Propagation of Big Island eddies

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Propagation of Big Island eddies"

Transcription

1 JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 106, NO. C1, PAGES , JANUARY 15, 2001 Propagaton of Bg Island eddes Chrstna L. Holland and Gary T. Mtchum College of Marne Scence, Unversty of South Florda, St. Petersburg, Florda Abstract. Usng satellte altmetry data, we have observed a seres of antcyclonc eddes as they form at the Bg Island of Hawa and have tracked them as they move away from the sland. Whle smlar eddes have been observed near the Hawaan Islands n prevous studes, the fate of the antcyclonc eddes has prevously been unclear. The eddes that we observed ntally propagated to the southwest but consstently changed propagaton drecton to the northwest later n ther lfetmes. Ths was ntrgung to us, as theoretcally, the decay of solated antcyclonc eddes on a/3 plane should cause them to contnually move toward the southwest. Such solated eddy dynamcs are unable to account for the observed change to northwestward eddy propagaton, and the presence of the westward flowng North Equatoral Current turns out to be mportant to the Bg Island eddy dynamcs. The eddes are not passvely advected by the North Equatoral Current; rather, the mean flow changes the propagaton characterstcs of the eddes. An exstng theory that ncludes merdonally varyng, purely zonal mean flow s shown to account for the observed propagaton of the Bg Island eddes f the zonal varaton of the mean flow s consdered. 1. Introducton It has been known for some tme [Patzert, 1969; Wyrtk, 1982] that there s an actve area of eddy generaton n the lee of the Bg Island of Hawa. The eddy feld s comprsed of both cyclonc and antcyclonc eddy events, and several of these Hawaan eddes were descrbed n detal by Patzert [1969], although that study focused manly on the cyclonc events. The cyclonc eddes moved away from the Bg Island n a west/ northwestward drecton and essentally stayed near the Hawaan Island chan throughout ther lfetmes. There was a rather dstnct boundary between the areas west of the Bg Island that were domnated by cyclonc eddes (to the north) and by antcyclonc eddes (to the south). Whle the cyclonc eddes have been relatvely well studed, the fate of the antcyclonc eddes after leavng the vcnty of the Bg Island s unclear. Snce mesoscale eddes carry both water mass and energy wth them as they propagate, the speed and drecton of ther propagaton as well as the length of ther lfe could have mportant mplcatons for the crculaton and varablty far away from ther formaton at the Hawaan Islands. It was just such a potental long-dstanceffect that ntally prompted the present nvestgaton nto the propagaton of these antcyclonc Bg Island eddes. A seres of epsodc 90 day events was observed n the tde gauge sea level tme seres at Wake Island [Mtchurn, 1995], whch s located km due west of the Bg Island of Hawa at øN, 165øE. It was shown that the 90-day sgnals at Wake Island were consstent wth an energy source at the Hawaan Rdge, and t was further hypotheszed that the 90-day sgnals mght be the remnants of the antcyclonc eddes generated at the Bg Island. It was not known, however, f the eddes could persst and propagate from Hawa to Wake Island and thus be responsble for the observatons there. For ths to occur, the net merdonal propagaton of the eddes would have to be essentally zero. Copyrght 2001 by the Amercan Geophyscal Unon. Paper number 2000JC /01/2000JC In addton to the eddy feld, the Hawaan Islands le on the northern boundary of the equatoral current system and at the northern edge of the North Equatoral Current (NEC), specfcally. The mean structure of the NEC was surveyed and descrbed as part of the Hawa-to-Taht shuttle experment by Wyrtk and Klonsky [1984], who reported NEC flow between 9 ø and 18øN wth an annual mean speed of 8.2 cm s -. We note as well that the NEC has strong seasonal varablty, varyng from cm s- n the boreal fall to ---5 cm s -1 n the boreal sprng [Seckel, 1975]. In addton, the NEC s home to other mesoscale eddy varablty, as descrbed by Wyrtk [1982]. Wyrtk [1982] was most nterested n a subset of the eddes that appeared to be formed wthn the NEC tself, at lattudes between 14 ø and 19øN. The NEC eddes were farly frequent events, occurrng n ---50% of the cruse sectons across the NEC. These eddes moved km/day, whch s smlar to both the zonal speed of advecton by the NEC and the baroclnc long Rossby wave propagaton speed. As wll be descrbed n secton 2, we observed a consstently westward component of propagaton for the antcyclonc Bg Island eddes usng TOPEX/Posedon (T/P) altmetry data. Intally, the eddes moved to the southwest. Eddy dynamcs on a/3 plane predct a southward component of propagaton for antcyclonc eddes, as we wll also dscuss later. Of course, eddes propagatng contnually southwest from the Bg Island of Hawa could never reach Wake Island, as the two slands are at approxmately the same lattude. When we tracked the eddes for longer perods of tme, however, we were surprsed to see them change drecton. The early propagaton was to the southwest, but somewhere between the longtudes of 170øE and 170øW, every one of the observed eddes stopped movng to the south. In fact, after reachng that crtcal regon, they all began to propagate to the northwest. There was sgnfcant varaton n detal between the ndvdual eddy tracks, but ths change n drecton from southwestward to northwestward was a consstent feature of all of the eddy tracks (Fgure 1). Ths turn to northwestward propagaton means that t mght be possble for some of the Bg Island eddes, or at least some 935

2 936 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES Eddy # 1 Eddy # 5 20 N 20 N 140 E 16 ) E 18'0 16 W 140 E 16 ) E 18'0 166 W Eddy # 2 Eddy # 6 2O N 20 N -! 140 E 160 E ( W 140 E 160 E W Eddy # 3 Eddy # 7 2O N 2O N -! 140 E 160 E W 140 E 160 E W 2O N Eddy # 4 2O N Eddy # 8 '4. I 140 E 160 E W 140 E 160 E 18'0 160W Fgure 1. The observed tracks of the Bg Island eddes. The postons of the eddes are plotted every 5 days from the tme of ther formaton at the Bg Island of Hawa. The tracks were obtaned usng maps of grdded TOPEX/Posedon altmetry data. Supermposed on the tracks s a composteddy track, whch was computed by averagng the eddy lattudes n 1 ø bns and smoothng by fttng a sum of snusodal functons to that curve by least squares. resdual sgnal assocated wth ther decay, to have reached Wake Island. Only one of the eght observed eddes could be tracked to the vcnty of Wake Island. At ths tme, gven the avalable data, we cannot determne whether or not the energy assocated wth the antcyclonc Bg Island eddes mght explan the sea level varablty at Wake Island observed by Mtchurn [1995]. Ths northwestward turn n the observed eddy trajectores does, however, ntroduce an entrely new puzzle. Dynamcs for an solated antcyclonc eddy (n the Northern Hemsphere) predct that on a/3 plane t should contnue to move southwestward throughout ts lfetme. The underlyng cause of the change we observed n the eddy propagaton drecton s therefore an ntrgung queston. Obvously, though, eddes n the real world are unlkely to exst n complete solaton, and there are other processes to consder. In ths case, an mportant factor s lkely to be nteracton wth the NEC. After the eddes form at the Bg Island of Hawa, they propagate southwestward and approach the west- ward flowng NEC, and nteracton wth the mean current mght affect the propagaton behavor. We have chosen to smplfy the problem, treatng the eddes as f they were solated except for the NEC, to explore the possbltes afforded by those dynamcs. In ths study, we wll examne the dynamcs of nteracton wth a mean current lke the NEC to determne whether that can account for the change n the merdonal component of the observed eddy propagaton. In so dong, prevou studes of nteractons between vortces and varous types of mean flows wll be partcularly useful and these studes are brefly revewed below. Future work n ths area should nclude other nterestng possbltes, such as nteractons between the antcyclonc eddes and the cyclonc eddes whch also form at the Bg Island. Secton 2 descrbes the observatons and the analyss that led to the eddy tracks shown n Fgure 1. Followng that s a dscusson of some of the dynamcal studes relevant to the problem of eddy propagaton n Secton 3. Specfcally, we wll

3 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES 937 dscuss both the propagaton of solated eddes on a/3 plane and the possbl effects of eddes nteractng wth a mean zonal current. Fnally, we wll present calculatons from clmatologcal data n an attempt to dagnose the dynamcs behnd the observed eddy propagaton. temperature were used. There were stll only a lmted set of AVHRR maps for the relevant regon and tme perod wth enough data to be useful. The set of AVHRR maps was nsuffcent for trackng the eddes from AVHRR alone, but comparsons could be made between the AVHRR and T/P maps at 2. Observed Eddy Paths a number of specfc tmes. The mesoscale features n these monthly AVHRR maps were qualtatvely smlar to those n the T/P grdded maps. The eddes can be seen n the same The ntal observatons of the Bg Island eddes by Patzert [1969] were made from hydrographc surveys, but such data are not avalable for trackng the eddes over long dstances and tmes. The eddes, do, however, have readly observable sea surface heght sgnatures and can therefore be observed at tde gauges or by satellte altmeters. The altmeters have an obvlocaton n each data set and are of the same approxmate sze. As a second ndependent check, sea level data from the tde gauge at Johnston Island (16.7øN, 169.5øW) was examned n relaton to the T/P grdded maps. Fve of the observed eddes passed wthn 100 km of the Johnston Island staton. Postve sea level anomales, whch correspond to antcyclonc features, ous advantage due to the global spatal and quas-synoptc of the correct ampltude are observed n the tde gauge tme coverage provded by TOPEX/Posedon (T/P) and other satellte altmeters. Thus T/P s the prmary tool that we used to observe the eddes as they propagated away from the Bg Island. There s a problem, though, n that the average dstance between the T/P passes at 19øN s 150 km, whch s comparable to the sze of the eddes, so that reconstructng the eddy sgnatures n tme and space can be dffcult. Ths problem can be partally overcome by usng data from multple altmeters, and we also used data from the European Space Agency's ERS-1 msson n the early phases of our work. Vsualzaton of the eddy propagaton s acheved wth grdded sea surface maps. Intally, altmetrc data from T/P and ERS-1 were merged and grdded to form a seres of 5-day sea surface heght anomaly maps. Whle the ERS-1 data set has a longer repeat perod, 35 days, than does the T/P data set, the spatal resoluton s much better than that of T/P, so that the two complement one another. Usng ths blended data set, we were able to track ndvdual eddes wthout dffculty, owng seres at the tmes at whch these eddes passed Johnston Island (Fgure 2). Note that the seasonal varaton has been removed from the sea level seres n Fgure 2 n order to emphasze the mesoscale events. Also note that there are clearly many other smlar features n the Johnston record, but our man concern s that the tde gauge records the passage of the Bg Island eddes at the same tmes as the T/P grdded felds do. The other events n the tde gauge record are also observed n the T/P maps (.e., the tme seres correlate well), but these events are not of nterest n the present context. Gven the lack of senstvty to the data used to make the maps and the corroboratng evdence from the AVHRR and tde gauge data, we concluded that we could safely track the Bg Island eddes from the grdded sea surface heght maps. Usng these maps, we were able to track eght antcyclonc eddes from the Bg Island. These eght eddes formed between November of 1992 and July of 1996, whch mples an average rate of just over two eddes per year. Intally, all of the obpartly to the relatvely large dameters and ampltudes assoc- served eddes moved off to the southwest from the Bg Island ated wth the Bg Island eddes. We also made maps from the T/P data alone, and whle the maps from only T/P data appeared rougher than those comprsed of both T/P and ERS-1 of Hawa, although the ndvdual trajectores were rather vared. Later, all eght of the eddes turned to the northwest between the longtudes of 170øE and 170øW and contnued to data, the observed postons of the eddy tracks were nsenstve propagate northwestward from that pont (Fgure 1). It s natto ths dfference. Also, regardless of whether we use T/P and ERS-1 or T/P alone, t s mportant to take care n grddng the data to be sure that the analyzed heght feld s not unduly dstorted. Several dfferent grddng methods were therefore used n ths analyss, and we found that the postons of the eddy tracks were nsenstve to the partcular scheme used. Snce T/P has a longer data record than ERS-1, the fnal grdded map seres was made usng only the T/P data, whch enabled us to observe a larger total number of eddes. In addton to testng the grdded sea surface heght felds by evaluatng the senstvty of our results to whch data was ncluded (.e., T/P and ERS-1 or T/P alone) and to what type of grddng algorthm was used, we also attempted to verfy the eddy locatons usng ndependent data. Frst, satellte sea surural to ask whether these eght eddes that we tracked were all that were formed or whether our sample mght be based n some fashon. To address ths queston, we note that Patzert [1969] used data from a number of cruses near the Hawaan Islands between 1949 and Three cruses between September 1952 and August 1953 each observed a sngle antcyclonc eddy. Then between May 1965 and May 1967 a total of fve antcyclonc eddes were observed out of measurements made by eght dfferent cruses. The frequency of antcyclonc eddes at the Bg Island of Hawa appears from these data to be approxmately two to three eddes per year. We are therefore reasonably confdent that wth the T/P grdded data we were able to observe all of the antcyclonc eddes that were formed durng our study perod. face temperature from the advanced very hgh resoluton radometer (AVHRR) satelltes was examned for ndependent confrmaton of what the grdded T/P maps showed. The 3. Dynamcs of Eddy Propagaton AVHRR data, unlke data from T/P and other mcrowave Several studes have dscussed the effects of a/3 plane and altmeters, are receved n a wde swath beneath the satellte rather than along a narrow nadr track. These data can be dsplayed as a map wthout any artfcal grddng, whch makes t a useful data set wth whch to evaluate the grdded T/P maps. The usefulness of the AVHRR data are lmted, though, by large data gaps whenever clouds were n the sky. For ths reason, monthly composte maps of the AVHRR sea surface nonlneartes on the zonal and merdonal propagaton of solated eddes [Flerl, 1977; McWllams and Flerl, 1979; Flerl, 1984; McWllams et al., 1986]. None of these studes consdered the potental effect of any mean flow on the eddy propagaton; they dealt nstead wth the behavor of solated eddes. A study by Chang and Phlander [1989] addresses ths gap. These authors consdered the propagaton of packets of

4 938 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES 3OO 2OO IO0 -IO0-2OO ! 1994 Eddy # 3 I I oo 2oo loo 0 -loo -2oo -300 Eddy # 7 Eddy # 8 19' Fgure 2. Fve of the Bg Island eddy events as seen n the tme seres of sea surface heght taken from the tde gauge staton at Johnston Island (16.7øN, 169.5øW). The best ft (n the least square sense) of the annual cycle has been removed from the sea surface heght tme seres. The tmes at whch the eddes, as observed n the TOPEX/Posedon grdded maps, most closely approached Johnston Island are shown as thn vertcal lnes. Rossby waves n the presence of a mean, purely zonal, geostrophc current. Eddes can be vewed as a packet of Rossby waves, and the results of Chang and Phlander [1989] are thus relevant to the case currently under consderaton, that of an eddy approachng the NEC. We wll frst summarze the solated eddy dynamcs and then turn to the case of an eddy n a merdonally varyng zonal mean flow. and Fled, 1979; Fled, 1984; McWllams et al., 1986; Sutyrn and Fled, 1994]. Frst, the speed of westward propagaton ncreases more rapdly than n the lnear case and more closely approaches the expected long Rossby wave speed Cx = -tx n whch X s the Rossby radus of deformaton wrtten as 3.1. An Isolated Eddy X = (g'h/f ) /2, (2) An solated eddy wll propagate westward on a/3 plane, even where #' and H are the reduced gravty and the upper layer under lnear dynamcs [Fled, 1977]. In the study of Fled thckness. Second, nonlnearty also nduces a merdonal com- [1977], mesoscale eddes are thought of as packets of Rossby ponent of propagaton, through the development of a beta gyre waves, and as the ndvdual Rossby wave components propa- [Sutyrn and Fled, 1994]. The potental vortcty of the eddy gate westward, so does the complete eddy. The speed of the eddy's westward moton s smply the group speed of the Rossby waves makng up the eddy. Intally the eddy s com- Q = (f + )/H, (3) prsed of many dfferent Rossby waves, and whle all travel westward, ther phase speeds are vared. Intally, then the where (7 s the relatve vortcty, s conserved. The nonvortex part of the flow conssts of the beta gyre, formed prmarly by westward propagaton of the eddy s found to be at only ---30% the advecton of planetary vortcty and secondarly by dstorof the long Rossby wave speed. Ths varety of propagaton tons n the shape of the vortex. The merdonal eddy propaspeeds n the wave components of the eddy causes the eddy to gaton s controlled by the sgn of the eddy's vortcty. An be dspersve and therefore to decay. As t propagates, t antcyclonc eddy propagates to the southwest under these evolves, leavng behnd a tral of slower Rossby waves. As those dynamcs n the absence of any mean flow. The maxmum slower wave components are shed, the eddy ampltude de- magntude of the merdonal propagaton speed, for ether creases, and the westward propagaton speed of the eddy n- cyclonc or antcyclonc eddes, s gven by creases toward the long Rossby wave speed. Everythng dslev: (1/4)/3x 2 (4) cussed here thus far s true even for a lnear eddy, but nonlnear effects can change the eddy evoluton and propaga- [McWllams and Fled, 1979]. Fo; cyclonc eddes, Cy ton substantally. The nonlnear case, whle t s a bt more complcated, s also more true to the real world of eddy propagaton dynamcs than the lnear, so t s approprate that we now address the effects of nonlnearty on the propagaton of an solated eddy. Nonlnear effects change the propagaton tve, whle for antcyclonc eddes t s a negatve quantty. Nothng about the dynamcs of an solated eddy, however, offers any explanaton for antcyclonc eddes propagatng to the northwest. If the eddes were only very weakly nonlnear, then ther southward translaton mght be nearly nonexstent. behavor of antcyclonc eddes n two man ways [McWllams Even f that were so, however, there s no reason n the theory s pos-

5 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES 939 dscussed up to ths pont for the eddes' merdonal propagaton to change drecton as was observed. As dscussed n secton l, though, the presence of the NEC probably cannot be gnored, so we wll now consder mean flow effects on eddy propagaton characterstcs Effect of a Mean Current Chang and Phlander [1989] use essentally the same equatons as the studes dscussed above. Ther model s nonlnear, on a/3 plane, and quas-geostrophc for a sngle actve layer above a lower layer assumed to be at rest. They use these dynamcs to consder packets of Rossby waves nteractng wth a background mean flow. The mean flow U o s constraned to be geostrophc, purely zonal, and only varable merdonally; that s, = r0(y). (5) The exstence of a mean current ntroduces a quantty B, whch Chang and Phlander term the "effectve"/3. The quantty B s defned as B -- (f/q)oq/oy = [f/(f- OUo/Oy)] ß [13-- (02Uo/Oy 2) - Q(OHo/Oy)], (6) where Q s the mean state potental vortcty, Q -- [(f- OUo/Oy)/Ho], (7) whch s dependent upon the planetary vortcty f, the mean relatve vortcty OUo(y)/Oy, and the merdonally varable part of the mean thermoclne depth Ho(y ). If the length scale L o over whch the flow speed changes s large compared to the Rossby radus X, (6) can be smplfed. The term f/[ f - 0 Uo/ Oy] reduces to one, and the last term wthn the brackets n (6) s Q(OHo/Oy), where Q, the potental vortcty, s approxmately equal to f/ho. If the mean flow s assumed to be geostrophc, then ths term can be approxmated as Q(OHo/Oy) - (f/ho)oho/oy -(f2/#'ho)uo -U0 x-2, (8) where X agan represents the Rossby radus of deformaton, so (6) becomes B = 13-02eo/Oy 2 + x-2e0. (9) Recall from (19) that the merdonal speed s drectly propor- The above dscusson n terms of packets of Rossby waves tonal to/3'. If the mean flow s eastward, then the/3' s larger encounterng a background current. It s more approprate, than/3, and the merdonal propagaton speed s ncreased. If however, to dscuss nonlnear vortex dynamcs n the context of an eddy were approachng such an eastward current from a the eddy-current nteractons rather than smply treatng the regon of slower or nonexstent mean flow, then ths ncrease n eddes as packets of Rossby waves. The followng dscusson merdonal propagaton would serve to carry t further nto the starts from these nonlnear vortex dynamcs [McWllams and current, thus ncreasng the mean flow t feels even more and Flerl, 1979; Sutyrn and Flerl, 1994] and wll show that the so on. On the other hand, f the mean flow s westward lke same effectve /3 can be derved. Startng wth the quas- NEC,/3' s less than/3, and the merdonal propagaton speed geostrophc equaton for the streamfuncton q, s therefore decreased and eventually goes to zero at the lat- (V 2- X-2)Oqt/Ot + J(qt, V2qt) + 130qt/Ox = 0 (10) [Sutyrn and Flerl, 1994], where X s the Rossby radus of deformaton and J s the Jacoban, expressed as J(q,, v q,) _-(oq,/ox)[o/oy(v q,)] - (oq,/oy)[o/ox(v q,)], t can easly be shown that the relatve vortcty of the flow, r = (v: - x-:) q,, ( 2) obeys the relatonshp DF/Dt = OF/Ot + J(q,, F) = -t Oq,/Ox. (13) Wth the ntroducton of a zonal mean flow Uo(y), such that the vortcty equaton becomes Oq /Oy = Oq '/Oy- Uo, (14) DF'/Dt = ar'/at + J(q,, r') = -t 'aq,/ax, (15) F'= (V 2- A-2)½ ' (16) 13' _ Uo/Oy 2 + X-2Uo. (17) Expresson (17) s dentcal to (9) for the effectve/3, B, from the Chang and Phlander [1989] dscusson for packets of Rossby waves. Expresson (15) for conservaton of potental vortcty for the anomalous flow (wth respecto a mean flow) s dentcal to (13) for the no mean flow case, wth the substtuton of/3' for/3, so that the eddy propagaton speeds (1) and (4) now become Cx- U0 = -/3'X 2 (18) cy = -1/4/3'A 2 (19) for an antcyclonc eddy. Clearly, the speed and drecton of propagaton s dependent on the magntude and sgn of/3', the effectve/3. Understandng the merdonal propagaton of the Bg Island eddes requres an understandng of the value of/3' and how t changes throughout the lfetmes of the eddes. To that end, we wll now consder some smplfcatons to (17), the expresson for/3'. If L o s larger than A, the shear of the mean flow s small and the second-term the rght-hand sde of (9), 02Uo/Oy 2, can be neglected. In most cases ths s reasonable. At 10øN, for example, f s 2.5 x 10 -s, and f the nternal gravty wave speed s taken as 2.7 m s -1 (a reasonable value but used here only for llustraton), then the Rossby radus of deformaton s 107 km, or just under 1 ø of lattude. The wdth of the mean flow, on the other hand, s usually several degrees. Except n regons of hghest mean flow shear, the second term can be neglected, and/3' can be approxmated as /3' /3 + U0 x-2. (20) tude where/3' = 0. The degree to whch the merdonal propagaton s slowed depends manly on the strength of the cur- rents, except as noted earler n regons of very strong merdonal shear n the mean flow. The expresson for the zonal propagaton speed (18) has two terms, one equal to the mean flow and one analogous to the long Rossby wave speed at whch t propagates n the no mean flow case. The second term, lke the expresson for the merdonal propagaton speed, s drectly proportonal to/3' rather than/3, as t would be n the no mean flow case. As the strength

6 940 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES 20 I 19 o oo o o, -, -,, Levtus zonal flow, 18 at 135.5øE, ø E, and 154.5øW. 'o., Zonal flow from 17 I WOCE surface drfters. 0 0 Observed eddy zonal 16 I propagaton, ths study.!,! ~ l] ll Eddy zonal propagaton, I from Lumpkn, Zonal Speed (m/s) Fgure 3. The zonal speed of the eddes, computed from the observed trajectores wth a tme step of 2 months. Also shown are the zonal eddy speeds computed by Lumpkn [1998], the Levtus et al. [1994] geostrophc U0, and the mean zonal speeds of the World Ocean Crculaton Experment (WOCE) surface drfters between ø and 160øW, between 160 ø and 168øW, and between 170 ø and 180øW [Lumpkn, 1998]. of the westward mean flow that the eddy encounters ncreases, are faster than the geostrophc U0 computed from the Levtus the value of the parameter/3' decreases, and as ths happens, et al. [1994] clmatologcal dynamc heghts owng to the the zonal propagaton speed approaches the lmt of smooth nature of the clmatology. As can be seen n Fgure 3, however, the eddy propagaton speeds do agree well wth the Cx = u0 World Ocean Crculaton Experment (WOCE) surface drfter at the same lattude where the merdonal propagaton com- derved zonal speeds [Lumpkn, 1998]. Chang and Phlander ponent goes to zero. In a westward mean flow, t s therefore [1989] suggesthat the Rossby waves should be absorbed nto possble for the eddy paths to asymptote toward a crtcal the mean flow at the crtcal lattude as they cannot propagate lattude, whch s smply the lattude where /3' - 0. After away from t. In our observatons, however, the eddes conreachng ths pont, the zonal propagaton contnues at a con- tnue to be vsble as dstnct features n the sea surface heght stant rate equal to the mean flow speed at that lattude. The anomaly felds. merdonal speed s zero, and so the eddes are unable to leave As dscussed earler, the Bg Island eddes propagate to the that crtcal lattude. If the eddy s thought of as a packet of southwest ntally. Later, the southward component of ther Rossby waves as descrbed by Chang and Phlander [1989], all moton decreases, comes to a halt, and n fact, reverses, so that of the Rossby wave components of a packet of waves such as a these antcyclonc eddes propagate to the northwest. On the mesoscaleddy would then be travelng at the same speed, that bass of the above theory, nteracton wth a strong westward of the mean current at the crtcal lattude. The zonal propa- mean current such as the NEC seems to be a lkely cause for gaton speeds of the antcyclonc eddes obs6rved n ths study ths haltng of the southward moton, but the northwestward

7 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES 941 1ON 140 E 160 E W Fgure 4. The composte eddy track compared to vrtual drfter trajectores. The vector feld s the surface geostrophc flow computed from the clmatologcal [Levtus et al., 1994] dynamc heght relatve to 1000 m. The thckest lne s the compost eddy track, as n Fgure 1. Vrtual drfters were nserted nto the clmatologcal surface geostrophc flow at several locatons along the composte eddy tracks. The daly postons of these vrtual drfters, as nferred by the clmatologcal flow, are shown. propagaton that follows that wll requre addtonal consderaton Advecton by the North Equatoral Current The effectve/3 from Sutyrn and Flerl [1994] and Chang and Phlander [1989] appears to offer a possble explanaton for at least some of the observed propagaton characterstcs of the Bg Island eddes, and later we wll address the effect of a more complcated mean flow that s allowed to vary zonally n sze and strength. Frst, though, t s natural to wonder whether there mght be another, smpler way to account for the observed propagaton. One possblty s that the eddes do not actvely propagate at all but are smply advected passvely to the northwest by the mean flow. We wll therefore dgress brefly to determne whether the eddy propagaton mght nstead be accounted for by a smple advecton processes. From Secton 3.2 [Chang and Phlander, 1989; Sutyrn and Flerl, 1994] we know that for the case where Uo, Ho, and/3' are all functons of lattude only, the eddy propagaton speeds at the pont where/3' approaches zero can be wrtten as Cx = Uo Cy = 0. (22) In ths scenaro, the eddy can be thought of as nondspersve and freely propagatng at exactly the mean flow speed. Con- versely, t could be magned that the eddy s not freely propagatng at all but rather s smply beng advected along by the mean current after the pont when t reaches the crtcal lattude. If the mean flow s a functon of lattude only, t s mpossble to test whch of these vews s correct. If, on the other hand, the mean flow Uo vares wth both lattude and longtude, then these two hypotheses can be easly tested aganst one another. All eght of the eddes observed n ths study were ncorporated nto a composteddy track (Fgure 1) n order to more easly compare the eddy propagaton to the mean flow. The mean flow used s the geostrophc flow at the surface, relatve to the 1000 m depth level, computed from the Levtus et al. [1994] clmatology. We nserted vrtual drfters nto ths mean feld at several locatons along the composte eddy track and plotted the drfter locatons every day (Fgure 4). If one supposes that the eddes, n movng northwestward, were smply advected by the mean flow of the NEC, then the vrtual drfter trajectores should also turn to the northwest. Those trajectores should, n fact, le alongsde the eddy path, but ths does not appear to be true for any part of the eddes' lfetme. Instead, the clmatologcal drfters move consstently to the southwest even after the eddy path has turned to the northwest. Ths does not elmnate the possblty that nstantaneous varatons n the NEC could advect eddes to the northwest, but for ths to be a reasonable explanaton for the very consstent northwestward turn of all of the observed eddes, we would expect to see some ndcaton of northwest flow n the clmatologcal current. Smple advecton processes appear to be unable to account for the northwestward eddy moton, and so we now return to/3', the effectve/3, and dscuss the case where the zonal flow s allowed to vary wth longtude Zonal Varaton n the Mean Flow To attempt to explan why an antcyclonc eddy mght move northwestward, we want to take the deas of Sutyrn and Flcrl [1994] and Chang and Phlander [1989] a step further. That s, can these dynamcs, when extended to a mean flow that s nether purely zonal nor varyng solely n the merdonal d- recton, account for the observed change n the eddy propagaton drecton? Zonal varaton n the mean flow alters/3', the effectve /3 parameter, and therefore can further affect the propagaton of mesoscal eddes. The NEC does n fact have spatal varablty, wth zonal varatons n the flow speeds and n the lattude of the strongest flow (Fgure 5). The speeds shown are the geostrophc speeds at the surface relatve to 1000 m, agan computed from the Levtus et al. [1994] clmatologcal dynamc heght data. Recall that Sutyrn and Flerl [1994] and Chang and Phlander [1989] deal only wth a purely zonal and purely merdonally varyng flow Uo(y), whch s n geostrophc balance wth the merdonally varyng nterface depth Ho(y ). Exposed to such a mean flow, the merdonal moton of antcyclonc eddy depends on the effectve/3 parameter,/3', whch was shown above to be approxmately 13' (y) = 13 - Q(y)OHo(y)/Oy. (23) The lattude at whch/3' = 0 was of partcular nterest, as that defned the expected path of the eddes n the presence of the mean flow. A more realstc case to consder s a current that

8 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES ø E ø E ø W! 20 2 '"15 lo 1 1 5_ ' o U(y) n m/s Fgure 5. Zonal varaton n the surface geostrophc flow of the NEC computed from the Levms et al. [1994] clmatologcal dynamc heght relatve to 1000 m. The x axs of each panel s the strength of the zonal component of the mean flow Uo(y) (n m s- ). The y axs n every case s lattude. The panelshow the mean flow at (left) 135.5øE, (mddle) 170.5øE, and (rght) 154.5øW. can vary n strength and wdth wth longtude. The NEC, for nstance, wdens and strengthens as t moves westward. In ths case, the lattude at whch/3' s approxmately zero s no longer constant but rather vares wth longtude; that s, there s a curve y (x) defned by compute rro profles versus depth at each lattude and longtude. Inspecton of these profles suggested that rro values of between 26.0 and 26.2 kg m -3 serve as a reasonable defnton of the pycnoclne n our study area, and the depth of these sopycnals are therefore used to defne Ho(y) at each grd 13'[x, y(x)] = 0. (24) pont n the Levtus clmatology. These Ho(y) can then be merdonally dfferentated at each zonal poston to obtan By analogy wth the smpler/3' (y) case, we expecthat fy(x) s slowly changng zonally, then the eddy placed n such a mean flow feld should follow the/3' = 0 contour, once reachng t, for the remander of ts lfetme. The NEC has both zonal and merdonal flow, but t s stll prmarly a zonal current, as can be seen n a vector map of geostrophc flow relatve to 1000 m, computed from the Levtus et al. [1994] clmatology (Fgure 4). Ths greatly smplfes matters; f the NEC were not prmarly a zonal current, the dsperson relaton would dffer from the estmates of/3' at each grd pont. In determnng the postons at each longtude where/3' = 0, whch defne the y(x) curve that we need, we frst dentfed the regon where/3' decreases from 2 to 0 x m - s - as we approach the core of the NEC from the north. These regons are shown on Fgure 6 for two calculatons: one uses rro = 26.0 kg m -3 and the other uses rro = 26.2 kg m -3 as the defnton of the pycnoclne. There can, of course, be zero contours of B on both the north and south flanks of the NEC, but snce the eddes are approachng form dscussed earler and would be much more complcated. the NEC from the north sde, only the contours of/3' on the As t stands, contours of/3' and thus the expected path y(x) north sde of the core of the NEC are shown because these are can be estmated from the Levtus et al. [1994] clmatology. In order to make ths estmate, we recall that the mean flow potental vortcty Q s approxmately f/ho. Ths allows us to wrte (23) as consdered to be the dynamcally mportant ones. For comparson, the composte of the observed eddy tracks s also ncluded on Fgure 6, and the close correspondence between the average eddy path and the y(x) estmates sup- 13' 13 - (f/ho)oho/oy, (25) ports the dea that the basc Sutyrn and Flerl [1994] and Chang and Phlander [1989] theory can account for the general propwhch s a more convenent form snce t only nvolves the nterface depth. Ths quantty can be estmated from the Levtus et al. [1994] clmatology. We could have nferred Ho from the dynamc heght relatve to 1000 m from Levtus et al. [1994]. A better choce, however, s to use the actual depth of the agaton characterstcs of the Bg Island eddes. In fact, t appears from ths analyss that the Bg Island eddes are never truly solated; they are formed n close proxmty to the/3' = 0 contour and reman wth t throughout ther lfetmes. It does not appear to be necessary to nvoke/3 plane dynamcs for an pycnoclne or at least the best estmate of that depth possble solated'eddy all to explan the zonal propagaton n ths from the clmatologcal data. The clmatologcal values of temperature and salnty from Levtus et al. [1994] were used to case. The zonal propagaton s controlled, along the zero /3' contour, by the mean zonal flow component. The merdonal

9 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES 943 Contours for 0 < B < 2xl 0-12(ms) I I I I... oe = 26.0 kg/m 3 '1-20N E 170 E W 160 W 150 W longtude Fgure 6. The composte eddy track compared to the zero contour of B, the effectve /3 of Chang and Phlander [1989]./3' s computed from the Levtus et al. [1994] clmatology of temperature and salnty accordng to/3' = /3 - (f/ho)oho/oy, where H o s the thermoclne depth, estmated from the depths of cr o contours. The sold lne s the compost eddy track, and the medum and lght shaded lnes curves are the zero contours of B on the north sde of the north equatoral current based on the depths of cr o equal to 26.0 and 26.2 kg m -3, respectvely. propagaton, on the other hand, depends on the zonally varable poston of the gradent of the Corols parameter and of the poston, strength, and lattudnal shear of the background mean current. From the pont of ther formaton at the Bg Island of Hawa the eddes appear to reman on the zero contour of/3' through much, f not most, of ther lfetmes. 4. Future Work The propagaton of the antcyclonc Bg Island eddes can be explaned by ther followng the/ ' = 0 contour, where/ ' s the effectve/. Ths effectve/ dffers from the planetary/ owng to the presence of a mean background current, the NEC. Ths s, of course, not the only possble explanaton, and further research s needed. One topc requrng further study s the stablty of the NEC. It s possble that for a large-scale current, such as the NEC, f t s stable, the merdonal gradent of potental vortcty and the advecton effects balance, producng only small net effects on vortex propagaton. Snce we found that/3' has a zero contour, though, the NEC may be an unstable current. In fact, the Charney-Stern condton for nstablty of a flow s that the merdonal gradent of the potental vortcty, whch has been desgnated here as/3', must change sgn somewhere wthn the flow [Charney and Stem, 1962]. Ths s a necessary but not a suffcent condton of nstablty, so we cannot say from ths alone whether or not the NEC s unstable. The queston of the stablty or nstablty of the NEC could have mportant consequences when eddy-current nteractons and subsequent eddy propagaton are consdered. The data for the mean NEC avalable at the tme of ths study [Levtus et al., 1994] are not suffcent owng, n partcular, to ther heavly smoothed nature to determne whether the NEC s stable or unstable. Better clmatologcal data sets, such as the recently released World Ocean Database [Levtus et al., 1998] may allow ths queston to be answered. Another approach to the nsght nto the nature of the eddy-current nteractons and the stablty of the mean current. The altmetrc data used n ths study, whle suffcent for determnng the poston of the eddes as they propagate, wll not allow such detaled plots of the eddy structure as would be requred for ths purpose owng to the cross-track resoluton of the altmeter and the dffculty of separatng the eddes from the surroundng varablty. New data products, such as the recent hgh-resoluton mappng usng combnatons of T/P, ERS-1, and ERS-2 [Ducet et al., 2000], may make ths a practcal approach. Another nterestng area for future work s the possblty of nteractons between ndvdual eddes. In ths study, we have focused exclusvely on the effect of the NEC on the eddy propagaton, treatng these antcyclonc eddes as f they were otherwse solated, n order to see how much of ther behavor could be explaned n that way. These eddes are not solated, however, and eddy-eddy nteractons may be an mportant factor n the eddy propagaton. One possblty s that the antcyclonc eddes may be nteractng wth one another. Two vortces of the same sgn, otherwse solated and wth all moton except for the vortex rrotatonal and nvscd, wll tend to rotate about a statonary pont between the two [Kundu, 1990]. Under the rght crcumstances n a rotatng basn, two vortces of the same rotatonal sense wll merge nto one [Nof and Smon, 1987]. Cyclonc eddes are also formed at the Bg Island, and nteractons between the antcyclonc eddes and the cyclonc eddes are also possble, although the cyclonc eddes, unlke the antcyclonc eddes, ntally move to the northwest from the Bg Island. Vortces of opposte sgn n close proxmty to one another tend to mantan ther dstance, wth the weaker rotatng about the stronger, or movng n parallel lnes f they are of smlar strength [Kundu, 1990]. On a /3 plane, there s the added tendency for southward and northward merdonal moton for antcyclonc and cyclonc eddes, respecproblem would be to examne the sea surface heght expresson tvely, so the relatve poston of the eddes s mportant to of the eddes n detal as they propagate and evolve. The consder. All of the above vortex nteractons could complcate evoluton of the structure of the eddes would provde further the propagaton of the antcyclonc Bg Island eddes, along

10 944 HOLLAND AND MITCHUM: PROPAGATION OF BIG ISLAND EDDIES wth the /3 plane dynamcs and the effect of the mean NEC. References Improved altmetrc products such as that of Ducet et al. [2000], Chang, P., and S. G. H. Phlander, Rossby wave packets n baroclnc wth fne enough resoluton to capture the detaled structure of mean currents, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 36, 17-37, the varous vortces and any evolutons as they nteract, mght Charney, J. G., and M. E. Stern, On the stablty of nternal baroclnc allow one to address ths possblty n future studes. jets n a rotatng atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sc., 19, , Ducet, N., P. Y. Le Traon, and G. Reverdn, Global hgh-resoluton Ths study was ntally concerned wth determnng whether mappng of ocean crculaton from TOPEX/Posedon and ERS-1 or not the antcyclonc Bg Island eddes could account for the and -2, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 19,477-19,498, sea level varablty at Wake Island noted by Mtchum [1995]. Flerl, G. R., The applcaton of lnear quasgeostrophc dynamcs to Of the eght eddes observed n ths study, only one (number 2) Gulf Stream rngs, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, , was tracked to the vcnty of Wake Island. In the tde gauge Flerl, G. R., Rossby wave radaton from a strongly nonlnear warm eddy, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 47-58, sea level tme seres at Wake Island, wth the annual cycle Kundu, P. K., Flud Mechancs, 638 pp., Academc, San Dego, Calf., removed, there s a peak at the tme suggested by the eddy trajectory. Ths provdes some addtonal valdaton of the eddy Levtus, S., R. Gelfeld, T. Boyer, and D. Johnson, Results of the trackng, as wth the tme seres at Johnston Island, dscussed NODC and IOC Oceanographc Data Archaeology and Rescue Projects, Key to Oceanographc Records Documentaton 19, Natl. prevously, but ths s only one peak among all the varablty of Oceanogr. Data Center, Washngton, D.C., the Wake Island sea level tme seres. We cannot conclude Levtus, S., T. P. Boyer, M. E. Conkrght, T. O'Bren, J. Antonov, C. from the currently avalable data whether or not the antcy- Stephens, L. Stathoplos, D. Johnson, and R. Gelfeld, World Ocean clonc Bg Island eddes or energy assocated wth ther decay Database 1998, vol. 1, Introducton, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 18, Natl. reach Wake Island, but ths queston should be reconsdered as Oceanc and Atmos. Admn., Slver Sprng, Md., Lumpkn, C. F., Eddes and Currents of the Hawaan Islands, Ph.D. better data become avalable, such as the Ducet et al. [2000] dssertaton, 281 pp., Unv. of Hawa at Manoa, Honolulu, mappng. We have found that the eddy propagaton s conss- McWllams, J. C., and G. R. Flerl, On the evoluton of solated, tent wth movement along the/3' = 0 contour, and as Fgure 6 shows, ths contour does not curve suffcently northward for nonlnear vortces, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, , McWllams, J. C., P. R. Gent, and N.J. Norton, The evoluton of balanced, low-mode vortces on the/3-plane, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 16, the eddes to reach Wake Island f they follow t. In ths study, , however, /3' was computed from the Levtus et al. [1994] cl- Mtchum, G. T., The source of 90-day oscllatons at Wake Island, J. matologcal felds, and t s apparent n Fgure 3 that Geophys. Res., 100, , geostrophc veloctes computed from ths data set can be Nof, D., and L. M. Smon, Laboratory experments on the Mergg of much slower than nstantaneous measurements from such nonlnear antcyclonc eddes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, , Patzert, W. C., Eddes n Hawaan waters, Rep. HIG-69-8, Hawa Inst. sources as the WOCE surface drfters. The strength, posof Geophys., Unv. of Hawa at Manoa, Honolulu, ton, and shear of the mean current affect the value of/3'. Seckel, G. R., Seasonal varablty and parameterzaton of the Pacfc Better estmates of/3' and the locaton of the/3' = 0 contour may be avalable from the World Ocean Database [Levtus et al., 1998] or from other clmatologcal data sets, and ths mght allow future studes to address whether or not the hypothess presented here, that the eddes follow the/3' = 0 contour, s consstent wth the Bg Island eddes reachng Wake Island. North Equatoral Current, Deep Sea Res., 22, , Sutyrn, G. G., and G. R. Flerl, Intense vortex moton on the beta plane: Development of the beta gyres, J. Atmos. Sc., 51, , Wyrtk, K., Eddes n the Pacfc North Equatoral Current, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, , Wyrtk, K., and B. Klonsky, Mean water and current structure durng the Hawa-to-Taht Shuttle Experment, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, , Acknowledgments. Ths work was supported by NASA through the Jet Propulson Laboratory as part of the TOPEX Altmeter Research n Ocean Crculaton Msson. Conversatons wth several people n the Department of Oceanography at the Unversty of Hawa and n the College of Marne Scence at the Unversty of South Florda were very helpful. The paper was also sgnfcantly mproved by suggestons from two anonymous revewers. C. L. Holland and G. T. Mtchum, College of Marne Scence, Unversty of South Florda, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL (chølland@marne'usf'edu) (Receved January 14, 2000; revsed August 21, 2000; accepted August 31, 2000.)

Reduced drift, high accuracy stable carbon isotope ratio measurements using a reference gas with the Picarro 13 CO 2 G2101-i gas analyzer

Reduced drift, high accuracy stable carbon isotope ratio measurements using a reference gas with the Picarro 13 CO 2 G2101-i gas analyzer Reduced drft, hgh accuracy stable carbon sotope rato measurements usng a reference gas wth the Pcarro 13 CO 2 G2101- gas analyzer Chrs Rella, Ph.D. Drector of Research & Development Pcarro, Inc., Sunnyvale,

More information

Evaluation of a Center Pivot Variable Rate Irrigation System

Evaluation of a Center Pivot Variable Rate Irrigation System Evaluaton of a Center Pvot Varable Rate Irrgaton System Ruxu Su Danel K. Fsher USDA-ARS Crop Producton Systems Research Unt, Stonevlle, Msssspp Abstrat: Unformty of water dstrbuton of a varable rate center

More information

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ISU SYNCHRONIZED SKATING TECHNICAL CONTROLLERS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ISU SYNCHRONIZED SKATING TECHNICAL CONTROLLERS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS A ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ISU SYNCHRONIZED SKATING TECHNICAL CONTROLLERS AND TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS DIFFICULTY GROUPS OF FEATURES 1 DEFINITIONS: Change of Rotaton: Refers to TURNS or LINKING STEPS rotatng

More information

Engineering Analysis of Implementing Pedestrian Scramble Crossing at Traffic Junctions in Singapore

Engineering Analysis of Implementing Pedestrian Scramble Crossing at Traffic Junctions in Singapore Engneerng Analyss of Implementng Pedestran Scramble Crossng at Traffc Junctons n Sngapore Dr. Lm Wee Chuan Eldn Department of Chemcal & Bomolecular Engneerng, Natonal Unversty of Sngapore, 4 Engneerng

More information

Wave Breaking Energy in Coastal Region

Wave Breaking Energy in Coastal Region ave Breang Energy n Coastal Regon Ray-Qng Ln and Lwa Ln Dept. of Seaeepng Davd Taylor Model Basn NSCCD U.S. Army Engneer Researc and Development Center. INTERODUCTION Huang 006 suggested tat wave breang

More information

First digit of chosen number Frequency (f i ) Total 100

First digit of chosen number Frequency (f i ) Total 100 1 4. ANALYSING FREQUENCY TABLES Categorcal (nomnal) data are usually summarzed n requency tables. Contnuous numercal data may also be grouped nto ntervals and the requency o observatons n each nterval

More information

Cross-shore Structure of Longshore Currents during Duck94

Cross-shore Structure of Longshore Currents during Duck94 CHAPTER 283 Cross-shore Structure of Longshore Currents durng Duck94 Falk Feddersen 1, R.T. Guza 2, Steve Elgar 3, and T.H.C Herbers 4 Abstract The cross-shore structure of the mean longshore current on

More information

SECOND-ORDER CREST STATISTICS OF REALISTIC SEA STATES

SECOND-ORDER CREST STATISTICS OF REALISTIC SEA STATES SECOND-ORDER CREST STATISTICS OF REALISTIC SEA STATES MARIOS CHRISTOU Shell Internatonal Exploraton and Producton, 2288 GS Rjswjk, The Netherlands. E-mal: maros.chrstou@shell.com PETER TROMANS Ocean Wave

More information

Over Steep Topography

Over Steep Topography JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSCAL RESEARCH, VOL. 88, NO. C1, PAGES 743-750, JANUARY 20, 1983 On the Formaton of Surface to Bottom Fronts Over Steep Topography Y. HSUEH AND BENOT CUSHMAN-ROSN! Department of Oceanography,

More information

Near-inertial internal wave interactions with mesoscale. Craig M. Lee. fronts: Observations and models

Near-inertial internal wave interactions with mesoscale. Craig M. Lee. fronts: Observations and models JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSCAL RESEARCH, VOL. 102, NO. C2, PAGES 3237-3253, FEBRUARY 15, 1997 Near-nertal nternal wave nteractons wth mesoscale fronts: Observatons and models Crag M. Lee Department of Physcal Oceanography,

More information

Dynamic Analysis of the Discharge Valve of the Rotary Compressor

Dynamic Analysis of the Discharge Valve of the Rotary Compressor Purdue Unversty Purdue e-pubs Internatonal Compressor Engneerng Conference School of Mechancal Engneerng 8 Dynamc Analyss of the Dscharge Valve of the Rotary Compressor Bo Huang Shangha Htach Electrcal

More information

Geophysical validation of NSCAT winds using atmospheric data and analyses

Geophysical validation of NSCAT winds using atmospheric data and analyses JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSCAL RESEARCH, VOL. 104, NO. C5, PAGES 11,405-11,424, MAY 15, 1999 Geophyscal valdaton of NSCAT wnds usng atmospherc data and analyses R. Atlas, 1 S.C. Bloom, 2 R. N. Hoffman, 3 E. Brn,

More information

PREDICTIONS OF CIRCULATING CURRENT FIELD AROUND A SUBMERGED BREAKWATER INDUCED BY BREAKING WAVES AND SURFACE ROLLERS. Yoshimitsu Tajima 1

PREDICTIONS OF CIRCULATING CURRENT FIELD AROUND A SUBMERGED BREAKWATER INDUCED BY BREAKING WAVES AND SURFACE ROLLERS. Yoshimitsu Tajima 1 PREDICTIONS O CIRCULATING CURRENT IELD AROUND A SUBMERGED BREAKWATER INDUCED BY BREAKING WAVES AND SURACE ROLLERS Yoshmtsu Tama 1 Ths paper develops a quas-three-dmensonal nearshore current model whch

More information

Internal Wave Maker for Navier-Stokes Equations in a Three-Dimensional Numerical Model

Internal Wave Maker for Navier-Stokes Equations in a Three-Dimensional Numerical Model Journal of Coastal Research SI 64 511-515 ICS2011 (Proceedngs) Poland ISSN 0749-0208 Internal Wave Maker for Naver-Stokes Equatons n a Three-Dmensonal Numercal Model T. Ha, J.W. Lee and Y.-S. Cho Dept.

More information

A Study on Parametric Wave Estimation Based on Measured Ship Motions

A Study on Parametric Wave Estimation Based on Measured Ship Motions 1 A Study on Parametrc Wave Estmaton Based on Measured Shp Motons Ulrk Dam NIELSEN * and Tosho ISEKI ** Abstract The paper studes parametrc wave estmaton based on the wave buoy analogy, and data and results

More information

Predicting Wave Transformation during Extreme Weather Conditions

Predicting Wave Transformation during Extreme Weather Conditions Predctng Wave Transformaton durng Extreme Weather Condtons Josephus LOPEZ 1, Karlo Marko NARIO 1, Patrck Joshua ROMARES 1, Maro DE LEON, Ryuchro NISHI 3, Hosotan KAZUNORI 4 1 Bachelor of Scence n Cvl Engneerng

More information

Instantaneous Current Prediction for Naval Operations

Instantaneous Current Prediction for Naval Operations Instantaneous Current Predcton for Naval Operatons Peter C. Chu Naval Ocean Analyss and Predcton Laboratory, Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943 Albert E. Armstrong

More information

Risk analysis of natural gas pipeline

Risk analysis of natural gas pipeline Rsk analyss of natural gas ppelne Y.-D. Jo 1, K.-S. Park 1, J. W. Ko, & B. J. Ahn 3 1 Insttute of Gas Safety Technology, Korea Gas Safety Corporaton, South Korea Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Kwangwoon

More information

Methodology for ACT WorkKeys as a Predictor of Worker Productivity

Methodology for ACT WorkKeys as a Predictor of Worker Productivity Methodology for ACT WorkKeys as a Predctor of Worker Productvty The analyss examned the predctve potental of ACT WorkKeys wth regard to two elements. The frst s tme to employment. People takng WorkKeys

More information

A Climbing Robot based on Under Pressure Adhesion for the Inspection of Concrete Walls

A Climbing Robot based on Under Pressure Adhesion for the Inspection of Concrete Walls A Clmbng Robot based on Under Pressure Adheson for the Inspecton of Concrete Walls K. Berns, C. Hllenbrand, Robotcs Research Lab, Department of Computer Scence, Techncal Unversty of Kaserslautern P.O.

More information

ITRS 2013 Silicon Platforms + Virtual Platforms = An explosion in SoC design by Gary Smith

ITRS 2013 Silicon Platforms + Virtual Platforms = An explosion in SoC design by Gary Smith ITRS 2013 Slcon Platforms + Vrtual Platforms = An exploson n SoC desgn by Gary Smth 2013 2013 Gary Gary Smth Smth EDA, EDA, Inc. Inc. All All Rghts Rghts Reserved. Reserved. 1 The Fve Desgn Constrants

More information

Development of Accident Modification Factors for Rural Frontage Road Segments in Texas

Development of Accident Modification Factors for Rural Frontage Road Segments in Texas Development of Accdent Modfcaton Factors for Rural Frontage Road Segments n Texas Domnque Lord* Zachry Department of Cvl Engneerng & Center for Transportaton Safety Texas Transportaton Insttute Texas A&M

More information

A Prediction of Reliability of Suction Valve in Reciprocating Compressor

A Prediction of Reliability of Suction Valve in Reciprocating Compressor Purdue Unversty Purdue e-pubs nternatonal Compressor Engneerng Conference School of Mechancal Engneerng 1996 A Predcton of Relablty of Sucton Valve n Recprocatng Compressor W. H. You Samsung Electroncs

More information

GAS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA IN OXYGEN ABSORPTION INTO OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS

GAS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA IN OXYGEN ABSORPTION INTO OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS AS-LIQUID INTERFACIAL AREA IN OXYEN ABSORPTION INTO OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS ómez-díaz, D. a, omes, N. b, Texera, J.A. b, Belo, I. b a Department of Chemcal Engneerng, Unversty of Santago de Compostela,

More information

Proceedings of the ASME nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE2013 June 9-14, 2013, Nantes, France

Proceedings of the ASME nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering OMAE2013 June 9-14, 2013, Nantes, France Proceedngs of the ASME nd Internatonal Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctc Engneerng OMAE June 9-,, Nantes, France OMAE-6 ROLL DAMPING COEFFICIENTS ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON FOR ROUND BILGE AND HARD

More information

High Speed 128-bit BCD Adder Architecture Using CLA

High Speed 128-bit BCD Adder Architecture Using CLA Hgh Speed 128-bt BCD Archtecture Usng CLA J.S.V.Sa Prasanth 1, Y.Yamn Dev 2 PG Student [VLSI&ES], Dept. of ECE, Swamy Vvekananda Engneerng College, Kalavara, Andhrapradesh, Inda 1 Assstant Professor, Dept.

More information

Mechanical Engineering Journal

Mechanical Engineering Journal 56789 Bulletn of the JSME Mechancal Engneerng Journal Vol., o., 6 Measurement of three-dmensonal orentaton of golf club head wth one camera Wataru KIMIZUKA* and Masahde OUKI* * DULOP SPORTS CO. LTD. Waknohama-cho

More information

Equilibrium or Simple Rule at Wimbledon? An Empirical Study

Equilibrium or Simple Rule at Wimbledon? An Empirical Study Equlbrum or Smple Rule at Wmbledon? An Emprcal Study Shh-Hsun Hsu, Chen-Yng Huang and Cheng-Tao Tang Revson: March 2004 Abstract We follow Walker and Wooders (200) emprcal analyss to collect and study

More information

OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN U.S. CORPORATIONS. Mohammad Rahnamaei. A Thesis. in the. John Molson School of Business

OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN U.S. CORPORATIONS. Mohammad Rahnamaei. A Thesis. in the. John Molson School of Business OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE IN U.S. CORPORATIONS Mohammad Rahnamae A Thess n the John Molson School of Busness Presented n Partal Fulfllment of the Requrements For the Degree of Master of Scence (Busness Admnstraton)

More information

Coastal Engineering Technical Note

Coastal Engineering Technical Note Coastal Engneerng Techncal Note CETN V-10 Even-Odd Functon Analyss of Shorelne Poston and Volume Change by Jule Dean RoSllt and Nchollls C. Kraus Purpose: To present the background and methodology for

More information

Aerator Performance in Reducing Phenomenon of Cavitation in Supercritical Flow in Steep Channel Bed

Aerator Performance in Reducing Phenomenon of Cavitation in Supercritical Flow in Steep Channel Bed Engneerng Internatonal Conference UNNES Conservaton 13 Proceedng Aerator Performance n Reducng Phenomenon of Cavtaton n Supercrtcal Flow n Steep Channel Bed Yer Sutopo 1, Bud Wgnyosukarto, Istarto, dan

More information

Terminating Head

Terminating Head Termnatng Head 58246-1 Instructon Sheet for MTA- 100 Receptacle Connectors 408-6929 Usng Dscrete Wre 07 APR 11 Locatng Pawl Feed Slde Tool Base Wre Inserter Adjuster (Inserton Rod) Mass Termnaton Assembly

More information

Wheels. Wheels 2. Wheels 4. Wheels 3. Wheels 5. Wheels 6

Wheels. Wheels 2. Wheels 4. Wheels 3. Wheels 5. Wheels 6 Wheels 1 Wheels 2 Introductory Queston Wheels The lght turns green and you re n a hurry. Wll your car accelerate faster f you skd your wheels and burn rubber or f you just barely avod skddng your wheels?

More information

An intro to PCA: Edge Orientation Estimation. Lecture #09 February 15 th, 2013

An intro to PCA: Edge Orientation Estimation. Lecture #09 February 15 th, 2013 An ntro to PCA: Edge Orentaton Estmaton Lecture #09 February 15 th, 2013 Revew: Edges Convoluton wth an edge mask estmates the partal dervatves of the mage surface. The Sobel edge masks are: " #!1 0 1!2

More information

1.1 Noise maps: initial situations. Rating environmental noise on the basis of noise maps. Written by Henk M.E. Miedema TNO Hieronymus C.

1.1 Noise maps: initial situations. Rating environmental noise on the basis of noise maps. Written by Henk M.E. Miedema TNO Hieronymus C. TIP4-CT-2005-516420 Page 1 of 34 DELIVERABLE D 1.5 CONTRACT N PROJECT N ACRONYM TITLE TIP4-CT-2005-516420 FP6-516420 QCITY Quet Cty Transport Subproject 1 Nose mappng & modellng Work Package 1.1 Nose maps:

More information

Response based sea state estimation for onboard DSS Safe and Efficient Marine Operations

Response based sea state estimation for onboard DSS Safe and Efficient Marine Operations Response based sea state estmaton for onboard DSS Safe and Effcent Marne Operatons Ulrk Dam Nelsen AMOS Workshop, NTNU, Trondhem, 13 th and 14 th November, 2014 Contents Introducton: Context Montorng and

More information

OPTIMIZATION OF PRESSURE HULLS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

OPTIMIZATION OF PRESSURE HULLS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS OPTIMIZATION OF PRESSURE HULLS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS J.Franco a, A.Corz a*.a.peña b a Materal Composte Group. Unversdad de Cadz. Avda/Ramon Puyol s/n. 11205 Algecras (Span) *alcorz@caltech.es b Calpe

More information

Degassing of deep groundwater in fractured rock

Degassing of deep groundwater in fractured rock WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, VOL. 36, NO. 9, PAGES 2477-2492, SEPTEMBER 2000 Degassng of deep groundwater n fractured rock around boreholes and drfts Jerker Jarsj6 and Georga Destoun Dvson of Water Resources

More information

Physical and Geological Studies of the Proposed Bridge-tunnel Crossing of Hampton Roads near Craney Island

Physical and Geological Studies of the Proposed Bridge-tunnel Crossing of Hampton Roads near Craney Island College of Wllam and Mary W&M ScholarWorks Reports 8-97 Physcal and Geologcal Studes of the Proposed Brdge-tunnel Crossng of ampton Roads near Craney sland C. S. Fang Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence B. J.

More information

Mass Spectrometry. Fundamental GC-MS. GC-MS Interfaces

Mass Spectrometry. Fundamental GC-MS. GC-MS Interfaces Mass Spectrometry Fundamental GC-MS GC-MS Interfaces Wherever you see ths symbol, t s mportant to access the on-lne course as there s nteractve materal that cannot be fully shown n ths reference manual.

More information

Safety Impact of Gateway Monuments

Safety Impact of Gateway Monuments *Manuscrpt Clck here to vew lnked References Ye, Venezano, and Lord 1 Safety Impact of Gateway Monuments Zhru Ye a,*, Davd Venezano a, Domnque Lord b a Western Transportaton Insttute, Montana State Unversty,

More information

A PROBABILITY BASED APPROACH FOR THE ALLOCATION OF PLAYER DRAFT SELECTIONS IN AUSTRALIAN RULES

A PROBABILITY BASED APPROACH FOR THE ALLOCATION OF PLAYER DRAFT SELECTIONS IN AUSTRALIAN RULES Journal of Sports Scence and Medcne (2006) 5, 509-516 http://www.jssm.org Research artcle The 8th Australasan Conference on Mathematcs and Computers n Sport, 3-5 July 2006, Queensland, Australa A PROBABILITY

More information

This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore.

This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Ths document s downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technologcal Unversty Lbrary, Sngapore. Ttle capacty analyss usng smulaton Author(s) Ctaton Huang, Shell Yng; Hsu, Wen Jng; He, Yuxong; Song, Tancheng; De

More information

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Price and Yield Risk Management Products in Reducing. Revenue Risk for Southeastern Crop Producers * Todd D.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Price and Yield Risk Management Products in Reducing. Revenue Risk for Southeastern Crop Producers * Todd D. Evaluatng the Effectveness of Prce and Yeld Rsk Management Products n Reducng Revenue Rsk for Southeastern Crop Producers * Todd D. Davs ** Abstract A non-parametrc smulaton model ncorporatng prce and

More information

PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION ON THE EUROPEAN PGA TOUR: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION ON THE EUROPEAN PGA TOUR: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION ON THE EUROPEAN PGA TOUR: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS C. Barry Pftzner and Chrs Spence, Department of Economcs/Busness, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, bpftzne@rmc.edu, cspence@rmc.edu

More information

M.H.Ahn, K.J.Lee Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Republic of Korea

M.H.Ahn, K.J.Lee Korea Advance Institute of Science and Technology 335 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Republic of Korea The Methodology on Exposure Dose Evaluaton Modelng Related to Arbtrary Accdent n the Temporary Storage Faclty for Low and Intermedate Level Waste - 9133 M.H.Ahn, K.J.Lee Korea Advance Insttute of Scence

More information

SEAKEEPING BEHAVIOUR OF A FRIGATE-TYPE TRIMARAN

SEAKEEPING BEHAVIOUR OF A FRIGATE-TYPE TRIMARAN Desgn & Operaton of Trmaran Shps, London, UK SEAKEEPNG BEHAVOUR OF A FRGATE-TYPE TRMARAN W Pastoor, Det Norske Vertas AS, Norway R van 't Veer, Martme Research nsttute Netherlands, The Netherlands E Harmsen,

More information

Research and Application of Work Roll Contour Technology on Thin Gauge Stainless Steel in Hot Rolling

Research and Application of Work Roll Contour Technology on Thin Gauge Stainless Steel in Hot Rolling Send Orders for Reprnts to reprnts@benthamscence.ae The Open Mechancal Engneerng Journal, 215, 9, 111-116 111 Open Access Research and Applcaton of Work Roll Contour Technology on Thn Gauge Stanless Steel

More information

Report No. FHWA/LA.13/508. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Report No. FHWA/LA.13/508. University of Louisiana at Lafayette. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD PAGE Report No. FHWA/LA.13/508 4. Ttle and Subttle A Comprehensve Study on Pavement Edge Lne Implementaton 7. Author(s) Xaoduan Sun, Ph.D., P.E. Subassh Das 9. Performng Organzaton

More information

A comparison study on the deck house shape of high speed planing crafts for air resistance reduction

A comparison study on the deck house shape of high speed planing crafts for air resistance reduction csnak, 2014 Int. J. Nav. Archt. Ocean Eng. (2014) 6:867~875 http://dx.do.org/10.2478/ijnaoe-2013-0218 pissn: 2092-6782, eissn: 2092-6790 A comparson study on the deck house shape of hgh speed planng crafts

More information

Numerical Study of Occupants Evacuation from a Room for Requirements in Codes

Numerical Study of Occupants Evacuation from a Room for Requirements in Codes Numercal Study of Occupants Evacuaton from a Room for Requrements n Codes HL MU JH SUN Unversty of Scence and Technology of Chna State Key Laboratory of Fre Scence Hefe 2300326, CHINA muhl@mal.ustc.edu.cn

More information

A NEW METHOD FOR IMPROVING SCATTEROMETER WIND QUALITY CONTROL

A NEW METHOD FOR IMPROVING SCATTEROMETER WIND QUALITY CONTROL A NEW METHOD FOR IMPROVING SCATTEROMETER WIND QUALITY CONTROL M. Portabella (, A. Stoffelen (, A. Verhoef (, J. Verspeek ( ( Undad de Tecnología Marna CSIC, Pg. Marítm Barceloneta 37-9, 3 Barcelona, Span

More information

Comparisons of Means for Estimating Sea States from an Advancing Large Container Ship

Comparisons of Means for Estimating Sea States from an Advancing Large Container Ship Downloaded from orbt.dtu.dk on: Jan 31, 18 Comparsons of Means for Estmatng Sea States from an Advancng Large Contaner Shp Nelsen, Ulrk Dam; Andersen, Ingrd Mare Vncent; Konng, Jos Publshed n: Proceedngs

More information

Decomposition guide Technical report on decomposition

Decomposition guide Technical report on decomposition June 2013 Decomposton gude Techncal report on decomposton Erasmus MC Start date of project: 20 Aprl 2012 Duraton: 36 months 1 Table of contents Abstract... 4 Acknowledgements... 5 Introducton... 6 Part

More information

Driver s Decision Model at an Onset of Amber Period at Signalised Intersections

Driver s Decision Model at an Onset of Amber Period at Signalised Intersections Probablty to stop 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.40 0.30 0-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 80-85 85-90 90-95 95-100 1st veh n platoon 2nd veh n platoon

More information

Spherical solutions of an underwater explosion bubble

Spherical solutions of an underwater explosion bubble 89 Sphercal solutons of an underwater exploson bubble Andrew B. Wardlaw, Jr. Naval Surface Warfare Center, Code 423, Indan Head Dvson, Indan Head, MD 20640-5035, USA E-mal: 423@uwtech.h.navy.ml Hans U.

More information

Peak Field Approximation of Shock Wave Overpressure Based on Sparse Data

Peak Field Approximation of Shock Wave Overpressure Based on Sparse Data Peak Feld Approxmaton of Shock Wave Overpressure Based on Sparse Data Yongl Zhang, Taln Han, Yuqun Chen, Enku Zhang, and Xuan Lu Abstract To obtan the shock wave feld dstrbuton, two knds of calber weapons

More information

Product Information. Long-stroke gripper PSH 42

Product Information. Long-stroke gripper PSH 42 Product Informaton PSH 42 PSH Compact. Flexble. Fully encapsulated. PSH long-stroke grpper 2-fnger parallel grpper wth long jaw stroke and drt-resstant round gudance Feld of applcaton n contamnated work

More information

Evolutionary Sets of Safe Ship Trajectories: Evaluation of Individuals

Evolutionary Sets of Safe Ship Trajectories: Evaluation of Individuals Internatonal Journal on Marne Navgaton and Safety of Sea Transportaton Volume 6 Number 3 September 2012 Evolutonary Sets of Safe Shp Trajectores: Evaluaton of Indvduals R. Szlapczynsk Gdansk Unversty of

More information

Major League Duopolists: When Baseball Clubs Play in Two-Team Cities. Phillip Miller. Department of Economics. Minnesota State University, Mankato

Major League Duopolists: When Baseball Clubs Play in Two-Team Cities. Phillip Miller. Department of Economics. Minnesota State University, Mankato Major League Duopolsts: When Baseball Clubs Play n Two-Team Ctes Phllp Mller Department of Economcs Mnnesota State Unversty, Mankato September 2006 Abstract: Ths paper focuses on examnng the attendance

More information

Nonlinear Risk Optimization Approach to Gas Lift Allocation Optimization

Nonlinear Risk Optimization Approach to Gas Lift Allocation Optimization pubs.acs.org/iecr Nonlnear Rsk Optmzaton Approach to Gas Lft Allocaton Optmzaton Mahd Khshvand and Ehsan Khamehch* Faculty of Petroleum Engneerng, Amrkabr Unversty of Technology, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT:

More information

Bubble production by breaking waves

Bubble production by breaking waves Calhoun: The NPS Insttutonal Archve Theses and Dssertatons Thess Collecton 989-2 Bubble producton by breakng waves Danel, Albert C., Jr. Monterey, Calforna. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/0945/26903

More information

Applications on openpdc platform at Washington State University

Applications on openpdc platform at Washington State University Applcatons on openpdc platform at Washngton State Unversty Chuanln Zhao Ebrahm Rezae Man V. Venkatasubramanan Washngton State Unversty Pullman WA WSU projects OMS - Oscllaton Montorng System Stand-alone

More information

COMPENSATING FOR WAVE NONRESPONSE IN THE 1979 ISDP RESEARCH PANEL

COMPENSATING FOR WAVE NONRESPONSE IN THE 1979 ISDP RESEARCH PANEL COMPENSATING FOR WAVE NONRESPONSE IN THE 1979 ISDP RESEARCH PANEL 1. Introducton Graham Kalton, Unversty of Mchgan ames Lepkowsk, Unversty of Mchgan Tng-Kwong Ln. Natonal Unversty of Sngapore The choce

More information

Lake Clarity Model: Development of Updated Algorithms to Define Particle Aggregation and Settling in Lake Tahoe

Lake Clarity Model: Development of Updated Algorithms to Define Particle Aggregation and Settling in Lake Tahoe Lake Clarty Model: Development of Updated Algorthms to Defne Partcle Aggregaton and Settlng n Lake Tahoe Goloka B. Sahoo S. Geoffrey Schladow John E. Reuter Danel Nover Davd Jassby Lake Clarty Model Weather

More information

Cost theory and the cost of substitution a clarification

Cost theory and the cost of substitution a clarification Cost theory and the cost of substtuton a clarfcaton Walter J. ReMne The cost of substtuton has been wdely msnterpreted, whch has lmted ts utlty. Ths paper clarfes the cost concept and re-establshes ts

More information

VISCOUS FLOW FIELDS INDUCED BY A BREAKING SOLITARY WAVE OVER A SHELF

VISCOUS FLOW FIELDS INDUCED BY A BREAKING SOLITARY WAVE OVER A SHELF Journal of Marne Scence and echnolog, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 855-863 (05) 855 DOI: 0.69/JMS-05-060- VISCOUS FLOW FIELDS INDUCED BY A BREAKING SOLIARY WAVE OVER A SHELF Chng-Jer Huang,, Yen-sen Ln, and Chun-Yuan

More information

Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(5): Research Article

Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2014, 6(5): Research Article Avalable onlne www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemcal and Pharmaceutcal Research, 204, 6(5): 520-526 Research Artcle ISS : 0975-7384 CODE(USA) : JCPRC5 Dgtal Electrcal Resstance Tomography System and ts Expermental

More information

Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of The Flow Analysis Of The Water-Saving Safety Valve

Experimental And Numerical Investigation Of The Flow Analysis Of The Water-Saving Safety Valve Expermental And Numercal Investgaton Of The Flow Analyss Of The Water-Savng Safety Valve Muhammed Safa KAMER s PhD Student n Department of Mechancal Engneerng n Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Unversty, Turkey.

More information

BETHANY TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT NO. 1 NOTICE OF TWO PUBLIC HEARINGS

BETHANY TAX INCREMENT FINANCING DISTRICT NO. 1 NOTICE OF TWO PUBLIC HEARINGS BETHANY TAX NCREMENT FNANCNG DSTRCT NO. 1 NOTCE OF TWO PUBLC HEARNGS On December 12, 2017 at 7:00 P.M., at Bethany Cty Hall, 6700 N.W. 36th Street, Bethany, Oklahoma, the Cty Councl of the Cty of Bethany

More information

ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEWS RELEASE

ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEWS RELEASE ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME DIVISION OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES NEWS RELEASE Cora Campbell, Commssoner Jeff Regnart, Drector Contact: Cordova ADF&G Steve Mofftt, PWS Fnfsh Research Bologst 401 Ralroad

More information

Product Information. Gripper for small components MPG-plus

Product Information. Gripper for small components MPG-plus Product Informaton Grpper for small components MPG-plus MPG-plus Grpper for small components More powerful. Faster. Longer fngers. MPG-plus grpper for small components 2-fnger parallel grpper wth smooth

More information

The fish community of Rat Cove, Otsego Lake, sumn,er 1997

The fish community of Rat Cove, Otsego Lake, sumn,er 1997 74 The fsh communty of Rat Cove, Otsego Lake, sumn,er 1997 Mcah ngalls ABSTRACT n Rat cove thrteen speces of fsh were documented durng the summer of 1997: alewfe (Alosa pseudoharengus), yellow perch (Percaflavenscens),

More information

For models: 660 EF/EFO

For models: 660 EF/EFO Installaton Instructons Gas converson kts For models: 660 EF/EFO Part no. 660NGKIT/660LPKIT Warnng: Ths kt must be nstalled by a qualfed nstaller n accordance wth these nstructons and all applcable codes

More information

RADIAL STIFFNESS OF A BICYCLE WHEEL AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

RADIAL STIFFNESS OF A BICYCLE WHEEL AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ADIAL TIFFE OF A BICYCLE WHEEL - A AALYTICAL TUDY José aría ínguez Dpto. de Físca Aplcada II Facultad de Cenca y Tecnología Unversdad del País Vasco Aptdo. 644 488 Blbao PAI Emal: osemara.mnguez@ehu.es

More information

PREDICTION OF POLYDISPERSE STEAM BUBBLE CONDENSATION IN SUB-COOLED WATER USING THE INHOMOGENEOUS MUSIG MODEL

PREDICTION OF POLYDISPERSE STEAM BUBBLE CONDENSATION IN SUB-COOLED WATER USING THE INHOMOGENEOUS MUSIG MODEL PREDICTION OF POLYDISPERSE STEAM BUBBLE CONDENSATION IN SUB-COOLED WATER USING THE INHOMOGENEOUS MUSIG MODEL C. Lfante *, T. Frank *, A.D. Burns, D. Lucas and E. Krepper * ANSYS Germany GmbH, Staudenfeldweg

More information

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CO-ORDINATION DIAPHRAGMATIC AND RIB MOVEMENT IN RESPIRATION

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CO-ORDINATION DIAPHRAGMATIC AND RIB MOVEMENT IN RESPIRATION Thorax (199),, 65. SOME OBSERVATONS ON THE CO-ORDNATON DAPHRAGMATC AND RB MOVEMENT N RESPRATON BY HERBERT HERXHEMER Surgcal Unt, Unversty College Hosptal, London Daphragm and ntercostal muscles together

More information

VOLUME TRENDS NOVEMBER 1988 TRAVEL ON ALL ROADS AND STREETS IS FOR NOVEMBER 1988 AS COMPARED UP BY 3.4 PERCENT TO NOVEMBER 1987.

VOLUME TRENDS NOVEMBER 1988 TRAVEL ON ALL ROADS AND STREETS IS FOR NOVEMBER 1988 AS COMPARED UP BY 3.4 PERCENT TO NOVEMBER 1987. VOLUME U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway TRENDS NOVEMBER 1988 TRAVEL ON ALL ROADS AND STREETS S FOR NOVEMBER 1988 AS COMPARED UP BY 3.4 PERCENT TO NOVEMBER 1987. rr ALL DATA FOR THS MONTH

More information

Study on coastal bridge under the action of extreme wave

Study on coastal bridge under the action of extreme wave Study on coastal brdge under the acton of extreme wave Bo Huang Bng Zhu Jawe Zhang School of Cvl Engneerng, Southwest Jaotong Unversty, Chengdu 610031, Chna Abstract In order to research the catastrophc

More information

Comparative Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of Two Unsaturated Soil Slope Models after Rainfall Infiltration

Comparative Deterministic and Probabilistic Analysis of Two Unsaturated Soil Slope Models after Rainfall Infiltration Jordan Journal of Cvl Engneerng, Volume 11, No. 1, 2017 Comparatve Determnstc and Probablstc Analyss of Two Unsaturated Sol Slope Models after Ranfall Infltraton Manoj Kr. Sahs 1) and Partha Pratm Bswas

More information

Evaluating Rent Dissipation in the Spanish Football Industry *

Evaluating Rent Dissipation in the Spanish Football Industry * Evaluatng Rent Dsspaton n the Spansh Football Industry * Gudo Ascar Dp. d Economa Poltca e Metod Quanttatv Va S. Felce 5 27100 Pava, Italy Tel: (+39) 0382 506211 Fax: (+39) 0382 304226 gascar@eco.unpv.t

More information

JIMAR ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 2001 (Project ) Project Title: Analyzing the Technical and Economic Structure of Hawaii s Pelagic Fishery

JIMAR ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 2001 (Project ) Project Title: Analyzing the Technical and Economic Structure of Hawaii s Pelagic Fishery 1 JIMAR ANNUAL REPORT FOR FY 2001 (Project 653540) P.I. Name: PngSun Leung, Khem Sharma and Sam Pooley Project Research Assstant: Naresh Pradhan Project Ttle: Analyzng the Techncal and Economc Structure

More information

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STUDENTS

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STUDENTS Focus Underwater Robotc Vehcles for Scentfc Exploraton GRADE LEVEL 7-8 (Physcal Scence/Lfe Scence) MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STUDENTS Focus QUESTION How can underwater robots be used to assst sc- ROPOS entfc exploratons?

More information

2017 GIRLS CENTRAL DISTRICT PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE

2017 GIRLS CENTRAL DISTRICT PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE 2017 GIRLS CENTRAL DISTRICT PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE GENERAL OVERVIEW USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude The USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude outlnes the 2017 grls

More information

2017 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE

2017 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE 2017 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE GENERAL OVERVIEW USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude The USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude outlnes the 2017 grls

More information

SEEPAGE AND EROSION MECHANISMS OF OF SANDY GROUND DUE TO AIR BUBBLES

SEEPAGE AND EROSION MECHANISMS OF OF SANDY GROUND DUE TO AIR BUBBLES C-14 Fourth Internatonal Conference on Scour and Eroson 28 SEEPAGE AD EROSIO MECHAISMS OF OF SADY GROUD DUE TO AIR BUBBLES Hrotaka SAKAI 1 and Kench MAEDA 2 1 Member of JGS, Dept. of Cvl Eng., agoya Insttute

More information

WORKING PAPER SERIES Long-term Competitive Balance under UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations Markus Sass Working Paper No. 5/2012

WORKING PAPER SERIES Long-term Competitive Balance under UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations Markus Sass Working Paper No. 5/2012 WORKING PAPER SERIES Impressum ( 5 TMG) Herausgeber: Otto-von-Guercke-Unverstät Magdeburg Fakultät für Wrtschaftswssenschaft Der Dekan Verantwortlch für dese Ausgabe: Otto-von-Guercke-Unverstät Magdeburg

More information

CAREER DURATION IN THE NHL: PUSHING AND PULLING ON EUROPEANS?

CAREER DURATION IN THE NHL: PUSHING AND PULLING ON EUROPEANS? UNC CHARLOTTE ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES CAREER DURATION IN THE NHL: PUSHING AND PULLING ON EUROPEANS? Crag A. Depken II Johnny Duckng Peter A. Groothus Workng Paper No. 2016-005 THE UNIVERSITY OF

More information

Monitoring Physical Activity from Active Transport. Dr Russell G. Thompson Institute of Transport Studies Monash University

Monitoring Physical Activity from Active Transport. Dr Russell G. Thompson Institute of Transport Studies Monash University Montorng Physcal Actvty from Actve Transport Dr Russell G. Thompson Insttute of Transport Studes Monash Unversty Australan Health Gudelnes Put together at least 30 mnutes of moderatentensty physcal actvty

More information

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Growth of Rainbow Trout in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, AZ

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Seasonal and Spatial Patterns of Growth of Rainbow Trout in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, AZ Seasonal and Spatal Patterns of Growth of Ranbow Trout n the Colorado Rver n Grand Canyon, AZ Journal: Manuscrpt ID cjfas-15-2.r1 Manuscrpt Type: Artcle Date Submtted by the Author: 23-Jun-15 Complete

More information

The impact of foreign players on international football performance

The impact of foreign players on international football performance MPRA Munch Personal RePEc Archve The mpact of foregn players on nternatonal football performance Orhan Karaca Ekonomst Magazne, Research Department October 008 Onlne at http://mpra.ub.un-muenchen.de/11064/

More information

Product Information. Long-stroke gripper PFH-mini

Product Information. Long-stroke gripper PFH-mini Product Informaton PFH-mn PFH-mn Loadable. Flexble. Relable. PFH-klen long-stroke grpper 2-fnger parallel grpper wth large jaw stroke for large parts and / or a broad range of parts Feld of applcaton clean

More information

Modeling the Performance of a Baseball Player's Offensive Production

Modeling the Performance of a Baseball Player's Offensive Production Brgham Young Unversty BYU ScholarsArchve All Theses and Dssertatons 006-03-09 Modelng the Performance of a Baseball Player's Offensve Producton Mchael Ross Smth Brgham Young Unversty - Provo Follow ths

More information

2018 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE

2018 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE 2018 GIRLS DISTRICT-SPECIFIC PLAYER DEVELOPMENT GUIDE GENERAL OVERVIEW USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude The USA Hockey Grls Player Development Dstrct-Specfc Gude outlnes the 2018 grls

More information

Sensitivity of multiangle imaging to aerosol optical depth and to pure-particle size distribution and composition over ocean

Sensitivity of multiangle imaging to aerosol optical depth and to pure-particle size distribution and composition over ocean JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSCAL RESEARCH, VOL. 103, NO. D24, PAGES 32,195-32,213, DECEMBER 27, 1998 Senstvty of multangle magng to aerosol optcal depth and to pure-partcle sze dstrbuton and composton over ocean

More information

Bubble Column Reactor Fluid-dynamic Evaluation at Pilot-plant for Residue and Extra-heavy Crude Oil Upgrading Technology

Bubble Column Reactor Fluid-dynamic Evaluation at Pilot-plant for Residue and Extra-heavy Crude Oil Upgrading Technology J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 9 (15) 176-19 do: 1.1765/1934-7375/15.3.3 D DAVID PUBISHING Bubble Column Reactor Flud-dynamc Evaluaton at Plot-plant for Resdue and Extra-heavy Crude Ol Upgradng Technology Rcardo

More information

RCBC Newsletter. September Richmond County Baseball Club. Inside this issue: Johnny Ray Memorial Classic. RCBC on You Tube

RCBC Newsletter. September Richmond County Baseball Club. Inside this issue: Johnny Ray Memorial Classic. RCBC on You Tube September 2016 Rchmond County Baseball Club 1400 Travs Ave. Staten Island, NY 10314 RCBC Newsletter If you have any nterestng nfo or news you would lke ncluded n a future newsletter, please emal to jm@rcbclub.com.

More information

Product Information. Radial gripper PRG 52

Product Information. Radial gripper PRG 52 Product Informaton PRG More flexble More powerful. Slm. PRG unversal grpper 180 radal grpper wth powerful 1-shft slotted lnk gear and oval pston. Feld of applcaton For areas of applcaton whch, n addton

More information

Crash Frequency and Severity Modeling Using Clustered Data from Washington State

Crash Frequency and Severity Modeling Using Clustered Data from Washington State Proceedngs of the IEEE ITSC 2006 2006 IEEE Intellgent Transportaton Systems Conference Toronto, Canada, September 17-20, 2006 WB7.1 Crash Frequency and Severty Modelng Usng Clustered Data from Washngton

More information

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF DAILY RAINFALL OVER ORISSA, INDIA, DURING THE SOUTHWEST SUMMER MONSOON SEASON

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF DAILY RAINFALL OVER ORISSA, INDIA, DURING THE SOUTHWEST SUMMER MONSOON SEASON INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Clmatol. 3: 1867 1887 (3) Publshed onlne n Wley InterScence (www.nterscence.wley.com). DOI: 1.1/joc.974 SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF DAILY RAINFALL OVER ORISSA, INDIA,

More information