Increasing the Efficiency of Gilan Wind Power Plant in Iran by Optimization in Wind Turbines Arrangment in Wind Farm

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1 Increasing the Efficiency of Gilan Wind ower lant in Iran by Optimization in Wind Turbines Arrangment in Wind Farm SHIVA SHAVANDI Operating power plants Section Mapna Group No. 31, Mirdamad. Sq. Tehran Iran.O.Box:19395/6448 IRAN AMIR VALI Hydro power plant &dam section Mahab Ghods ower Engeeniring Consultant No.17, Takharestan Ave, Dastgerdi Ave,.O Box: IRAN Abstract: - In this article, turbulent flows will be studied and the method of calculation in the wind-farms will be examined. Gilan wind-farm power plant and increasing the efficiency in it will be studied as a sample. Key-Words: - Wind turbine, wind farm, wake flows-turbulent. 1 Introduction Wind is a phenomenon which occurs through the internal movements of the atmosphere and in a broad sense it means the movable air which its main cause is the gradient variations of temperature and pressure between two points, but after the occurrence of this movement, coriolis (due to rotational movement of the earth) and friction force also affect on its speed and direction. In fact, the wind is produced due to the activity of the pressure and coriolis forces together. [1] Also, the friction force affects on the speed and direction of the wind. The wind force is a special type of solar energy blades turning at the time of passing the airflows from their over and below side. Bernoulli theorem Figure (1) shows the manner of passing the air flow through an airfoil. Usually in trial tests, for observing the lines of the air flow in a wind tunnel, while passing the air flow, colored gases are injected by narrow sprayers. Figure.1 There exists a stagnation line along the leading line of the wing, which is a separator line between the streams passing over or below of the airfoil. Another stagnation line exists at the escape edge of the airfoil which is the place of rejoining the flows passing over and below of the airfoil. Figure. Approved aerodynamic theories and tests show that the speed of air flowing over the airfoil is more than the air flowing from below of the air foil. This result which was obtained through Bernoulli, for ISSN: ISBN:

2 the first time is due to energy conservation principle.figure. Figure. 3 ressure distributions at the air foil surface Figure. 3 Bernoulli Theorem In fact, Bernoulli theorem is as same as the energy conservative principle for the fluid flows. Energy conservative principle says that energy is not generated and also is not destroyed, but it converts from one shape or mode to another shape or mode. For the fluids, two parameters of speed and pressure indicate the static energy and potential energy respectively. Which their sum is fixed and indicates the total energy of the fluid flow. What is called Bernoulli effect indicates that in a fluid flow by assuming that the mechanical energy is constant, because of the energy conservative principle, by increasing the fluid speed (means increase of static energy), the fluid pressure (the parameter showing the potential energy) will decrease. As a general result form Bernoulli theorem, since the speed of fluid flow increases when passing over the airfoil, therefore the flow pressure decreases up to below the atmosphere pressure and for the same Reason, on the airfoil surface, an upward suction force is generated. Whereas, at the below part of the airfoil, the pressure of the fluid flow increases due to decreasing the velocity of the fluid, and an upward force enters on the aerodynamic profile. The total force resulting from the upward pressure below the air foil and the force due to upward suction above the airfoil generate a greater force which rotates the blades. [] 4 Turbulence The speed and direction of wind change rapidly while it passes through rough surfaces and obstructions like buildings, trees and rocks this is due to the turbulence generated in the flow. Extent of this turbulence at the upstream and downstream of the flow is shown in Figure. 4&5. The presence of turbulence in the flow not only reduces the power available in the stream, but also imposes fatigue loads on the turbine. Figure. 4 Turbulence created by an obstruction Intensity of the turbulence depends on the size and shape of the obstruction. Based on its nature, the turbulent zone can extent up to times the height of the obstacle in the upwind side and 10 to 0 times in the downwind side. Modern wind power stations consist of numbers of individual turbines arrange given site so as to best utilize the local wind energy. This appears to call for the place of most of the units at the locations of strongest flow. However, such concentration turbines will cause shielding of neighboring units, so that downwind turbines are exposed to a lower wind speed. Clearly, the station designer is seeking an optimal ISSN: ISBN:

3 situation, in which the most energetic regions of the site are exploited without crowding these desirable areas with so many units that array interference (or wake interference) prevents them from achieving the best energy capture. It has also been suggested that, in complex terrain, turbines on upwind slopes or near crests of hills and ridges may actually precipitate separation in the lee flow, significantly lowering the surface wind energy on the downwind slope and causing even larger wake deficits.[3] Its influence in the vertical direction may be prominent to to 3 times the obstacle height. Hence, before citing the turbine, the obstacles present in the nearby area should be taken into account. The tower should be tall enough to Overcome the influence of the turbulence zone. [4] with respect to both prevailing and local wind conditions. Typically, the principal energetic flows are from a prevailing direction, so that an average crosswind direction can be defined from which energetic flows are quite rare. This permits closer spacing crosswind than downwind. 5. ower Extracted The higher the output of a turbine, expressed in terms of its power coefficient, the greater is the downstream wake interference. Interference, as a percent of potential energy production, is approximately independent of wind speed, provided the wind is not very strong or light. In the case of very strong winds (above the turbine s rated speed), upwind turbines operating at rated power will be shedding excess wind power by stall or pitch control. This in turn reduces rotor thrust and the axial induction factor, so the retarded speed in the wake still exceed rated speed. Figure. 5 5 hysical Factors Controlling Wake Interference It is clear that the dominant parameters are the downward distance between units (usually defined in terms of turbine diameters and normally between 6D and 1D), the amount of power extracted from the wind stream by the turbine units (defined in terms of the power coefficient and normally about 0.40, maximum) and the turbulence in the wind stream (both ambient and generated). The qualitative effects of these parameters are described below. 5.1 Downwind Spacing Close spacing is always undesirable, but this must be viewed in the context of increasing the total energy production of the site and utilizing the directional nature of seasonal wind patterns. Optimized spacing may call for arrays that are not orthogonally symmetrical, but posses orientation 6 Integration of Wakes for Array Effect In most models it is assumed that the wakes of an array of turbines may be directly superimposed. This is a linearizing assumption, based on the physical fact that the wake perturbations caused by a single turbine are relatively small. Normally, velocity deficits are less than 5% of the free-stream velocity by a distance of five diameters downwind of a rotor. Thus it is a good approximation to disregard any interaction between wakes. The normal procedure for calculating the wake interference for a given array of turbines is therefore straightforward and as follows: For the given wind azimuth the most-upwind unit is selected, and its wake geometry and velocity deficits are calculated for specified wind speed and turbulence intensity, progressing downwind through the array. Turbine control parameters (such as cut-in and rated wind speeds) may be introduced into the model, as well as different rotor areas and elevations. Then the most-upwind of the remaining turbines is selected and its inflow velocity determined. In general, this will be the ISSN: ISBN:

4 vector sum of the free-stream flow and the wake velocity deficit of the leading upwind turbine. The development of the wake of the second unit is then calculated and its velocity deficits at the locations of all other units determined. These are tabulated with the wake deficits from the most-upwind turbine. This procedure is repeated until the mostdownwind turbine has been reached, and results in the power output of the array for a given combination of wind azimuth, speed, and turbulence. The calculation must be repeated for differing azimuths (to account for the annual wind speed histogram and turbine control characteristics), and ambient turbulence levels (to account for the varying wake expansion). Conceptually, this procedure provides the performance of all the turbines in the entire array viewed as a single wind power system. Output power of the array will be defined as a function of wind speed and turbulence, as it is for a single turbine. Unlike a single turbine, array output power is also a function of wind direction and speed variations across the site, taking into account the array geometry and terrain features. Repeating this process for each wind azimuth, speed, and turbulence level is a formidable (but not complicated) computational task. The problem of completing the computation for an array within a reasonable time indicates the merits of a simple, linearized physical wake model like the one described. It is believed that models with more fundamental fluid-dynamic features, using more complex rational turbulence models, and employing finite difference techniques would be prohibitively complex for analyzing an array of practical size. Such models can, however, be used to validate the simple wake model for the case of a single turbine and assist in determining any empirical constants. assing liquid air with V 1 speed (equal to wind speed) through the turbine blades, rotates the rotor which some part of its kinetic energy will be absorbed by the turbine and finally the air flow with V speed (which is less than inlet speed of V 1 ) goes out of the blades the less the outlet air speed (V ) the higher will be the energy received by the turbine from the wind. The air mass passes through the blades in a second is as follows: m =. A ( V 1 + V ) Where: = air density A = the area of air passing through the blades V 1 = wind speed in front of the rotor V = wind speed at the back of the rotor On the other hand the predicted annual energy production depends on the air mass passing through the blades which is calculated on the basis of Newton second low as per follows: 1 = m ( V V ) 1 ρ = ( V V ) ( V V ) A But the nominal power of wind ( o ) which is equal 3 to 1 ρ AV, is not completely received by the 1 turbine, therefore, ratio of the predicted annual energy production to nominal power will be as follows: o = 1 (1 V ( ) ) (1 V1 + V ) V1 Thus ratio of / o will be function based on the ratio of V /V 1, in a way that the smaller V /V 1, the ratio of / o will come closer to the nominal value of one. Studies showed that in theory, maximum value of V /V 1 would be equal to 1/3, therefore, the ratio of the / o will be calculated as 0.59, i.e. in theory 59% of the wind energy will be produced by wind turbines, but this ratio for manufactured turbines are 0. to 0.4. redicted annual energy production in a wind turbine is proportionate to the third power of speed: [4] 1 = ρ AV 3 The wake flows generated at the back of turbines has been made by the drop in the wind speed, which highly depends on the blades geometry, if adequate spacing is not observed in the wind farm for the wind turbines, the turbine function will be disturbed. One of the distinguished disturbances is producing vibration and effect of fatigue due to alternative loads on the turbine blades, while out coming wind of the turbine in contact with the next (1) ISSN: ISBN:

5 turbine does not have enough energy and could not generate enough productivity. 7 Calculations Related to Arrangement of Wind Turbines One of the methods for optimizing the space between wind turbines in a wind farms is as follows: Wake Model in Linear Method Wake model was reviewed by LISSAMAN AND ABRAMOVICH. Wake model provides the relationship between three important parameters including change in the rate of movement, value of wake growth and speed Distribution in the wake. The main obtained equations are as follows: 1 / 0.58 m + [(0.58 m) (1 m)( r / r ) ] V V o w m mo 0.68 (1 m ) V m = speed change in the flowing central line V mo = speed change at the turbine axis V O = wind speed m = Vo Vmo r o = initial wake radius r w = radius of wake growth Table 1: The Space between 160 kw Turbines V = change of wind speed at the wake direction V = V m [1-(r/rw) 1.5 ] (4) r = sectional radius of the wake r w = r f + α/0.36 (x x f ) (5) α = turbulence intensity x = maximum space between two turbines x f = minimum space between two turbines r f = wake radius at minimum space between turbines The optimized space in wake method will be obtained by solving 1 through 4 equations.[5] 8 Gilan Wind Farm ower lant and reduction of wake flow at the behind of the wind turbines Gilan Wind Farm is located in North of Iran in Gilan rovince. The total capacity of this wind (3) () farm is 38.8 MW. This project consists of two phases, the first phase if 40 units of wind turbines and the second is 18 units of wind turbines. It should be noted that the following conditions were considered in all the calculations: Average Temperature: 14 C Average height of the site from sea level: m Average speed at the heights of 40 m: 8 m/s Average speed at the heights of 0 m: 7.5 m/s Average speed at the heights of 10 m: 7.1 m/s Mean ambient turbulence intensity is 18% Sd δ Ti = = V V T i = mean ambient turbulence S d = Standard deviation δ = variance V = average speed The manufacturers according to the turbulence intensity design their wind turbines. Also Turbulence intensity depends on the site condition. On this basis, different arrangement for 58 wind turbines VESTAS V47/660 KW was designated by using simulation software for wind project, and predicted annual energy production from all the power plants, for each arrangement was calculated. In the analysis results related to each arrangement the following were calculated: redicted annual energy production of the farm, efficiency of wind turbines assembly, energy content of the wind in each geographical segment, power table and curve of the power plant, WEIBULL distribution functions and speed wind rose for determination of prevailing wind). After reviewing of the obtained results, the best arrangement for the power plant site as well as the best array was selected which in this mode Figure.6 electric power generations will be more in comparison with other arrangements. In this arrangement gross and net predicted annual electricity production will be higher in comparing with other. ISSN: ISBN:

6 Figure Determining the arrangement and calculation of the power plant's output energy Based on the existing topographic drawings, the arrangement for Siahpoosh Site E was determined and after the site visit, an arrangement with 58 turbines was finalized. For estimating the output energy of the power plant, the data related to anemometry of Dehesiahpoosh sites, Site A and Site E have been used. On this basis, the gross annual electricity production of each turbine would be 30 MWH/year and the total gross electricity of the power plant with 58 turbines have been calculated MWH/year. It should be noted that the efficiency of the power plant's arrangement (due to the wake effect of turbines) have been estimated 93.6%. The amounts related to uncertainties and availability of the turbines shall be deducted from the above mentioned energy for estimating the net electricity production. A: Uncertainty 1. Uncertainties in the wind statistics 5%.. Uncertainties in the physical description of the site from the view point of surface roughness, hills and obstacles, 5%. 3. Uncertainty in the curve related to the turbine power 5%. 4. Uncertainty in the calculation method 7%. 5. Uncertainty for the lack of long term wind data 5%. Considering the above said items and applying the method of minimum squares, the total amount of uncertainty would be equal to: ( ) = 1.% B: Availability of Turbine Availability of turbines will be mostly indicated 98% by the manufacturers, but with attention to the experiments obtained from using V47/660 KW turbines in the country of Iran; this amount has been considered 95%. Therefore, the net annual electricity production of wind farms, with 57 turbines of 660 KW would be equal to * (100-1.) * 0.95/100 = MWH/year 8. Turbulence due to the turbine s operation in Site E In addition to natural turbulences, rotation of the turbine blades also intensifies the turbulences of the air layers passing from the surfaces swept by the rotor and the neighboring areas. This matter in addition to reducing the speed of wind received by the wind turbines of the downstream also increases the dynamic loads imposed on the turbines especially the rotating parts of the turbine. The results of turbulence analysis related to the air flow at the place of each turbine are calculated individually. 9 Conclusion At the beginning of the currency century due to the improvements made in the design and manufacture of different blades and also the aerodynamic surface of the blades of wind turbines, and by the development of the rules of fluid mechanics and the new soft ware's of site selection for example wind pro, for installing wind turbines in the wind farms, will prevent at some extent from the energy losses due to wake flows in the wind farms. 10 Acknowledgement The author would like to sincerely thank from Mr fazlolahi managering director& Mr Ghayyem in Mapna group; for supporting me,and special thanks from my parents and my family because they always encourage me. ISSN: ISBN:

7 References: [1] Sh. Shavandi, Arrangment Of Wind Turbines In Wind Farms And Increasing Of Efficiency For ower Generation In Wind ower lants, roccessing 7 th Wseas International Conference On ower System Beijing China 007 [] Sadid Saba Niroo Company, local monthly publication, Vol., No. 5, 006. [3] D. A.Spera, Wind Turbine Technology, Fundamental Concepts In Wind Turbine Engineering, Asme ress, Book No, I00368 [4] E. Hau, Wind Turbines ( nd Edition), Spring- Verlay Berlin Heidelberg, 006. [5] Sh. Shavandi, Arrangment Of Wind Turbines In Wind Farms And Increasing Of Efficiency For ower Generation In Wind ower lants,roccessing 7 th Wseas International Conference On ower System Beijing China 007 ISSN: ISBN:

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