WEATHER SYSTEMS OF MIDDLE LATITUDES CHAPTER 10 WEATHER SYSTEMS OF MIDDLE LATITUDES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. In equal volumes, which one of the following air masses exerts the highest surface air pressure? a. cp *b. A c. mp d. ct e. mt

More information

Meteorology & Air Pollution. Dr. Wesam Al Madhoun

Meteorology & Air Pollution. Dr. Wesam Al Madhoun Meteorology & Air Pollution Dr. Wesam Al Madhoun Dispersion = Advection (Transport) + Dilution (Diffusion) Source Transport Receptor Re-entrainment Fick s law of diffusion J= - D * D C/Dx Where, J= Mass

More information

Scales of Motion and Atmospheric Composition

Scales of Motion and Atmospheric Composition Scales of Motion and Atmospheric Composition Atmos 3200/Geog 3280 Mountain Weather and Climate Sebastian Hoch & C. David Whiteman Drusberg and Glaernisch, Switzerland, Sebastian Hoch Atmospheric Scales

More information

Chapter 7 Weather and Climate

Chapter 7 Weather and Climate Chapter 7 Weather and Climate *Describe what weather is, what affects it, and where it occurs. *Explain the connection between air pressure and wind. * *Many factors affect a region s weather. * *atmosphere

More information

ANALYSIS FOR WIND CHARACTERISTICS IN TELUK KALUNG, KEMAMAN, TERENGGANU Muhammad Hisyam Abdullah 1, Mohamad Idris Bin Ali 1 and Ngien Su Kong 1

ANALYSIS FOR WIND CHARACTERISTICS IN TELUK KALUNG, KEMAMAN, TERENGGANU Muhammad Hisyam Abdullah 1, Mohamad Idris Bin Ali 1 and Ngien Su Kong 1 International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 5, No 6, 2016, 3827 3833 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) ANALYSIS FOR WIND CHARACTERISTICS IN TELUK KALUNG, KEMAMAN, TERENGGANU Muhammad

More information

Wind: Small Scale and Local Systems Chapter 9 Part 1

Wind: Small Scale and Local Systems Chapter 9 Part 1 Wind: Small Scale and Local Systems Chapter 9 Part 1 Atmospheric scales of motion Scales of atmospheric circulations range from meters or less to thousands of kilometers- millions of meters Time scales

More information

Global Circulations. GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 15 Ahrens: Chapter 10

Global Circulations. GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 15 Ahrens: Chapter 10 Global Circulations GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 15 Ahrens: Chapter 10 Last lecture Microscale (turbulence) Mesoscale (land/sea breeze) Synoptic scale (monsoon) Global scale (3 cell circulation) Three Cell Model

More information

PHSC 3033: Meteorology Stability

PHSC 3033: Meteorology Stability PHSC 3033: Meteorology Stability Equilibrium and Stability Equilibrium s 2 States: Stable Unstable Perturbed from its initial state, an object can either tend to return to equilibrium (A. stable) or deviate

More information

In comparison to depressions, these can be quite boring, at least in terms of the weather they bring.

In comparison to depressions, these can be quite boring, at least in terms of the weather they bring. Anticyclones In comparison to depressions, these can be quite boring, at least in terms of the weather they bring. In summary, anticyclones; Are larger than low pressure systems, Last longer than low pressure

More information

Adiabatic Lapse Rates and Atmospheric Stability

Adiabatic Lapse Rates and Atmospheric Stability 8 Adiabatic Lapse Rates and Atmospheric Stability Learning Goals After studying this chapter, students should be able to: 1. describe adiabatic processes as they apply to the atmosphere (p. 174); 2. apply

More information

STUDENT PACKET # 10. Vocabulary: condensation, convection, convection current, land breeze, sea breeze

STUDENT PACKET # 10. Vocabulary: condensation, convection, convection current, land breeze, sea breeze STUDENT PACKET # 10 Name: Date: Student Exploration: Coastal Winds and Clouds Big Idea 7: Earth Systems and Patterns SC.6.E.7.4 Differentiate and show interactions among the geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere,

More information

Historical and Current Climate in the Rio Grande National Forest Area. Peter Goble Nolan Doesken 10/19/2016

Historical and Current Climate in the Rio Grande National Forest Area. Peter Goble Nolan Doesken 10/19/2016 Historical and Current Climate in the Rio Grande National Forest Area Peter Goble Nolan Doesken 10/19/2016 Geographic Orientation Geographic Orientation Geographic Orientation Rio Grande National Forest

More information

A simple 1D numerical model for operational nowcasting of sea breeze at the HKIA

A simple 1D numerical model for operational nowcasting of sea breeze at the HKIA A simple 1D numerical model for operational nowcasting of sea breeze at the HKIA Julian S.Y Tang, P. Cheung WSN16, 25-29 July 2016 Presented by P. CHEUNG Sea breeze at HKIA Mostly westerlies in background

More information

LES* IS MORE! * L ARGE E DDY S IMULATIONS BY VORTEX. WindEnergy Hamburg 2016

LES* IS MORE! * L ARGE E DDY S IMULATIONS BY VORTEX. WindEnergy Hamburg 2016 LES* IS MORE! * L ARGE E DDY S IMULATIONS BY VORTEX WindEnergy Hamburg 2016 OUTLINE MOTIVATION Pep Moreno. CEO, BASIS Alex Montornés. Modelling Specialist, VALIDATION Mark Žagar. Modelling Specialist,

More information

Atmospheric Circulation (Ch. 8) Ocean & Atmosphere are intertwined Gases & waters freely exchanged Wind Weather Climate

Atmospheric Circulation (Ch. 8) Ocean & Atmosphere are intertwined Gases & waters freely exchanged Wind Weather Climate Atmospheric Circulation (Ch. 8) Ocean & Atmosphere are intertwined Gases & waters freely exchanged Wind Weather Climate Atmospheric Structure Consists of Layers Separated by Temperature Stratosphere: Temperature

More information

Climatic and marine environmental variations associated with fishing conditions of tuna species in the Indian Ocean

Climatic and marine environmental variations associated with fishing conditions of tuna species in the Indian Ocean Climatic and marine environmental variations associated with fishing conditions of tuna species in the Indian Ocean Kuo-Wei Lan and Ming-An Lee Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries Science,

More information

A R e R v e iew e w on o n th t e h e Us U e s s e s of o Clou o d u - (S ( y S s y t s e t m e )-Re R sol o ving n Mod o e d ls Jeff Duda

A R e R v e iew e w on o n th t e h e Us U e s s e s of o Clou o d u - (S ( y S s y t s e t m e )-Re R sol o ving n Mod o e d ls Jeff Duda A Review on the Uses of Cloud- (System)-Resolving Models Jeff Duda What is a Cloud-Resolving-Model (CRM)? General definition: A model with the following properties Resolution high enough to be able to

More information

Santa Ana Winds. Surface weather map showing typical Santa Ana conditions.

Santa Ana Winds. Surface weather map showing typical Santa Ana conditions. Santa Ana Winds Surface weather map showing typical Santa Ana conditions. High Desert Elevation ~1500-2000 ft Santa Ana Winds ~1500 meters 0 meters Santa Ana Winds ~875 mb ~1500 meters ~875 mb Horizontal

More information

E. Agu, M. Kasperski Ruhr-University Bochum Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Sciences

E. Agu, M. Kasperski Ruhr-University Bochum Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Sciences EACWE 5 Florence, Italy 19 th 23 rd July 29 Flying Sphere image Museo Ideale L. Da Vinci Chasing gust fronts - wind measurements at the airport Munich, Germany E. Agu, M. Kasperski Ruhr-University Bochum

More information

Land use changes and their impacts on extreme events. By Millán M. Millán

Land use changes and their impacts on extreme events. By Millán M. Millán Land use changes and their impacts on extreme events By Millán M. Millán Conference: Land as a Resource, Brussels 19 June 2014 Atlantic Fronts 20% Decreasing Summer Storms 15% Decreasing Gone Mediterranean

More information

Water Budget I: Precipitation Inputs

Water Budget I: Precipitation Inputs Water Budget I: Precipitation Inputs Forest Cover Forests and Rainfall Forests won t grow where P < 15 / yr Forest type depends strongly on rainfall quantity, type (snow, rain) and timing (summer, winter)

More information

THE ATMOSPHERE. WEATHER and CLIMATE. The Atmosphere 10/12/2018 R E M I N D E R S. PART II: People and their. weather. climate?

THE ATMOSPHERE. WEATHER and CLIMATE. The Atmosphere 10/12/2018 R E M I N D E R S. PART II: People and their. weather. climate? R E M I N D E R S Two required essays are due by Oct. 30, 2018. (A third may be used for extra credit in place of a Think Geographically essay.) ESSAY TOPICS (choose any two): Contributions of a noted

More information

Overview: Curriculum Goals: Materials: Explore:

Overview: Curriculum Goals: Materials: Explore: Overview: Students will study air quality. They will examine the ways that wildfire smoke affects the air. They will recognise why people are evacuated when air becomes smoke filled. Curriculum Goals:

More information

Water in the Atmosphere

Water in the Atmosphere Water in the Atmosphere Chapter 24 Solid to Liquid The process of changing state, such as melting ice, requires that energy be transferred in the form of heat. Latent heat is the energy absorbed or released

More information

What s UP in the. Pacific Ocean? Learning Objectives

What s UP in the. Pacific Ocean? Learning Objectives What s UP in the Learning Objectives Pacific Ocean? In this module, you will follow a bluefin tuna on a spectacular migratory journey up and down the West Coast of North America and back and forth across

More information

RECTIFICATION OF THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION INTO THE ENSO CYCLE

RECTIFICATION OF THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION INTO THE ENSO CYCLE RECTIFICATION OF THE MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION INTO THE ENSO CYCLE By William S. Kessler and Richard Kleeman Journal of Climate Vol.13, 1999 SWAP, May 2009, Split, Croatia Maristella Berta What does give

More information

Currents. History. Pressure Cells 3/13/17. El Nino Southern Oscillation ENSO. Teleconnections and Oscillations. Neutral Conditions

Currents. History. Pressure Cells 3/13/17. El Nino Southern Oscillation ENSO. Teleconnections and Oscillations. Neutral Conditions Teleconnections and Oscillations Teleconnection climate anomalies being related to each other over a large scale Oscillations: Macroscale movement of atmospheric systems that can influence weather, climate,

More information

Atmospheric Forcing and the Structure and Evolution of the Upper Ocean in the Bay of Bengal

Atmospheric Forcing and the Structure and Evolution of the Upper Ocean in the Bay of Bengal DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Atmospheric Forcing and the Structure and Evolution of the Upper Ocean in the Bay of Bengal J. Thomas Farrar and Robert

More information

SEASONDE DETECTION OF TSUNAMI WAVES

SEASONDE DETECTION OF TSUNAMI WAVES SEASONDE DETECTION OF TSUNAMI WAVES Belinda Lipa, John Bourg, Jimmy Isaacson, Don Barrick, and Laura Pederson 1 I. INTRODUCTION We here report on preliminary results of a study to assess the capability

More information

Horizontal movement of air between cooler and warmer regions. - horizontal movement of air Convection over areas where is

Horizontal movement of air between cooler and warmer regions. - horizontal movement of air Convection over areas where is Winds and Water Chapter 9 continued... Uneven Heating The various materials of the earth absorb and emit energy at different rates Convection Heated air expands; density reduced; air rises Upward movement

More information

Global Flow Solutions Mark Zagar, Cheng Hu-Hu, Yavor Hristov, Søren Holm Mogensen, Line Gulstad Vestas Wind & Site Competence Centre, Technology R&D

Global Flow Solutions Mark Zagar, Cheng Hu-Hu, Yavor Hristov, Søren Holm Mogensen, Line Gulstad Vestas Wind & Site Competence Centre, Technology R&D Global Flow Solutions Mark Zagar, Cheng Hu-Hu, Yavor Hristov, Søren Holm Mogensen, Line Gulstad Vestas Wind & Site Competence Centre, Technology R&D vestas.com Outline The atmospheric modeling capabilities

More information

Moisture and Stability in the Atmosphere

Moisture and Stability in the Atmosphere Moisture and Stability in the Atmosphere Humidity can be measured as: HUMIDITY Absolute humidity the mass of water vapour in a volume of air (g/m 3.) Relative Humidity the proportion of the actual mass

More information

STUDY OF LOCAL WINDS IN MOUNTAINOUS COASTAL AREAS BY MULTI- SENSOR SATELLITE DATA

STUDY OF LOCAL WINDS IN MOUNTAINOUS COASTAL AREAS BY MULTI- SENSOR SATELLITE DATA STUDY OF LOCAL WINDS IN MOUNTAINOUS COASTAL AREAS BY MULTI- SENSOR SATELLITE DATA Werner Alpers Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 53, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: alpers@ifm.uni-hamburg.de

More information

ATS 351 Lecture 6. Air Parcel. Air Parcel Movement: Why does rising air expand and cool? Stability & Skew-T Diagrams

ATS 351 Lecture 6. Air Parcel. Air Parcel Movement: Why does rising air expand and cool? Stability & Skew-T Diagrams ATS 351 Lecture 6 Stability & Skew-T Diagrams To demonstrate stability, a parcel of air is used Expands and contracts freely Always has uniform properties throughout Air Parcel Air Parcel Movement: Why

More information

Meteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer

Meteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer Chapter 4 Worksheet 2 Meteorology Name: Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer 1) If the air temperature remains constant, evaporating water into the air will the dew point and the relative

More information

Performance of three Selected Convective Schemes for Predicting Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall using RegCM4.4

Performance of three Selected Convective Schemes for Predicting Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall using RegCM4.4 Performance of three Selected Convective Schemes for Predicting Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall using RegCM4.4 A.K.M. Saiful Islam Professor Institute of Water and Flood Management Bangladesh University

More information

Questionnaire for the theoretical part of education in skydiving. Meteorology

Questionnaire for the theoretical part of education in skydiving. Meteorology 1. At which approximately altitude is the atmospheric pressure ½ of the pressure at MSL (mean sea level)? a) 1.500m MSL b) 2.000m MSL c) 5.500m MSL d) 7.000m MSL 2. The rate of oxygen in the air is 21%.

More information

METEOROLOGICAL POTENTIAL FOR AIR POLLUTANT DISPERSION IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS ALONG THE EAST COAST OF TAMILNADU

METEOROLOGICAL POTENTIAL FOR AIR POLLUTANT DISPERSION IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS ALONG THE EAST COAST OF TAMILNADU Sankaran. S et al. / International ournal of Engineering Science and Technology (IEST) ETEOROLOGICL POTENTIL FOR IR POLLUTNT DISPERSION IN URBN ND RURL RES LONG THE EST COST OF TILNDU SNKRN. S, ssistant

More information

CHANGE OF THE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE IN THE MICROWAVE REGION DUE TO THE RELATIVE WIND DIRECTION

CHANGE OF THE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE IN THE MICROWAVE REGION DUE TO THE RELATIVE WIND DIRECTION JP4.12 CHANGE OF THE BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE IN THE MICROWAVE REGION DUE TO THE RELATIVE WIND DIRECTION Masanori Konda* Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan Akira

More information

Air Pressure and Wind

Air Pressure and Wind Air Pressure and Wind 19.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air. Air pressure is exerted in all directions down, up, and sideways. The

More information