AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL DESIGN & ANALYSIS K. RAMAJEYATHILAGAM

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL DESIGN & ANALYSIS K. RAMAJEYATHILAGAM"

Transcription

1 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL DESIGN & ANALYSIS K. RAMAJEYATHILAGAM

2 To invent an airplane is nothing To build one is something But to fly is everything Lilienthal

3 DAY 1

4 WHAT IS AN AIRCRAFT? An aircraft is a vehicle, which is capable of flying through the air (or through any other atmosphere)

5 KINDS OF FLYING MACHINES Aerostat : Flying machines (systems), which are lighter than air Balloons (Unpowered aerostat) Airships (Powered aerostat) Aerodyne: Flying machines (systems), which are heavier than air Airplanes Helicopter

6 WORKING PRINCIPLE AEROSTAT Aerostats use the concept of buoyancy to float in the air in much the same manner as ships float on the water. Use lighter than air gases such as hot air, hydrogen, helium AERODYNE Aerodynes use the concept of pushing the air or gas downwards so that due to Newton s law of motion to generate an upward force to push the aircraft upwards

7 AIRSHIP

8 TYPES OF AIRSHIPS Rigid airships (Airships with rigid frames containing multiple, non-pressurized gas cells or balloons to provide lift) Non-rigid airships (Airships that use pressure level in excess of the surrounding air pressure to retain their shape) Semi-rigid airships (Airships that use internal pressure to maintain their shape, but having articulated keel frames running along the bottom of the envelope) Metal clad airships (Airships utilizing a very thin, airtight metal envelope, rather than the usual rubbercoated fabric envelope) Hybrid airships ( is a general term for an aircraft that combines characteristics of heavier-than-air (airplane or helicopter) and lighter than air technology Zeppelin Blimp

9 SOME AIRCRAFTS Wright brothers (1903) Douglas DC9 (1965) Aero A10 (1922) Airbus 380 (2007) Boeing 247 (1933) Boeing 787 (2008)

10 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON POWER Unpowered Propeller powered (20000 ft) Jet engine powered (40000 ft)

11 CLASSIFICATION OF CIVILIAN A/C Airliner Boeing / Airbus/ ATR / Bombardier / Douglas Cargo Boeing / Airbus Boeing 747 Airbus A300 Business aircraft Gulf stream / Bombardiar / Dassault Agricultural aircraft Grumman / Transavia / Pacific aerospace General aviation Bombardiar BD700 Fletcher FD25

12 CLASSIFICATION OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT Bombers Fighters Transportation Air support / counter insurgency Patrol Military trainers Reconnaissance

13 PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT

14 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN AIRCRAFT Wings (to provide lift) Fuselage (to carry payload) Empennage (Directional stability) Landing gear (to land / takeoff /Taxiing) Flaps (High lifting devices) Ailerons (to control roll) Elevators (to control pitch) Rudders (to control yaw)

15 PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT

16 WINGS

17 WINGS Wing is essentially a beam which gathers and transmits all the aerodynamic loads to the central fuselage attachment

18 WING TYPES Straight wing : If the leading edge of a wing is perpendicular to the airflow, it is called a straight wing Swept wing : If the leading edge of a wing meets the airflow at an angle, it is called a swept wing Straight wing Swept wing

19 TYPICAL WING FORMS Rectangle (Wright brothers) 9.8 Compound (Space shuttle) 30.5 Trapezoid (Boeing 747) S=40 C=6 Trapezoid (F18) S=13 Cr=15 Ct=6 Triangle (Concorde) S=42.5 Cr= S=81.3 Cr=54.3 Ct=13.3

20 PARTS OF A WING Wing box Fixed leading edge Fixed trailing edge Ailerons Spoilers Flaps Slats

21 WING TERMINOLOGY Root Leading edge SPAN (b) Tip Trailing edge Leading edge is the portion of the wing front of the front spar Trailing edge is the portion of the wing back of rear spar The chord is the distance between the leading edge and trailing edge Wing box is portion of the wing between the front spar and rear spar Ribs are the airfoil shaped members from leading edge to trailing edge Span is the distance between the root and tip of the wing Aspect ratio AR = B2/A

22 WING STRUCTURE Wing structure consists of Internal structure Spars Ribs Stringers External structure Upper skin Lower skin Wing structure should posses Sufficient strength Stiffness Light weight Minimum manufacturing problems

23 WING BOX DESIGN PRIMARY ISSUES Rib direction Perpendicular to rear spar Parallel to flight path Bending load carrying members Spar only Spar and skin

24 WING BOX Front spar Rear spar Ribs Stringers Span wise beam Fuel tank Wing skins Stringers

25 SPARS Spars are generally a beam running from root to the tip of the wing There are two spars Front spar Rear spar Multi-spar designs are used on larger wings and on military aircraft Spars carry the aerodynamic loads developed on a wing Spars consists of spar cap (flange) and web Spar cap carries bending loads and web carries shear loads Spars are generally I beams, some times C beams are also used All the structural parts of wing are attached to the spars Spars are of two types namely Shear web Truss type

26 TYPES OF SPAR c) Bent up channel f) Integrally machined web a) Built up spar d) Frame truss b) Truss type g) Integrally machined truss e) Sine wave web

27 SPARS Spars consist of Spar cap Spar web Web stiffener

28 SPAR CAPS Spar caps are nothing but the flange of a beam Spar caps carry the bending load as axial load Spars caps are designed to have maximum radius of gyration High local crippling stress Typical spar caps

29 SPAR WEBS Spars webs are of two types Shear resistant type (No buckling of the web takes place) i.e The shear stress acting on the web is not more than the buckling shear of the web Web stiffeners are designed to resist overall instability Diagonal tension field type In this type of web construction, a diagonal member can take the excess load by tension

30 WEB STIFFENER Webs stiffeners are provided to Prevent the overall instability of the web Increase the buckling strength of web

31 RIBS Ribs are used to define and produce the airfoil shape Carry inertial loads (fuel, equipment, missiles, rockets) Support skin-stringer panel in compression and tension Prevents wing skin buckling Transfers primary loads from the control surfaces and undercarriage to the spars

32 WING RIB DIRECTIONS Perpendicular to rear spar Parallel to flight path

33 WING RIB DIRECTIONS Advantages Perpendicular to rear spar Rib length is less Connection is easy Parallel to flight path Provides better aerodynamic shape Disadvantages Parallel to flight path Rib length is more (nearly 28%) Maintaining 90 at joints Skin gauge is more

34 TYPE OF RIBS Shear type rib Web acts as fuel slosh inhibiter Eliminates stress concentration by having a gradual cross section change from rib cab to shear web Continuous support for the wing panels Truss type rib Heavier

35 WING RIB CONSTRUCTION

36 RIB SPACING Preliminary rib spacing is arrived based on the structural weight The location of control surface and heavy weight location, ribs are provided to support Larger rib spacing leads to cost saving and less fatigue hazards The final rib spacing is arrived based on wing skin buckling

37 RIB LOADS Air loads Inertial load due to fuel, equipment, structure Crushing loads due to wing bending Concentrated loads (nacelle, landing gear) Diagonal tension loads from skin

38 STRINGERS Stringers are stiffening members in the wing which run from root to the tip Stringers are made from forming or extrusion Extrusion Forming

39 SPAN WISE BEAMS Span wise beams are members in the wing which run from root to the tip Span wise beams are provided for additional support as well as to support the fuel tank

40 FUEL TANK ARRANGEMENT

41 WING SKIN Gives the wing it s shape Carries loads Bending and shear loads Torsional loads caused by control surfaces and other features attached to the wing Creates walls for the wing mounted fuel tanks

42 WING SKIN PANEL

43 WING SKIN STRINGERS Z- Type I- Type J- Type Y- Type Hat Type J- Splice

44 WING SKIN - EDGE SKIN ATTACHMENT

45 LEADING EDGE Leading edge : The portion of the wing front of the spar is called as leading edge

46 LEADING EDGE COMPONENTS Leading edge consists of Ribs Slats Skin Plenum beam Piccolo tube Clips

47 LEADING EDGE RIBS

48 SLATS Slats Slats are aerodynamic surfaces on the leading edge of the wings, which, when deployed, allow the wing to operate at a higher angle of attack A higher coefficient of lift is produced as a product of angle of attack and speed Used while landing or performing maneuvers which take the aircraft close to the stall Retracted in normal flight to minimize drag

49 TRAILING EDGE The portion of the wing behind the rear spar It consists of Fixed trailing edge Ailerons Flaps Spoilers

50 FLAPS Flaps are hinged surfaces on the trailing edge of the wings of a fixed wing aircraft As flaps are extended so the stalling speed of the aircraft is reduced A stall is a sudden reduction in the lift forces generated by an airfoil Flaps are also used on the leading edge of the wings of some high-speed jet aircraft, where they may be called slats Flaps reduce the stalling speed by increasing the camber of the wing and thereby increasing the maximum lift coefficient Some trailing edge flaps also increase the area of the wing and, for any given aircraft weight, this reduces the stalling speed The Fowler flap is an example of one which increases the area of the wing

51 TYPES OF FLAPS Plain Flap rotates on a simple hinge Split flap upper and lower surfaces are separate, the lower surface operates like a plain flap, but the upper surface stays immobile or moves only slightly Fowler flap slides backwards before hinging downwards, thereby increasing both camber and chord, creating a larger wing surface better tuned for lower speeds Slotted flap A slot (or gap) between the flap and the wing enables high pressure air from below the wing to re-energize the boundary layer over the flap

52 COMPARISON OF FLAPS

53 FLAP ARRANGEMENT

54 AILERONS Ailerons are hinged control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing of a fixed wing aircraft Aileron is a French word meaning little wing There are two ailerons Ailerons are used to control the aircraft in roll Down going aileron increases the lift and up going aileron reduces the lift in the respective wings causing rolling movement about the longitudinal axis of the aircraft Aileron operation causes an additional yawing moment Aileron

55 AILERONS

56 SPOILERS SPOILERS are small, hinged plates on the top portion of wings Spoilers can be used To slow an aircraft To make an aircraft descend To generate rolling motion

57 SPOILERS

58 WING ROOT JOINT Spliced plate Tension bolts Lug Splice plate & tension bolt

59 TYPES OF LUG ARRANGEMENTS

60 WING GROUP CENTRE OF GRAVITY Centreline Fuselage skin Wing group CG at 0.7 (Xrs -Xfs ) Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) Front Spar at 0.25 C Rear Spar at 0.55 C to 0.6 C 0.35b/2 YMAC b/2

61 WING LOADS Air pressure (Lift loads) Drag Bending moment Pitching moment

62

Aerodynamics Principles

Aerodynamics Principles Aerodynamics Principles Stage 1 Ground Lesson 3 Chapter 3 / Pages 2-18 3:00 Hrs Harold E. Calderon AGI, CFI, CFII, and MEI Lesson Objectives Become familiar with the four forces of flight, aerodynamic

More information

Airframes. Chapter 5: Wings & Tailplane

Airframes. Chapter 5: Wings & Tailplane Airframes Chapter 5: Wings & Tailplane 1 2 Learning Objectives The purpose of this chapter is to discuss in more detail, 2 of the 4 major components, the Wing (or mainplane) and the Tailplane. By the end

More information

Chapter 3: Aircraft Construction

Chapter 3: Aircraft Construction Chapter 3: Aircraft Construction p. 1-3 1. Aircraft Design, Certification, and Airworthiness 1.1. Replace the letters A, B, C, and D by the appropriate name of aircraft component A: B: C: D: E: A = Empennage,

More information

Theory of Flight Aircraft Design and Construction. References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27

Theory of Flight Aircraft Design and Construction. References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27 Theory of Flight 6.01 Aircraft Design and Construction References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27 Main Teaching Points Parts of an Airplane Aircraft Construction Landing Gear Standard Terminology Definition The airplane

More information

BASIC AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES

BASIC AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES Slide 1 BASIC AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES The basic aircraft structure serves multiple purposes. Such as aircraft aerodynamics; which indicates how smooth the aircraft flies thru the air (The Skelton of the aircraft

More information

II.E. Airplane Flight Controls

II.E. Airplane Flight Controls References: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-8083-3-25 Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge of the elements related to

More information

Flight Control Systems Introduction

Flight Control Systems Introduction Flight Control Systems Introduction Dr Slide 1 Flight Control System A Flight Control System (FCS) consists of the flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkage, and necessary

More information

Related Careers: Aircraft Instrument Repairer Aircraft Designer Aircraft Engineer Aircraft Electronics Specialist Aircraft Mechanic Pilot US Military

Related Careers: Aircraft Instrument Repairer Aircraft Designer Aircraft Engineer Aircraft Electronics Specialist Aircraft Mechanic Pilot US Military Airplane Design and Flight Fascination with Flight Objective: 1. You will be able to define the basic terms related to airplane flight. 2. You will test fly your airplane and make adjustments to improve

More information

PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT INTRODUCTION Man has always wanted to fly. Legends from the very earliest times bear witness to this wish. Perhaps the most famous of these legends is the Greek myth about

More information

Winnipeg Headingley Aero Modellers. Things About Airplanes.

Winnipeg Headingley Aero Modellers. Things About Airplanes. Winnipeg Headingley Aero Modellers Things About Airplanes. Table of Contents Introduction...2 The Airplane...2 How the Airplane is Controlled...3 How the Airplane Flies...6 Lift...6 Weight...8 Thrust...9

More information

Aero Club. Introduction to Flight

Aero Club. Introduction to Flight Aero Club Presents Introduction to RC Modeling Module 1 Introduction to Flight Centre For Innovation IIT Madras Page2 Table of Contents Introduction:... 3 How planes fly How is lift generated?... 3 Forces

More information

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS. AILERONS Ailerons control roll about the longitudinal axis. The ailerons are attached to the outboard trailing edge of

PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS. AILERONS Ailerons control roll about the longitudinal axis. The ailerons are attached to the outboard trailing edge of Aircraft flight control systems are classified as primary and secondary. The primary control systems consist of those that are required to safely control an airplane during flight. These include the ailerons,

More information

DEFINITIONS. Aerofoil

DEFINITIONS. Aerofoil Aerofoil DEFINITIONS An aerofoil is a device designed to produce more lift (or thrust) than drag when air flows over it. Angle of Attack This is the angle between the chord line of the aerofoil and the

More information

FUSELAGE. An aircraft s main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo It is derived from the French word Fusele Spindle shaped

FUSELAGE. An aircraft s main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo It is derived from the French word Fusele Spindle shaped DAY 2 FUSELAGE FUSELAGE An aircraft s main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo It is derived from the French word Fusele Spindle shaped FUSELAGE FUSELAGE ASSEMBLAGE TYPES OF FUSELAGE STRUCTURE

More information

WHAT IS GLIDER? A light engineless aircraft designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult.

WHAT IS GLIDER? A light engineless aircraft designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult. GLIDER BASICS WHAT IS GLIDER? A light engineless aircraft designed to glide after being towed aloft or launched from a catapult. 2 PARTS OF GLIDER A glider can be divided into three main parts: a)fuselage

More information

The Fly Higher Tutorial IV

The Fly Higher Tutorial IV The Fly Higher Tutorial IV THE SCIENCE OF FLIGHT In order for an aircraft to fly we must have two things: 1) Thrust 2) Lift Aerodynamics The Basics Representation of the balance of forces These act against

More information

Aircraft - Very Heavy Lift at Very Low Cost

Aircraft - Very Heavy Lift at Very Low Cost Aircraft - Very Heavy Lift at Very Low Cost Stephen Funck This is a span loader for standard shipping containers. The design goal is the lowest cost per ton / mile. Low wing loading allows for low flight

More information

First Flight Glossary

First Flight Glossary First Flight Glossary (for secondary grades) aeronautics The study of flight and the science of building and operating an aircraft. aircraft A machine used for flying. Airplanes, helicopters, blimps and

More information

Jet Propulsion. Lecture-17. Ujjwal K Saha, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

Jet Propulsion. Lecture-17. Ujjwal K Saha, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Lecture-17 Prepared under QIP-CD Cell Project Jet Propulsion Ujjwal K Saha, Ph. D. Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 1 Lift: is used to support the weight of

More information

Ottawa Remote Control Club Wings Program

Ottawa Remote Control Club Wings Program + Ottawa Remote Control Club Wings Program Guide line By Shahram Ghorashi Chief Flying Instructor Table of Contents Rule and regulation Quiz 3 Purpose of the program 4 Theory of flight Thrust 4 Drag 4

More information

ROAD MAP... D-1: Aerodynamics of 3-D Wings D-2: Boundary Layer and Viscous Effects D-3: XFLR (Aerodynamics Analysis Tool)

ROAD MAP... D-1: Aerodynamics of 3-D Wings D-2: Boundary Layer and Viscous Effects D-3: XFLR (Aerodynamics Analysis Tool) Unit D-1: Aerodynamics of 3-D Wings Page 1 of 5 AE301 Aerodynamics I UNIT D: Applied Aerodynamics ROAD MAP... D-1: Aerodynamics of 3-D Wings D-: Boundary Layer and Viscous Effects D-3: XFLR (Aerodynamics

More information

The Metric Glider. By Steven A. Bachmeyer. Aerospace Technology Education Series

The Metric Glider. By Steven A. Bachmeyer. Aerospace Technology Education Series The Metric Glider By Steven A. Bachmeyer Aerospace Technology Education Series 10002 Photographs and Illustrations The author wishes to acknowledge the following individuals and organizations for the photographs

More information

Aerodynamic Terms. Angle of attack is the angle between the relative wind and the wing chord line. [Figure 2-2] Leading edge. Upper camber.

Aerodynamic Terms. Angle of attack is the angle between the relative wind and the wing chord line. [Figure 2-2] Leading edge. Upper camber. Chapters 2 and 3 of the Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25) apply to powered parachutes and are a prerequisite to reading this book. This chapter will focus on the aerodynamic fundamentals

More information

Homework Exercise to prepare for Class #2.

Homework Exercise to prepare for Class #2. Homework Exercise to prepare for Class #2. Answer these on notebook paper then correct or improve your answers (using another color) by referring to the answer sheet. 1. Identify the major components depicted

More information

INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT (REVIEW, AEROSPACE DIMENSIONS, MODULE 1)

INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT (REVIEW, AEROSPACE DIMENSIONS, MODULE 1) INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT (REVIEW, AEROSPACE DIMENSIONS, MODULE 1) CAPTAIN. JERRY PAINTER AEROSPACE EDUCATION OFFICER COMPOSITE SQUADRON 316, (CIVIL AIR PATROL) CASA GRANDE, ARIZONA IMPORTANT TERMS-THE LANGUAGE

More information

Created by Glenn Gibson Air and Aerodynamics Flight Note Pack

Created by Glenn Gibson Air and Aerodynamics Flight Note Pack Air and Aerodynamics Flight Note Pack Essential Questions of Aerodynamics The students should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Why does air exert pressure on objects in our atmosphere? 2.

More information

Stability and Flight Controls

Stability and Flight Controls Stability and Flight Controls Three Axes of Flight Longitudinal (green) Nose to tail Lateral (blue) Wing tip to Wing tip Vertical (red) Top to bottom Arm Moment Force Controls The Flight Controls Pitch

More information

Activity Parts of an Aircraft

Activity Parts of an Aircraft Activity 4.2.7 Parts of an Aircraft Introduction The science of aeronautics really began to evolve in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Philosophers and early scientists began to look closely at

More information

V mca (and the conditions that affect it)

V mca (and the conditions that affect it) V mca (and the conditions that affect it) V mca, the minimum airspeed at which an airborne multiengine airplane is controllable with an inoperative engine under a standard set of conditions, is arguably

More information

Aircraft Stability and Performance 2nd Year, Aerospace Engineering. Dr. M. Turner

Aircraft Stability and Performance 2nd Year, Aerospace Engineering. Dr. M. Turner Aircraft Stability and Performance 2nd Year, Aerospace Engineering Dr. M. Turner Basic Info Timetable 15.00-16.00 Monday Physics LTA 16.00-17.00 Monday Physics LTA Exam 2 1 2 hour exam 6 questions 2 from

More information

XI.C. Power-Off Stalls

XI.C. Power-Off Stalls References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge of stalls regarding aerodynamics,

More information

AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS A I R C R A F T G E N E R A L K N O W L E D G E

AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS A I R C R A F T G E N E R A L K N O W L E D G E 1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS 1. 0 2 A I R C R A F T G E N E R A L K N O W L E D G E CONTROLLING AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM In general, we use control inputs of the following devices in cabin:

More information

Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, Figures

Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, Figures Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, 2012 Chapter 5 Wing Design Figures 1 Identify and prioritize wing design requirements (Performance, stability, producibility, operational

More information

XI.B. Power-On Stalls

XI.B. Power-On Stalls XI.B. Power-On Stalls References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge

More information

DIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA

DIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA MT DIREION DE PERSONL ERONUTIO DPTO. DE INSTRUION PREGUNTS Y OPIONES POR TEM 1 TEM: 0292 FLT/DSP - (HP. 03) ERODYNMIS OD_PREG: PREG20084823 (8324) PREGUNT: When are inboard ailerons normally used? Low-speed

More information

PEMP ACD2501. M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru

PEMP ACD2501. M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru Aircraft Performance, Stability and Control Session delivered by: Mr. Ramjan Pathan 1 Session Objectives Aircraft Performance: Basicsof performance (t (steadystateand tt d accelerated) Performance characteristics

More information

LAPL(A)/PPL(A) question bank FCL.215, FCL.120 Rev PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 080

LAPL(A)/PPL(A) question bank FCL.215, FCL.120 Rev PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 080 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 080 1 Density: Is unaffected by temperature change. Increases with altitude increase. Reduces with temperature reduction. Reduces with altitude increase. 2 The air pressure that acts

More information

Chapter 5 Wing design - selection of wing parameters - 3 Lecture 21 Topics

Chapter 5 Wing design - selection of wing parameters - 3 Lecture 21 Topics Chapter 5 Wing design - selection of wing parameters - 3 Lecture 21 Topics 5.3.2 Choice of sweep ( ) 5.3.3 Choice of taper ratio ( λ ) 5.3.4 Choice of twist ( ε ) 5.3.5 Wing incidence(i w ) 5.3.6 Choice

More information

BUILD AND TEST A WIND TUNNEL

BUILD AND TEST A WIND TUNNEL LAUNCHING INTO AVIATION 9 2018 Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. All Rights Reserved. UNIT 2 SECTION D LESSON 2 PRESENTATION BUILD AND TEST A WIND TUNNEL LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson,

More information

AF101 to AF109. Subsonic Wind Tunnel Models AERODYNAMICS. A selection of optional models for use with TecQuipment s Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100)

AF101 to AF109. Subsonic Wind Tunnel Models AERODYNAMICS. A selection of optional models for use with TecQuipment s Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100) Page 1 of 4 A selection of optional models for use with TecQuipment s Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF100) Dimpled Sphere Drag Model (from AF109) shown inside the TecQuipment AF100 Wind Tunnel. Cylinder, aerofoils,

More information

parts of an airplane Wing Design BOX Museum Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in a Series National Aeronautics and Space Administration

parts of an airplane Wing Design BOX Museum Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in a Series National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Aeronautics and Space Administration GRADES K-12 Wing Design Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate parts of an airplane Museum in a BOX Series www.nasa.gov MUSEUM IN A BOX (Photo courtesy of

More information

DIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA

DIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA MT DIREION DE PERSONL ERONUTIO DPTO. DE INSTRUION PREGUNTS Y OPIONES POR TEM 1 TEM: 0114 TP - (HP. 03) ERODYNMIS OD_PREG: PREG20078023 (8358) PREGUNT: What is the safest and most efficient takeoff and

More information

Fighter aircraft design. Aerospace Design Project G. Dimitriadis

Fighter aircraft design. Aerospace Design Project G. Dimitriadis Fighter aircraft design Aerospace Design Project 2017-2018 G. Dimitriadis General configuration The elements of the general configuration are the following: Wing Wing placement Airfoil Number of engines

More information

Flight Corridor. The speed-altitude band where flight sustained by aerodynamic forces is technically possible is called the flight corridor.

Flight Corridor. The speed-altitude band where flight sustained by aerodynamic forces is technically possible is called the flight corridor. Flight Corridor The speed-altitude band where flight sustained by aerodynamic forces is technically possible is called the flight corridor. The subsonic Boeing 747 and supersonic Concorde have flight corridors

More information

Exploration Series. AIRPLANE Interactive Physics Simulation Page 01

Exploration Series.   AIRPLANE Interactive Physics Simulation Page 01 AIRPLANE ------- Interactive Physics Simulation ------- Page 01 What makes an airplane "stall"? An airplane changes its state of motion thanks to an imbalance in the four main forces acting on it: lift,

More information

Theory of Flight Stalls. References: FTGU pages 18, 35-38

Theory of Flight Stalls. References: FTGU pages 18, 35-38 Theory of Flight 6.07 Stalls References: FTGU pages 18, 35-38 Review 1. What are the two main types of drag? 2. Is it possible to eliminate induced drag? Why or why not? 3. What is one way to increase

More information

It should be noted that the symmetrical airfoil at zero lift has no pitching moment about the aerodynamic center because the upper and

It should be noted that the symmetrical airfoil at zero lift has no pitching moment about the aerodynamic center because the upper and NAVWEPS -81-8 and high power, the dynamic pressure in the shaded area can be much greater than the free stream and this causes considerably greater lift than at zero thrust. At high power conditions the

More information

Aerodynamics. A study guide on aerodynamics for the Piper Archer

Aerodynamics. A study guide on aerodynamics for the Piper Archer Aerodynamics A study guide on aerodynamics for the Piper Archer Aerodynamics The purpose of this pilot briefing is to discuss the simple and complex aerodynamics of the Piper Archer. Please use the following

More information

No Description Direction Source 1. Thrust

No Description Direction Source 1. Thrust AERODYNAMICS FORCES 1. WORKING TOGETHER Actually Lift Force is not the only force working on the aircraft, during aircraft moving through the air. There are several aerodynamics forces working together

More information

Flight Controls. Chapter 5. Introduction

Flight Controls. Chapter 5. Introduction Chapter 5 Flight Controls Introduction This chapter focuses on the flight control systems a pilot uses to control the forces of flight, and the aircraft s direction and attitude. It should be noted that

More information

Big News! Dick Kline Inventor of the KF AirFoil Contacts rcfoamfighters.

Big News! Dick Kline Inventor of the KF AirFoil Contacts rcfoamfighters. Big News! Dick Kline Inventor of the KF AirFoil Contacts rcfoamfighters. (Copy of Email from Dick Kline to rcfoamfighters on 3/28/09) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

More information

X-29 Canard Jet. A Simple Depron Foam Build.

X-29 Canard Jet. A Simple Depron Foam Build. X-29 Canard Jet. A Simple Depron Foam Build. Two full sized X-29 s were built and the first flew in 1984. They were experimental aircraft, testing this unusual configuration of a canard jet with swept

More information

C-130 Reduction in Directional Stability at Low Dynamic Pressure and High Power Settings

C-130 Reduction in Directional Stability at Low Dynamic Pressure and High Power Settings C-130 Reduction in Directional Stability at Low Dynamic Pressure and High Power Settings The C-130 experiences a marked reduction of directional stability at low dynamic pressures, high power settings,

More information

The Wright Brother's Flyer

The Wright Brother's Flyer History of flight 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright and the First Flight. Orville and Wilbur Wright were very deliberate in their quest for flight. First, they spent many years learning about all the early

More information

Chapter 5 Wing design - selection of wing parameters - 4 Lecture 22 Topics

Chapter 5 Wing design - selection of wing parameters - 4 Lecture 22 Topics Chapter 5 Wing design - selection of wing parameters - Lecture Topics 5.3.9 Ailerons 5.3.0 Other aspects of wing design Example 5. 5.3.9 Ailerons The main purpose of the ailerons is to create rolling moment

More information

Learn About. Quick Write

Learn About. Quick Write LESSON 4 Aircraft Motion and Control L Quick Write Colonel Lowe had the training, the experience, and the ability to stay calm in the middle of chaos. He used these qualities to rescue others. What are

More information

Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Aerodynamics #2 AAE-451 Aircraft Design

Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Aerodynamics #2 AAE-451 Aircraft Design Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Aerodynamics #2 AAE-451 Aircraft Design Aircraft Geometry (highlight any significant revisions since Aerodynamics PDR #1) Airfoil section for wing, vertical and horizontal

More information

AE Dept., KFUPM. Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni. Fuel Economy. Emissions Maximum Speed Acceleration Directional Stability Stability.

AE Dept., KFUPM. Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni. Fuel Economy. Emissions Maximum Speed Acceleration Directional Stability Stability. Aerodynamics: Introduction Aerodynamics deals with the motion of objects in air. These objects can be airplanes, missiles or road vehicles. The Table below summarizes the aspects of vehicle performance

More information

LAPL/PPL question bank FCL.215, FCL.120 Rev PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 080

LAPL/PPL question bank FCL.215, FCL.120 Rev PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 080 LAPL/PPL question bank FCL.215, FCL.120 Rev. 1.7 11.10.2018 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 080 1 Density: Reduces with temperature reduction. Increases with altitude increase. Reduces with altitude increase. Is

More information

CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF HELICOPTER FLIGHT FM 1-514

CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF HELICOPTER FLIGHT FM 1-514 CHAPTER 1 PRINCIPLES OF HELICOPTER FLIGHT Basic flight theory and aerodynamics are considered in full detail when an aircraft is designed. The rotor repairer must understand these principles in order to

More information

Wind Energy Technology. What works & what doesn t

Wind Energy Technology. What works & what doesn t Wind Energy Technology What works & what doesn t Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis Turbines

More information

CFD Study of Solid Wind Tunnel Wall Effects on Wing Characteristics

CFD Study of Solid Wind Tunnel Wall Effects on Wing Characteristics Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(45), DOI :10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i45/104585, December 2016 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 CFD Study of Solid Wind Tunnel Wall Effects on

More information

CHAPTER 9 PROPELLERS

CHAPTER 9 PROPELLERS CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9 PROPELLERS CONTENTS PAGE How Lift is Generated 02 Helix Angle 04 Blade Angle of Attack and Helix Angle Changes 06 Variable Blade Angle Mechanism 08 Blade Angles 10 Blade Twist 12 PROPELLERS

More information

Building Instructions ME 163 B 1a M 1:5 Turbine

Building Instructions ME 163 B 1a M 1:5 Turbine Building Instructions ME 163 B 1a M 1:5 Turbine Thank you for choosing our kit of the Me-163B. We ask you to read the instruction once in advance before building this kit in order to avoid mistakes. Make

More information

Table of Contents. Career Overview... 4

Table of Contents. Career Overview... 4 Table of Contents Career Overview.................................................. 4 Basic Lesson Plans Hot-Air Balloons Activity 1 Your First Hot-Air Balloon.... 5 Activity 2 Surface Area and Volume...

More information

Subsonic wind tunnel models

Subsonic wind tunnel models aerodynamics AF1300a to AF1300l A selection of optional models for use with TecQuipment s Subsonic Wind Tunnel (AF1300) Dimpled Sphere Drag Model (from AF1300j) shown inside the TecQuipment AF1300 Wind

More information

Four forces on an airplane

Four forces on an airplane Four forces on an airplane By NASA.gov on 10.12.16 Word Count 824 Level MAX TOP: An airplane pictured on June 30, 2016. Courtesy of Pexels. BOTTOM: Four forces on an airplane. Courtesy of NASA. A force

More information

A103 AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES

A103 AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES A103 AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES References: FAA-H-8083-25A, Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter 3 (pgs 4-10) and Chapter 4 (pgs 1-39) OBJECTIVE: Students will understand the fundamental aerodynamic

More information

Howard Torode. Member of General Aviation Group and Chairman BGA Technical Committee

Howard Torode. Member of General Aviation Group and Chairman BGA Technical Committee Efficient Light Aircraft Design Options from Gliding Howard Torode Member of General Aviation Group and Chairman BGA Technical Committee Presentation Aims Recognise the convergence of interest between

More information

Principles of glider flight

Principles of glider flight Principles of glider flight [ Lecture 2: Control and stability ] Richard Lancaster Email: Richard@RJPLancaster.net Twitter: @RJPLancaster ASK-21 illustrations Copyright 1983 Alexander Schleicher GmbH &

More information

Aerodynamics: The Wing Is the Thing

Aerodynamics: The Wing Is the Thing Page B1 Chapter Two Chapter Two Aerodynamics: The Wing Is the Thing The Wing Is the Thing May the Four Forces Be With You 1. [B1/3/2] The four forces acting on an airplane in flight are A. lift, weight,

More information

STOL CH rd Edition Drawings, dated April 16, 2012 Summary of changes from Edition 2 Revision 1 to Edition 3.

STOL CH rd Edition Drawings, dated April 16, 2012 Summary of changes from Edition 2 Revision 1 to Edition 3. STOL CH 750 3 rd Edition Drawings, dated April 16, 2012 Summary of changes from Edition 2 Revision 1 to Edition 3. Page Date Drawing Title 75-G-0 04/12 Three View Drawing 1. Edition 3 75-G-1 04/12 Drawings

More information

Lesson 1: Introduction to Learning Aviation Science. by: Alex Stackhouse

Lesson 1: Introduction to Learning Aviation Science. by: Alex Stackhouse Lesson 1: Introduction to Learning Aviation Science by: Alex Stackhouse Important Info. Scientists believe that the brain recalls new information more efficiently if the new information is associated in

More information

Preliminary design of a high-altitude kite. A flexible membrane kite section at various wind speeds

Preliminary design of a high-altitude kite. A flexible membrane kite section at various wind speeds Preliminary design of a high-altitude kite A flexible membrane kite section at various wind speeds This is the third paper in a series that began with one titled A flexible membrane kite section at high

More information

Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment. Principles of Flight

Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment. Principles of Flight Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment Principles of Flight Principles of Flight Learning Outcome 1: Know the principles of lift, weight, thrust and drag and how a balance of forces affects an aeroplane

More information

XI.D. Crossed-Control Stalls

XI.D. Crossed-Control Stalls References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should understand the dynamics of a crossed-control stall

More information

Low Speed Wind Tunnel Wing Performance

Low Speed Wind Tunnel Wing Performance Low Speed Wind Tunnel Wing Performance ARO 101L Introduction to Aeronautics Section 01 Group 13 20 November 2015 Aerospace Engineering Department California Polytechnic University, Pomona Team Leader:

More information

Stability & Control Aspects of UCAV Configurations

Stability & Control Aspects of UCAV Configurations Stability & Control Aspects of UCAV Configurations Paul Flux Senior Aerodynamicist BAE SYSTEMS Air Programmes Report Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection

More information

POWERED FLIGHT HOVERING FLIGHT

POWERED FLIGHT HOVERING FLIGHT Once a helicopter leaves the ground, it is acted upon by the four aerodynamic forces. In this chapter, we will examine these forces as they relate to flight maneuvers. POWERED FLIGHT In powered flight

More information

PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS

PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS Ch 09.qxd 5/7/04 8:14 AM Page 9-1 PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS Performance maneuvers are used to develop a high degree of pilot skill. They aid the pilot in analyzing the forces acting on the airplane and in

More information

Build This World Record Fuselage Model

Build This World Record Fuselage Model Build This World Record Fuselage Model Here You Have Complete Instructions and Plans to Build a Plane of Sure-fire Performance that Established a World Record at the 1932 National Airplane Model Competition

More information

LESSONS 1, 2, and 3 PRACTICE EXERCISES

LESSONS 1, 2, and 3 PRACTICE EXERCISES LESSONS 1, 2, and 3 PRACTICE EXERCISES The following items will test your grasp of the material covered in these lessons. There is only one correct answer for each item. When you complete the exercise,

More information

What happens to a fluid (water or air) when it moves from entering a wide opening to entering a narrow opening?

What happens to a fluid (water or air) when it moves from entering a wide opening to entering a narrow opening? What happens to a fluid (water or air) when it moves from entering a wide opening to entering a narrow opening? The water (or air) speeds up. Since the same amount of water/air has to travel through a

More information

LEVEL FOUR AVIATION EVALUATION PRACTICE TEST

LEVEL FOUR AVIATION EVALUATION PRACTICE TEST Below you will find a practice test for the Level 4 Aviation Evaluation that covers PO431, PO432, PO436, and PO437. It is recommended that you focus on the material covered in the practice test as you

More information

Lesson: Airspeed Control

Lesson: Airspeed Control 11/20/2018 Airspeed Control Page 1 Lesson: Airspeed Control Objectives: o Knowledge o An understanding of the aerodynamics related to airspeed control o Skill o The ability to establish and maintain a

More information

Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment. Principles of Flight

Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment. Principles of Flight Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment Principles of Flight Principles of Flight Learning Outcome 2: Understand how the stability of an aeroplane is maintained in flight and how manoeuvrability is

More information

Aerodynamics Technology 10 Hour - Part 1 Student Workbook Issue: US180/10/2a-IQ-0201a. Lesson Module: 71.18/3 Written by: LJ Technical Dept

Aerodynamics Technology 10 Hour - Part 1 Student Workbook Issue: US180/10/2a-IQ-0201a. Lesson Module: 71.18/3 Written by: LJ Technical Dept Aerodynamics Technology 1 Hour - Part 1 Issue: US18/1/2a-IQ-21a Copyright 24,. No part of this Publication may be adapted or reproduced in any material form, without the prior written permission of. Lesson

More information

Bench Trimming A Stunt Ship

Bench Trimming A Stunt Ship Bench Trimming A Stunt Ship by Brett Buck "Bench Trimming" - this refers to setting up the initial trim of the airplane in the shop prior to flight. Since people have been flying stunt in its current form

More information

Aviation Merit Badge Knowledge Check

Aviation Merit Badge Knowledge Check Aviation Merit Badge Knowledge Check Name: Troop: Location: Test Score: Total: Each question is worth 2.5 points. 70% is passing Dan Beard Council Aviation Knowledge Check 1 Question 1: The upward acting

More information

The canard. Why such a configuration? Credit : Jean-François Edange

The canard. Why such a configuration? Credit : Jean-François Edange The canard Why such a configuration? Credit : Jean-François Edange N obody doubtless knows that a great majority of light or heavy planes share a common design. Schematically, we find a fuselage, wings

More information

CASE STUDY FOR USE WITH SECTION B

CASE STUDY FOR USE WITH SECTION B GCE A level 135/01-B PHYSICS ASSESSMENT UNIT PH5 A.M. THURSDAY, 0 June 013 CASE STUDY FOR USE WITH SECTION B Examination copy To be given out at the start of the examination. The pre-release copy must

More information

Aircraft Design Prof. A.K Ghosh Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

Aircraft Design Prof. A.K Ghosh Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Aircraft Design Prof. A.K Ghosh Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur Lecture - 12 Design Considerations: Aerofoil Selection Good morning friends. The last lecture

More information

Front Cover Picture Mark Rasmussen - Fotolia.com

Front Cover Picture Mark Rasmussen - Fotolia.com Flight Maneuvers And Stick and Rudder Skills A complete learn to fly handbook by one of aviation s most knowledgeable and experienced flight instructors Front Cover Picture Mark Rasmussen - Fotolia.com

More information

Aviation Teleclass Webinar!

Aviation Teleclass Webinar! Name Welcome to the Supercharged Science Aviation Teleclass Webinar! You can fill out this worksheet as we go along to get the most out of time together, or you can use it as a review exercise at the end

More information

Low-Speed Wind-Tunnel Investigation of the Stability and Control Characteristics of a Series of Flying Wings With Sweep Angles of 50

Low-Speed Wind-Tunnel Investigation of the Stability and Control Characteristics of a Series of Flying Wings With Sweep Angles of 50 NASA Technical Memorandum 464 Low-Speed Wind-Tunnel Investigation of the Stability and Control Characteristics of a Series of Flying Wings With Sweep Angles of 5 Scott P. Fears Lockheed Engineering & Sciences

More information

Alexander Schleichers ASG 29. Sneak into the Design Process

Alexander Schleichers ASG 29. Sneak into the Design Process Alexander Schleichers ASG 29 Sneak into the Design Process Overview Introduction What is the ASG 29? Going into Detail Shaping the Ship: Aerodynamics Flaperons under Control: Control Systems Getting into

More information

ME 239: Rocket Propulsion. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in an Atmosphere (Follows Section 4.2) J. M. Meyers, PhD

ME 239: Rocket Propulsion. Forces Acting on a Vehicle in an Atmosphere (Follows Section 4.2) J. M. Meyers, PhD ME 239: Rocket Propulsion Forces Acting on a Vehicle in an Atmosphere (Follows Section 4.2) J. M. Meyers, PhD 1 Commonly acting forces on a vehicle flying in a planetary atmosphere: Thrust Aerodynamic

More information

Flying High. HHJS Science Week Background Information. Forces and Flight

Flying High. HHJS Science Week Background Information. Forces and Flight Flying High HHJS Science Week 2013 Background Information Forces and Flight Flight Background Information Flying is defined as controlled movement through the air. Many things can become airborne but this

More information

CHAPTER 1 - PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT

CHAPTER 1 - PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT CHAPTER 1 - PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT Reilly Burke 2005 INTRODUCTION There are certain laws of nature or physics that apply to any object that is lifted from the Earth and moved through the air. To analyze

More information

1 General. 1.1 Introduction

1 General. 1.1 Introduction 1 General 1.1 Introduction The contents of this book will focus on the anatomy of the aeroplane and the various systems that enable it to operate both on the ground and in the air. Flight controls Landing

More information