LQ Mississauga. MadinahBook 1 Notes (v. 2) Topics. 1 Parts of Speech 9. 4 Indefinite vs. Definite 12

Transcription

1 LQ Mississauga MadinahBook 1 Notes (v. 2) Topics 1 Parts of Speech 9 ه مز ة الو ص ل و ه مز ة الق طع (الا س م الم و ص و ل ( Pronoun 17 The Relative 2 Arabic Alphabets 10 Preposition ( رف ج ر (ح & Genitive case ( ) 18 The Past Tense Verb (الف ع ل الم اض ي) (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( Pronoun 3 Arabic Vowel Signs 11 Detached Pronoun ( ) 19 Attached 4 Indefinite vs. Definite 12 خ ب ر م ق د م و م بت د ا م ؤ خ ر 20 (ذ ل ك ( That vs. (ه ذ ا) This 5 13 Gender Introduction (ج م ع ( Plural 21 6 Solar vs. Lunar Letters (ب د ل ( Substitute 14 (ا عد اد ( Numbers 22 7 Noun Endings (ظ ر ف ( Adverb 15 (الم من وع م ن الص رف Diptote( 23 The 8 Nominal Sentence Intro (ن عت ( Adjective 16 (ا نو اع الخ بر ( predicate 24 Types of 1

2 Revision History Date Ver Author Revision Comments Nov. 23, Zahid Naeem Consolidated Part 1 thru 5 as one set Dec. 17, Zahid Naeem Added some more pages for past tense verb ف ي س ب يل الل ه Sabilillah There are no copyrights reserved for this material. You may make copies and distribute them Fi Report any errors, omissions or suggestions to lqmississauga@gmail.com LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 2

3 Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic English has eight parts of speech 1. Noun (A word which refers to a person, a place, or a thing, e.g. teacher, town, bus) 2. Pronoun (A word like he, they, and weused to replace a noun) 3. Adjective (A word that describes a noun, e.g. a tallman) 4. Adverb (A word that gives additional information about how, when or where an action takes place, e.g. He walked slowly, They will arrive tomorrow) 5. Interjection (A word that is independent of other words and is used as is, e.g. helloand hi) 6. Verb (The action or doing word, e.g. sleep, eat, drink) 7. Conjunction (A word joining two clauses in a sentence, e.g. and, because, but) 8. Preposition(A word used to relate a noun or pronoun to some other part, e.g. of, at) Arabic has only three parts of speech ا س م.1 Noun ف ع ل 2. Verb ح ر ف.3 Particle LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 3

4 Parts of Speech English vs. Arabic English Arabic Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb Interjection ا س م Noun Verb Verb ف ع ل Conjunction Preposition ح ر ف Particle LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 4

5 Arabic Alphabets Arabic has 29 letters of alphabet 28 Consonants (have speech sound) Alif- serves two purposes ك ت اب e.g. Elongates a consonant, ا ب e.g.,( hamza )ه م ز ة Act as a bearer of ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ء ي و ه ن م ل ك ق LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 5

6 Arabic Vowel Signs Arabic has 3 short vowels Long vowels are formed by adding the associated letters to the short vowels Absence of a vowel sign is denoted by (س ك و ن Sukûn( Name Sign Sound Example (ض م ة Dummah( u س م ه ن د (ف ت ح ة Fathah( a س م هن د (ك س ر ة Kasrah( i م ه ن دس Long Vowel Sound Example (ض م ة Dummah( to elongate و û م ف ت و ح (ف ت ح ة Fathah( to elongate ا â ب ا ب ق م ي ص î (ك س ر ة Kasrah( to elongate ي Name Sign Example (س ك ون ( Sukûn م كس و ر LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 6

7 Indefinite & Definite (م ع ر ف ة ( definite or (ن ك ر ة ( indefinite Like English, Arabic nouns can be An indefinite noun is indicated by,ت ن و ي ن which doubles the vowel sign at the end of the word, e.g. ك ت اب Abook ك ر س ي - Achair A Definite noun is indicated by ا ل prefixed to the noun.this also results in eliminating the ت ن و ي ن at the end of the word, e.g. ا ل ك ت اب - book The ا ل ك ر س ي - Thechair will be incorrect ا ل ك ت اب cannot coexist. So ت ن و ي ن and ا ل Please note many proper nouns, e.g. خ ال د م ح م د, end with,ت ن و ي ن but they are still definite LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 7

8 (ذ ل ك ( That vs. (ه ذ ا) This (ا س م ال ا ش ار ة ( pronoun Demonstrative ا س م ال ا ش ار ة ل ل ق ر ي ب : ه ذ ا ا س م ال ا ش ار ة ل ل ب ع ي د : ذ ل ك Like all pronouns, these are definite These are masculine, i.e. these are used when pointing to masculine nouns They have feminine counterparts will learn later ذ ال ك and ه اذ ا are pronounced as ذ ل ك and ه ذ ا respectively, but are written without the alif (ذ ل ك ب اب ( door That is a (ه ذ ا ك ت اب ( book This is a LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 8

9 (م ن ( Who vs. (م ا) What م ن م ا Meaning What Who Usage Used for irrationalthings e.g. non-living,(غ ي ر ع اق ل ( things, animals, plants etc. Used for rational beings Three categories.(ع اق ل ( include humans, jinns, and angels. (م ن ه ذ ا) he? Who is (م ا ه ذ ا) this? Example What is LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 9

10 Particle of Interrogation and Answer (ه ذ ا ب ي ت ( house This is a (ا ه ذ ا ب ي ت ) house? Is this a Prefixing toا a statement turns it into a question Used in this context isا called ح ر ف الا س ت ف ه ام (particle of interrogation) no means لا means ن ع م ن عم yes answer) particles )ح ر و ف of الج و اب areن ع م called and لا LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 10

11 Solar vs. Lunar Letters (1 of 2) Consonant Letters This distinction is onlyfor pronunciation of words starting with these letters when prefixed with ال (the definite article) 14 Lunar Letters الح ر و ف الق م ر ي ة قم ر قمر ال Solar Letters الح ر و ف الش م س ي ة م س مس ال ش isش an example of a solar letter The letter ل IS NOTpronounced. The correct pronunciation is ash-shamsu, not al-shamsu The assimilation of isل indicated by the shaddah on the solar letter Articulation of solar letters involves the tip ت, س, ش, ن, ر e.g., of the tongue, isق an example of a lunar letter The letter ل ISpronounced. The pronunciation is al-qamaru No shaddah is necessary on the lunar letter Tip of the tongue plays no role for lunar ب, ق, م, ك, و e.g., letters, LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 11

12 Solar vs. Lunar Letters (2 of 2) ا الا ب ف الف م ب الب اب ق الق م ر ج الج الجن ة ك الك ل ب الم اء م الح م ار ح الو ل د و الخ ب ز خ اله و اء ه الع ي ن ع الي د ي الغ د اء غ ت الت اج ر ش الش م س ث الث و ب ص الص د ر د الد يك الد ي ك ض الض ي ف يف ذ الذ ه ب ط الط ال ب ر الر ج ل ظ الظ ه ر ز الز ه ر ة ل الل ح م س الس م ك ن الن ج م LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 12

13 Noun Endings In Arabic, nouns have different endings to show their function in a sentence (ا ل ت ش ك ي ل ( case-endings These are called noun cases or English Name Arabic Name Ending Vowel Sign Function in a sentence Examples الكتا ب, كتا ب, محم د, با ب Dummah Subject م ر ف وع Nominative الكتا ب, كتابا, محم د ا, بابا Fathah Object of a verb م ن ص وب Accusative الكتا ب, كتا ب, محم د, با ب Kasrah Possessor of a thing,or م ج ر ور Genitive comes after a preposition or an adverb LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 13

14 (ا ل ج م ل ة الا س م ي ة ( Sentence The Nominal Asentence that starts with a noun (خ ب ر ( predicate and a (م ب ت د ا ( subject Hasa (م ر ف و ع ( nominative Both the subject and the predicate are always (م ع ر ف ة ( definite The subject is mostly (ن ك ر ة ( indefinite The predicate is mostly ا ل ك ت اب ج د ي د م ب ت د ا م ر ف و ع م ع ر ف ة ا ل ق ل م م ك س و ر ه ذ ا ب ي ت خ ب ر م ر ف و ع ن ك ر ة LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 14

15 (ه م ز ة ال و ص ل ( Hamza The Joining ه م ز ة ال و ص ل the )ال definite article) is called in ا The If it is preceded by another word, it is not pronounced E.g., the )ا ل ب ي ت house) is pronounced al-baituand and )و ال ب ي ت the house) is pronounced as wal-baituand not waal-baitu e.g.,,ال also appears in words without the ه م ز ة ال و ص ل ب س م الل ه (name) ا س م ى اب ن م ر ي م (son) ا ب ن ع ي س و ص ل (Joining, uniting, attaching) To signify ا as ال و ص ل,ه م ز ة look for one of the following three conditions: A symbol on alif, as Without any or ء symbol on alif ب س م الل ه e.g., Completely omitted in writing, Both andا inل areال not pronounced when a word starts with a solar letter and is preceded with another word E.g., و الن ج م is pronounced as wan-najmuand not waal-najmuor waan-najmu LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 15

16 ه م ز ة ال ق ط ع As opposed to ه م ز ة ال ق ط ع, ه م ز ة ال و ص ل is always pronounced, regardless of its position in the sentence follows: symbol on (or below) the Alif, as ء is usually written with a ه م ز ة ال ق ط ع أ إ Examples: ق ل ه و الل ه ا ح د (one) ا ح د ق ط ع و ا ذ ق ال ر ب ك... (when) ا ذ (Cutting, Discontinuing, Separating) LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 16

17 (الح ر و ف الش م س ي ة و الق م ر ي ة, ه م ز ة ال و ص ل, ه م ز ة ال ق ط ع ( Quran Examples from Find solar letters ( الش م س ي ة,(الح ر و ف lunar letters ( الق م ر ي ة (الح ر و ف and instances of ه م ز ة ال و ص ل and ه م ز ة ال ق ط ع in Surat ul-fâtiha ٱ ل ح م د ل ل ه ر ب ٱلر ح م ن ٱل ع ال م ي ن ٱلر ح ي م م ال ك ي و م ٱلد ي ن ا ي اك ن ع ب د و ا ي اك ن س ت ع ي ن ٱلص ر ا ط ٱه د ن ا ٱل م س ت ق ي م ص ر ا ط ٱل ذ ين ا ن ع م ت ع ل ي ه م غ ي ر ٱل م غ ض و ب ع ل ي ه م و ل ا ٱلض ال ي ن ه م ز ة ال ق ط ع ه م ز ة ال و ص ل Solar letter Lunar letter LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 17

18 (م ج ر و ر ( Case & Genitive (ح ر ف ج ر ( Preposition Literal meaning of ح ر ف ج ر is a particle of pulling :(ح ر ف ج ر ( preposition Examples of ف ي In ع ل ى On م ن From ا لب ي ت ف ي الب ي ت To ا ل ى When a noun is preceded by a preposition, it is said to (م ج ر و ر ( case be in genitive ف ي الب ي ت house In the,ا لب ي ت - house The ف ي ب ي ت house In a,ب ي ت - house A (phrase) It looks like a ش ب ه الج م ل ة isف ي a الب ي ت sentence but is not one because ت got pulled to ت ف ي of the preceding ح ر ف ج ر ا س م م ج ر و ر Same as ج ار و م ج ر و ر LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 18

19 More Prepositions and Examples from the Qur ân (59:21) Had We sent down this ا نز ل ن ا ه ذ ا ال ق ر ا ن ع ل ى ل ج ب mountain Quran on a ل و ع ل ى... On (96:2) He created man froma ان ع ل ق clot م ن From خ ل ق ال ا نس م ن ا ل ى To ا ل ى ر ب ن ا م نق ل ب و ن (26:50)we shall but return to ا ن ا our Lord (97:1) We have indeed revealed this (Message) inthe Night of Power (2:119) Andthou will not be asked about the owners of hellfire (2:284) To Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth. (2:153)O ye who believe! seek help withpatient perseverance and prayer; for Allah is with those who patiently persevere. ف ي In ا ن ا ا نز ل ن اه ف ي ل ي ل ة ال ق د ر ع ن و ل ا ت س ا ل ا ص ح اب ال ج ح ي م About, ع ن concerning ل Belongs to, ل ل ه م ا ف ي الس م و ات و م ا ف ي ال ا ر ض for ي ا ا ي ه ا ال ذ ين ا م ن وا اس ت ع ين وا ب الص ب ر و الص ل اة ا ن الل ه م ع الص اب ر ين With, by, at, in ب Notice the noun after the رف ج ر isح م جر ور, i.e. it has a atك سر ة the end LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 19

20 ج ار و م ج ر و ر Nominal Sentence with Muhammad is in the mosque ر ر the mosque in Muhammad الم س ج د ف ي م ح م د ا س م م ج ر و ح ر ف ج ر م ب ت د ا م ج ر و ر ش ب ه الج م ل ة خ ب ج ار و It is on a table atable on It ر ر م ك ت ب ع ل ى ه و ا س م م ج ر و ح ر ف ج ر م ب ت د ا م ج ر و ر ش ب ه الج م ل ة خ ب ج ار و LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 20

21 (ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل ( Pronoun Detached Masculine 3 rd Person Feminine Masculine 2 nd person Feminine 1 st person Masc.& Fem. Singular He, It ه و م ف ر د Dual (2) They ه م ا م ث ن ى ج م ع ه م Plural They م ف ر د ه ي Singular She, It Dual (2) They ه م ا م ث ن ى Plural They ه ن ج م ع Singular You ا ن ت م ف ر د مف رد Dual (2) You ا ن ت م ا م ث ن ى ج م ع ا ن ت م (2<) You Plural م ف ر د ا ن ت Singular You Dual (2) You ا ن ت م ا م ث ن ى Plural (2<) You ا ن ت ن ج م ع Singular I ا ن ا م ف ر د Plural We ن ح ن ج م ع م ذ ك ر غ ائ ب م ؤ ن ث م ذ ك ر م خ اط ب م ؤ ن ث م ت ك ل م م ذ ك ر و م ؤ ن ث LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 21

22 (ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل ( Pronoun Detached Are never attached with any other word Are always ( definite )م ع ر ف ة Are nominative )م ر ف و ع case), even though most of them do not have a م ة ( dummah )ض ending Are fixed in their case, i.e. their ending does not change م ب ن ي مبن ي Fixed nouns in Arabic are called ه و ه م ا ه م ه ي ه م ا ه ن ا ن ت ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت م ا ن ت ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت ن ا ن ا ن ح ن LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 22

23 (الف ع ل الم اض ي) The Past Tense Verb ف ع ل = Action Verb = ف اع ل = Subject Doer = (م اض ( tense Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3 rd person (ه و ( he singular masculine pronoun, i.e. The doer of the action ( (ف اع ل is hidden ( ت ت ر (م س within the base form of خ ر ج Notice the hidden he in.(ف ع ل ( verb the خ ر ج left) (He LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 23

24 Possessed م ض & Possessor اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه Used to convey a possession relationship between two nouns Also referred to as ض اف ة ( Al-Idaafatu )الا English uses of or s for such relationship, e.g. Book of Bilal or Bilal s book Made up of two parts: م ض اف possession) Possessed (or م ض اف ا ل ي ه Possessor ك ت اب ب ل ال (of) Bilal book Bilal s book م ك ت ب ال م د ر س م ض اف ا ل ي ه - Possessor Is always ر و ر genitive )م ج case) Can take ( tanwîn )ت ن و ي ن or article) the )ال definite Can be ( indefinite )ن ك ر ة or (definite) م ع ر ف ة (of) the teacher table The teacher s table م ض اف - Possessed Can take any case ending, as the need be Never takes ( tanwîn )ت ن و ي ن or the )ال definite article) ن ك ر ة ( definite )م ع ر ف ة or Is (indefinite) based on م ض اف ا ل يه LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 24

25 م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه Examples of Valid م ض اف Different case endings for Definite vs. indefinite م ك ت ب ال م د ر س م ض اف ا ل ي ه (of) the teacher م ر ف و ع table The teacher s table م ن ص و ب ا ن م ك ت ب ال م د ر س ع ل ى م ك ت ب ال م د ر س م ع ر ف ة ك ت اب الط ال ب (of) the student book The student s book (of) the teacher table Verily the teacher s table م ج ر و ر ن ك ر ة ك ت اب ط ال ب (of) a student book A student s book (of) the teacher table On the teacher s table Noun after isا ن م ن ص و ب always Verily on LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 25

26 م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه Incorrect vs. Correct ت ن و ي ن cannot have م ض اف ك ت اب ب ل ال ال cannot have م ض اف الك ت اب ب ل ال ك ت اب ب ل ال م ر ف و ع cannot be م ض اف ا ل ي ه ك ت اب ب ل ال م ن ص و ب cannot be م ض اف ا ل ي ه ك ت اب ب ل ال LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 26

27 م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه More on ك س ر ة, it does not have م ض اف ا ل ي ه is م ن Even though (kasrah) ending, because it is م ب ن ي (indeclinable). Other similar examples: pen?) (Whose ق ل م م ن son?) (Whose ٱ ب ن م ن (of) who Whose book? book ك ت اب م ن م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه Mosque of Allah s Prophet (of) Allah (of the) prophet mosque م س ج د ر س ول الل ه م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه.م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه Notice two sets of andم س it ج د ر س ول inم ض اف ا ل ي ه isر س ول.ر س ول الل ه in م ض اف is LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 27

28 م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه - Quran Examples from ا ذ ا ج اء ن ص ر الل ه Allah (110:1) When comes the help of ق ل ا ع وذ ب ر ب الن ا س 1) Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind (114: (24:35) Allahis the light of the heavensand the earth و ال ا ر ض ا لل ه ن ور الس مو ا ت (7:73) This is the she camel of Allah ه ذ ه ن اق ة الل ه (48:29) Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah م ح م د ر س و ل الل ه ل ه م د ار الس لا م (6:127) For them is the home of safety (40:55 & 77) Thereforehave patience (O Muhammad). Lo (surely, certainly)! The promise of Allahis true ح ق و ع د الل ه ف اص ب ر ا ن LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 28

29 م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه Nominal Sentences with Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah (of) Allah Messenger Muhammad الل ه ر س و ل م ح م د ل ف ظ ال ج ل ال ة م ض اف ا ل ي ه م ج ر و ر خ ب ر و ه و م ض ا ف م ب ت د ا The student s pen is broken broken (of) the student pen م ك س و ر الط ال ب ق ل م خ ب ر م ض اف ا ل ي ه م ب ت د ا و ه و م ض ا ف LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 29

30 (ت ل ك ( That vs. (ه ذ ه ( This Feminine: م ؤ ن ث م ز ك ر ه ذ ه ه ذ ا ا س م ال ا ش ار ة ل ل ق ر ي ب (ت ل ك س ي ار ة ( car That is a ا س م ال ا ش ار ة ل ل ب ع ي د ذ ل ك ت ل ك but is written without the alif ه اذ ه isه ذ ه pronounced as (ه ذ ه س اع ة ( watch This is a LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 30

31 How to make Feminine noun from Masculine noun 2 ة ( fathah )ف ت ح on the letter before ة Putting a 1 Adding a الت اء الم ر ب وط ة at the end ة ta: The closed :الت اء الم ر ب وط ة Usually nouns which refer to male humans (and animals) and adjectives may be made feminine by this method م د ر س م د ر س ة ط ال ب ة و ال د ة ة غ ز ال Female teacher Female student Mother Female gazelle ط ال ب و ال د غ ز ال Teacher Student Father Gazelle ك ب ير ك ب ير ة Big (female) Big Not all masculine nouns form a feminine counterpart in this way, e.g. ا ب ا خ و ل د ا م ا خ ت ب ن ت Mother Sister Girl Father Brother Boy LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 31

32 Gender of Body Members Double members are usually feminine Single members are usually masculine (hand) ي د (eye) ع ي ن (leg) ر ج ل (ear) ا ذ ن ( head )ر ا س (nose) ا ن ف (mouth) ف م (face) و ج ه LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 32

33 Gender and Nominal Sentence Gender of andم بت د ا ب ر mustخ be the same م ؤ ن ث م ز ك ر ة ة ب ط ال م ح م د ف اط م ة ط ال ب ا لك ت اب ج د ي د ا لس ي ار ة ج د يد ه ذ ا د ي ك ه ذ ه د ج اج ة ذ ل ك ب ا ب ت لك ن اف ذ ة LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 33

34 ب د ل - Substitute This is new Thehouse is new ج د يد ه ذ ا ج د يد الب يت خ ب ر م ب ت د ا خ ب ر م ب ت د ا Thishouse is new This house (is) new The house This ج د يد الب يت ه ذ ا خ ب ر ب د ل م ب ت د ا A definite noun ( م عر ف ة (ا سم following a demonstrative pronoun There are other types of.(ب د ل ( substitute is called a,(ا سم الا ش ار ة ( substitutes, which we will learn later LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 34

35 ظ ر ف - Adverb is a noun that indicates the place or time ظ ر ف م ض اف ا ل ي ه so the noun following it is,م ض اف acts like a ظ ر ف,( subject )م ب ت د ا even if the sentence starts with it can never be a ظ ر ف (ظ ر ف ال م ك ان ( Place Examples of Adverb of (over) ف و ق front) (in ا م ام خ ل ف (behind) (under) ت ح ت (here) ه ن ا (there) ه ن اك (between) ب ين (near) ق رب (ظ ر ف ال ز م ان ( Time Examples of Adverb of (evening) م س اء (noon) ظ هرا (morning) ص ب اح (night) ل يلا (tomorrow) غ دا (today) الي وم (yesterday) ا مس LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2)

36 ظ ر ف - Quran Examples from (16:88) Those who disbelieved and averted [others] from the way of Allah -We will increase them in punishment over[their]punishment for what corruption they were causing. (48:18) Allah was pleased with the believers when they swore allegiance to you underthe tree and He knew what was in their hearts. Therefore, He sent down tranquility upon them and rewarded them with a victory close by. ال ذ ين ك ف ر وا و ص د وا ع ن س ب يل الل ه ز د ن اه م ع ذ اب ا ف و ق ال ع ذ اب ب م ا ك ان وا ي ف س د ون النحل: ٨٨ ل ق د ر ض ي الل ه ع ن ال م ؤ م ن ين ا ذ ي ب اي ع ون ك ت ح ت الش ج ر ة ف ع ل م م ا ف ي ق ل وب ه م ف ا نز ل الس ك ين ة ع ل ي ه م و ا ث اب ه م ف ت ح ا ق ر يب ا الفتح: ١٨ (4:159) And there is none from the People of the م و ت ه ة و ا ن م ن ا ه ل ال ك ت اب ا ل ا ل ي ؤ م ن ن ب ه ق ب ل و ي و م ال ق ي ام Scripture but that he will surely believe in Jesus ي ك ون ع ل ي ه م ش ه يد ا النساء :١٥٩ before his death. And on the Dayof Resurrection he will be against them a witness. (18:23-24) And never say of anything, "Indeed, I will do that tomorrow,". Except [when adding], "If Allah wills." And remember your Lord when you forget [it] and say, "Perhaps my Lord will guide me to what is nearer than this to right conduct." (2:285) All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His books and His messengers, [saying], "We make no distinction betweenany of His messengers." And they say, "We hear and we obey. [We seek] Your forgiveness, our Lord, and to You is the [final] destination." و ل ا ت ق ول ن ل ش ي ء ا ن ي ف اع ل ذ ل ك غ د ا الكهف: ٢٣ ا ل ا ا ن ي ش اء الل ه و اذ ك ر ر ب ك ا ذ ا ن س يت و ق ل ع س ى ا ن ي ه د ي ن ر ب ي ل ا ق ر ب م ن ه ذ ا ر ش د ا الكهف: ٢٤ ك ل ا م ن ب الل ه و م ل ائ ك ت ه و ك ت ب ه و ر س ل ه ل ا ن ف ر ق ب ي ن ا ح د م ن ر س ل ه و ق ال وا س م ع ن ا و ا ط ع ن ا غ ف ر ان ك ر ب ن ا و ا ل ي ك ال م ص ير البقرة: ٢٨٥ LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 36

37 ن ع ت - Adjective A noun that describes or qualifies another noun is called ( adjective )ن ع ت The noun being described or qualified م نع وت is called A house ب يت ص ف ة isن ع ت also called ص ف ة = ن ع ت = Adjective A new house ب يت ج د يد ن ع ت م نع وت م و ص و ف is also called م نع وت م و ص و ف = م نع وت = Qualified Noun.م نع وت (adjective) comes afterthe ن ع ت In Arabic the In English, the adjective comes before the noun it qualifies LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2)

38 م نع وت and ن ع ت Agreements between following: should be in agreement in the م نع وت and ن ع ت Gender Indefinite vs. definite Case Number This is a small boy ص غ ير و ل د ه ذ ا ن ع ت م نع وت The new teacher is in the class This is a small girl ه ذ ه ب نت ص غ ير ة م نع وت ن ع ت Bilal is a new teacher الف صل ف ي الج د يد الم د ر س ج د يد م د ر س ب ل ال ن ع ت م نع وت ن ع ت م نع وت I am in a new house ا نا ف ي ب يت ج د يد م نع وت ن ع ت This is a new house ه ذ ا ب يت ج د يد م نع وت ن ع ت That is a new student ذ ل ك ط ال ب ج د يد ا ول ئ ك ط ل اب ج د د م نع وت ن ع ت م نع وت ن ع ت Those are new students LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2)

39 ن ع ت و م ن ع وت Nominal Sentence with The sparrow is a small bird الع ص ف و ر ط ائ ر ص غ ي ر م ب ت د ا ن ع ت خ ب ر و م نع و ت The broken chair is in the room الك ر س ي الم ك س و ر ف ي الغ ر ف ة و م نع و ت م ب ت د ا ن ع ت ح ر ف ج ر ا س م م ج ر و ر ج ار و م ج ر و ر ش ب ه الج م ل ة خ ب ر I am in the secondary school ا ن ا ف ي الم د ر س ة الث ان و ي ة م ب ت د ا ح ر ف ج ر ا س م م ج ر و ر و م ن ع و ت ن ع ت ج ار و م ج ر و ر ش ب ه الج م ل ة خ ب ر LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 39

40 ن ع ت و م ن ع وت - Quran References from (5:15) Undoubtedly, there has to come to you from Allah light and a luminous Book. ق د ج اء ك م م ن الل ه ن ور و ك ت اب م ب ي ن اسورة المائدة: ١٥ (68:4) And undoubtedly, you possess excellent manners. و ا ن ك ل ع ل ى خ ل ق ع ظ ي م سورة القلم: ٤ (44:17) and an honourable Messenger came to them. و ج اء ه م ر س ول ك ر ي م اسورة الدخان: ١٧ اه د ن ا الص ر اط ال م س ت ق ي م سورة الفاتحة: ٦ path. (1:6) Guide us in the straight و ل ه م ع ذ اب ع ظ ي م سورة الجاثية: ١٠ torment. (45:10) And for them is a great (8:274) For them is forgiveness and honourable provision. ل ه م م غ ف ر ة و ر ز ق ك ر ي م سورة الا نفال: ٧٤ (61:13) help from Allah and a near victory ن ص ر م ن الل ه و ف ت ح ق ر ي ب سورة الصف :١٣ LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 40

41 ?ن ع ت Where is the TheArabic is an easy language س ه ل ة ل غ ة الع ر ب ي ة ن ع ت خ ب ر و م ن ع وت م ب ت د ا The Arabic language is easy س ه ل ة الع ر ب ي ة الل غ ة خ ب ر ن ع ت م ب ت د ا و م ن ع وت LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 41

42 or not ن ع ت This book is new ج د يد الك ت اب ه ذ ا This is a new book ه ذ ا ك ت اب ج د يد م ب ت د ا خ ب ر و م نع و ت ن ع ت م ب ت د ا ب د ل خ ب ر This new book is heavy 4 5 ه ذ ا الك ت اب الج د يد ث ق ي ل The new book is heavy الك ت اب الج د يد ث ق ي ل 1 2 وم نع و ت م ب ت د ا ن ع ت خ ب ر The book is new الك ت اب ج د يد م ب ت د ا خ ب ر م ب ت د ا ب د ل و م نع وت ن ع ت خ ب ر Abbas is a merchant 6 ت اج ر ع ب اس خ ب ر م ب ت د ا 3 LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 42

43 الا س م الم و ص و ل - Pronoun The Relative (الا س م الم و ص و ل ( pronoun is called the relative ال ذ ي It is translated as: Who for all rational beings Which for all irrational beings and things It is used for masculine singular. Feminine and plural will come later ص ل ة الم و ص و ل It is always followed by a description, which is known as The man, wholeft the room, is a merchant ت اج ر الغ ر ف ة م ن خ ر ج ال ذ ي الر ج ل ص ل ة الم و ص و ل الا س م الم و ص و ل The book, whichis on the table, belongs to the teacher الك ت اب ال ذ ي ع ل ى الم كت ب ل لم د ر س الا س م الم و ص و ل ص ل ة الم و ص و ل LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 43

44 ن عت as ال ذ ي The man is a merchant ت اج ر الر ج ل خ ب ر م ب ت د ا م ب ت د ا The tall man is a merchant الر ج ل الرجل الط و يل ت اج تاج ر ر و م ن ع وت ن ع ت خ ب ر م ب ت د ا The man, who left the room, is a merchant الر ج ل ال ذ ي خ ر ج م ن الغ ر ف ة ت اج ر و م ن ع وت الا س م الم و ص و ل و ن عت ص ل ة الم و ص و ل خ ب ر LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 44

45 (الف ع ل الم اض ي) The Past Tense Verb ف ع ل = Action Verb = ف اع ل = Subject Doer = (م اض ( tense Base form of all Arabic verbs is in the past The base form of the verb always corresponds to the 3 rd person (ه و ( he singular masculine pronoun, i.e. The doer of the action ( (ف اع ل is hidden ( ت ت ر (م س within the base form of خ ر ج Notice the hidden he in.(ف ع ل ( verb the خ ر ج left) (He LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 45

46 Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb Almost all Arabic verbs can be traced back to a three letter verb. The remaining few exceptions are traced to a four letter verb. To understand their structure, the three letter verbs are defined on the pattern of asفعل follows. فعل ف ع ل خ ر ج left) (He خ ر ج radical) (1 st ف ك ل م ة radical) (3 rd ل ك ل م ة radical) (2 nd ع ك ل م ة LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 46

47 Anatomy of The Past Tense Verb ف ع ل Meaning ف ك ل م ة ع ك ل م ة ل ك ل م ة ذ ه ب He went ذ ه ب س ل ج He sat ج ل س ر ص ن He helped ن ص ر ع م س He heard س م ع ك ر م He became noble ك ر م In the base form for all 3 letter past tense verbs: ف ت ح ة always have a ل ك ل م ة and ف ك ل م ة ك س ر ة or,ف ت ح ة,ض م ة canع have a ك ل م ة LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 47

48 Conjugation of Past Tense Verb We ve learnt before that the base form of the verb contains he or it ( (ه و as the doer,(م ست ت ر ( hidden is considered ف اع ل means He left. Within the base form, this خ ر ج so,(ف اع ل ( ف اع ل i.e., there is no letter in the verb, which explicitly represents the خ ر ج ه و He/it In order to say They (2) left, an alifis added at the end Since this alifrepresents They (2), خ ر ج + ا = ف اع ل who did the action, it acts as the خ ر ج ا ه م ا (2) They ف اع ل In order to say They (>2) left, a wawis added at the end. This wawacts as the This alifis called الو ق اي ة alifof )ا ل ف protection). It protects the fromو و being mistaken for the conjunction (and). It is written but not pronounced خ ر ج + و = وا خ ر ج ه م (>2) They Notice the original ف تح ة changed to a ض م ة once waw was added. This is done for phonetic convenience as خ ر ج و ا is easier to pronounce than خ ر ج و ا LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 48

49 Conjugation of Past Tense Verb In order to say She left, the base form of the verb is feminized by adding a taof feminizing (ت اء الت ان يث ( The ت اء الت ان يث is nota.ف اع ل Instead the in this (م ست ت ر ( hidden is considered ف اع ل (ه ي ( (f) form and is implied as She/It خ ر ج + ت = خ ر ج ت ه ي (f) She/It In order to say They (2, f) left, an alifis added at the end of the feminized form Since this alifrepresents They (2), خ ر ج ت + ا = ف اع ل who did the action, it acts as the خ ر ج ت ا ه م ا (2,f) They In order to say They (2, f) left, a isن added to the end Since this ن represents They (>2,f), خ ر ج + ن = ف اع ل who did the action, it acts as the ن خ ر ج ه ن (>2,f) They Notice the ف تح ة on the 3 rd radical changes to a س ك ون in this case. For the complete conjugation of past tense verb for all 14 pronouns, please see the next page LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 49

50 Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb ف اع ل Suffix He ه و م ست ت ر خ ر ج (2) They ه م ا ا ا خ ر ج ا (2<) They ه م و ا و خ ر ج وا She ه ي ت م ست ت ر خ ر ج ت (2) They ه م ا ت ا ا خ ر ج ت ا خ ر ج ن ن ن ه ن (2<) They خ ر ج ت ت ت ا ن ت You خ ر ج ت م ا ت م ا ت م ا ا ن ت م ا (2) You (2<) You ا ن ت م ت م ت م خ ر ج ت م You ا ن ت ت ت خ ر ج ت خ ر ج ت م ا ت م ا ت م ا ا ن ت م ا (2) You خ ر ج ت ن ت ن ت ن ا ن ت ن (2<) You خ ر ج ت ت ت ا ن ا I خ ر ج ن ا ن ا ن ا ن ح ن We LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 50

51 Conjugation of The Past Tense Verb Examples Suffix ف اع ل He ه و م ست ت ر خ ر ج ذ ه ب س م ع ك ر م (2) They ه م ا ا ا خ ر ج ا ذ ه ب ا س م ع ا ك ر م ا (2<) They ه م و ا و خ ر ج وا ذ ه ب وا س م ع وا ك ر م وا She ه ي ت م ست ت ر خ ر ج ت ذ ه ب ت س م ع ت ك ر م ت (2) They ه م ا ت ا ا خ ر ج ت ا ذ ه ب ت ا س م ع ت ا ك ر م ت ا س م ع ن ك ر م ن (2<) They ه ن ن ن خ ر ج ن ذ ه ب ن You ا ن ت ت ت خ ر ج ت ذ ه ب ت س م ع ت ك ر م ت (2) You ا ن ت م ا ت م ا ت م ا خ ر ج ت م ا ذ ه ب ت م ا س م ع ت م ا ك ر م ت م ا (2<) You ا ن ت م ت م ت م خ ر ج ت م ذ ه ب ت م س م ع ت م ك ر م ت م You ا ن ت ت ت خ ر ج ت ذ ه ب ت س م ع ت ك ر م ت (2) You ا ن ت م ا ت م ا ت م ا خ ر ج ت م ا ذ ه ب ت م ا س م ع ت م ا ك ر م ت م ا (2<) You ا ن ت ن ت ن ت ن خ ر ج ت ن ذ ه ب ت ن س م ع ت ن ك ر م ت ن I ا ن ا ت ت خ ر ج ت ذ ه ب ت س م ع ت ك ر م ت We ن ح ن ن ا ن ا خ ر ج ن ا ذ ه ب ن ا س م ع ن ا ك ر م ن ا LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 51

52 (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( Pronoun Attached Muhammad s book. ك ت اب م ح م د م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه His book His book ك ت اب ه م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه ك ت اب + ه م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه Your book Your book ك ت اب ك م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه ك ت اب + ك م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه are attached ك and ه (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( pronouns An attached pronoun ( م ي ر م ت ص ل,(ض when attached to a noun, is م ض اف and the noun it is attached to is م ض اف ا ل ي ه always م ج ر و ر The attached pronoun in this case is always LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 52

53 (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( Pronoun Attached From Muhammad م ن م ح م د ج ار و م ج ر و ر Him From م ن + ه ح ر ف ج ر ا س م م ج ر و ر Them From From him ج ار م ن ه و م ج ر و ر From them ج ار م ن ه م و م ج ر و ر م ن + ه م ح ر ف ج ر ا س م م ج ر و ر are attached ه م and ه (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( pronouns ح ر ف ج ر when attached to a,(ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( pronoun An attached ا س م م ج ر و ر (preposition), is always LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 53

54 (ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل ( Pronoun vs. Detached (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( Pronoun Attached Pronoun) (Detached ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل Pronoun) (Attached ض م ي ر م ت ص ل م ذ ك ر غ اي ب م ؤ ن ث م ذ ك ر م خ اط ب م ؤ ن ث م ت ك ل م م ذ ك ر و م ؤ ن ث Masculine 3 rd Person Feminine Masculine 2 nd person Feminine 1 st person Masc.& Fem. Singular He, It ه ه و م ف ر د Dual (2) They ه م ا ه م ا م ث ن ى ج م ع ه م ه م Plural They م ف ر د ه ي ه ا Singular She, It Dual (2) They ه م ا ه م ا م ث ن ى Plural They ه ن ه ن ج م ع Singular You ك ا ن ت م ف ر د Dual (2) You ك م ا ا ن ت م ا م ث ن ى ج م ع ا ن ت م ك م (2<) You Plural م ف ر د ا ن ت ك Singular You Dual (2) You ك م ا ا ن ت م ا م ث ن ى Plural (2<) You ك ن ا ن ت ن ج م ع Singular I ي ا ن ا م ف ر د Plural We ن ا ن ح ن ج م ع LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 54

55 (ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل ( Pronoun vs. Detached (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( Pronoun Attached ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل ه ه و ه م ا ه م ا ه م ه م ه ي ه ا ه م ا ه م ا ه ن ه ن ك ا ن ت ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت م ك م ا ن ت ك ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ك ن ا ن ت ن ي ا ن ا ن ا ن ح ن ض م ي ر م ت ص ل Always م ع ر ف ة (definite) Are م ب ن ي (fixed) Always م جر ور (genitive) or (accusative) م نص وب Can be attached to a noun, verb or a particle This ي is called ي اء ال م ت ك ل م (ya-ul mutakallim) Yaof the first person Always م ع ر ف ة (definite) Are م ب ن ي (fixed) Always م ر ف و ع (nominative) LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 55

56 م ض اف ا ل ي ه as (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( Pronoun Attached ك ت اب س ي ار ة ه و ه His ك ت اب ه س ي ار ت ه ه م ا ه م ا mas.) Their 2) ك ت اب ه م ا س ي ار ت ه م ا ه م ه م mas.) Their 2<) ك ت اب ه م س ي ار ت ه م ه ي ه ا Her ك ت اب ه ا س ي ار ت ه ا ه م ا ه م ا fem) Their 2) ك ت اب ه م ا س ي ار ت ه م ا ه ن ه ن fem) Their (>2 ك ت اب ه ن س ي ار ت ه ن ا ن ت ك Your ك ت اب ك س ي ار ت ك ا ن ت م ا ك م ا mas.) Your 2) ك ت اب ك م ا س ي ار ت ك م ا ا ن ت م ك م mas.) Your 2<) ك ت اب ك م س ي ار ت ك م ا ن ت ك (fem) Your ك ت اب ك س ي ار ت ك ا ن ت م ا ك م ا fem) Your 2) ك ت اب ك م ا س ي ار ت ك م ا ا ن ت ن ك ن fem) Your 2<) ك ت اب ك ن س ي ار ت ك ن ا ن ا ي My ك ت اب ي س ي ار ت ي ن ح ن ن ا Our ك ت اب ن ا س ي ار ت ن ا The الم رب وط ة changesالت اء to a الم فت وح ة whenالت اء it is followed by an attached pronoun. The last letter of the whenك سر ة getsم ض a اف attached to ال م ت ك ل م.ي اء A onض the last letter م ة would have made the pronunciation difficult. LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 56

57 Attached Pronoun ( م ي ر م ت ص ل (ض with Special Nouns ا ب ا خ ا ب و ه ا خ و ه ه ه و ا ب و ه م ا ا خ و ه م ا ه م ا ه م ا ه م ه م ا خ وه م ا ب وه م ه ي ه ا ا خ وه ا ا ب وه ا ه م ا ه م ا ا خ و ه م ا ا ب و ه م ا ا ب وه ن ا خ وه ن ه ن ه ن ا ب و ك ا خ و ك ك ا ن ت ا ب وك م ا ا خ وك م ا ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت م ك م ا خ وك م ا ب وك م ا ن ت ك ا خ و ك ا ب و ك ا ب وك م ا ا خ وك م ا ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت ن ك ن ا خ وك ن ا ب وك ن ا ن ا ي ا خ ي ا ب ي ن ح ن ن ا ا خ ون ا ا ب ون ا Notice the extra betweenو By same.م ض اف ا ل ي ه andم ض اف token Muhammad s father ا ب و م ح م د will be areا ب 2 of the 5 special و ا خ.و nouns, which take this extra Will learn the other later. The rule for extra doesو not apply when these nouns are ي اء ال م ت ك ل م followed by LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 57

58 اسم م جر ور as (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( Pronoun Attached ع ن ا ل ى ه و ه ع ن ه ا ل ي ه ا ل ي ه م ا ع ن ه م ا ه م ا ه م ا ه م ه م ع ن ه م ا ل ي ه م ه ي ه ا ع ن ه ا ا ل ي ه ا ه م ا ه م ا ع ن ه م ا ا ل ي ه م ا ا ل ي ه ن ع ن ه ن ه ن ه ن ا ل ي ك ع ن ك ك ا ن ت ا ل ي ك م ا ع ن ك م ا ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت م ك م ع ن ك م ا ل ي ك م ا ن ت ك ع ن ك ا ل ي ك ا ل ي ك م ا ع ن ك م ا ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ا ل ي ك ن ع ن ك ن ك ن ا ن ت ن ا ن ا ي ع ن ي ا ل ي ن ح ن ن ا ع ن ا ا ل ي ن ا ا ل ى atا ل ف the end of م ق ص ورة The changes to a ( ya )ي when it is followed by an attached pronoun. Also notice the change from toه pronoun. for the attached ه ا ل ي + ي = ا ل ي ع ل ى Same is true for LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 58

59 ل ب اسم م جر ور as (ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ( Pronoun Attached ل ه ب ه ه ه و ل ه م ا ب ه م ا ه م ا ه م ا ه م ه م ب ه م ل ه م ه ي ه ا ب ه ا ل ه ا ه م ا ه م ا ب ه م ا ل ه م ا ل ه ن ب ه ن ه ن ه ن ل ك ب ك ك ا ن ت ل ك م ا ب ك م ا ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت م ك م ب ك م ل ك م ا ن ت ك ب ك ل ك ل ك م ا ب ك م ا ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت ن ك ن ب ك ن ل ك ن ا ن ا ي ب ي ل ي ن ح ن ن ا ب ن ا ل ن ا ف ت ح ة getsل a The preposition when it is followed by an attached pronoun, with one exception; see below. ك سر ة retains its ل The preposition ي اء الم ت ك ل م when it is attached to LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 59

60 ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل. vsض م ي ر م ت ص ل vs. Past Tense Verb Suffix Past Tense Verb Suffix ض م ي ر م ت ص ل ض م ي ر م ن ف ص ل ه ه و ا ه م ا ه م ا ه م ه م وا ه ي ه ا ت ت ا ه م ا ه م ا ن ه ن ه ن ت ك ا ن ت ت م ا ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ا ن ت م ك م ت م ا ن ت ك ت ت م ا ك م ا ا ن ت م ا ت ن ك ن ا ن ت ن ت ي ا ن ا ن ا ن ا ن ح ن LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 60

61 (خ ب ر م ق د م و م بت د ا م ؤ خ ر ( Subject Early Predicate and Late A ش ب ه الج م ل ة (phrase), e.g. The man is in the house الر ج ل ف ي الب يت م ب ت د ا ج ار و م ج ر و ر ش ب ه الج م ل ة خ ب ر (prepositional ج ار و م ج ر و ر phrase) or ظ ر ف (adverbial phrase) can never be A man is in the house ف ي الب يت ر ج ل ج ار و م ج ر و ر ش ب ه الج م ل ة خ ب ر م ق د م م ب ت د ا م ؤ خ ر م ب ت د ا (subject), even though a sentence may begin with it. A garden is in front of the masjid ا م ام الم سج د ح د يق ة ظ ر ف ش ب ه الج م ل ة خ ب ر م ق د م م ض اف ا ل ي ه م ب ت د ا م ؤ خ ر LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 61

62 (ج م ع ( Plural Has an ûna( (و ن ending, م سل م و ن <- م سل م e.g. Has an âtun( (ات ending, م سل م ات <- م سل م ة e.g. Sound Feminine Plural ج م ع م ؤ ن ث س ال م م ع س ال م Sound Plural ج Sound Masculine Plural ج م ع م ذ ك ر س ال م The singular word stays intact in the plural, e.g. م د ر س و ن <- م د ر س ج م ع Plural Some nouns have multiple plural forms, e.g., ا خ has two plural forms ا خ و ان (2 andا خ و ة (1 ج م ع ت كس ير Broken Plural The singular word is broken to create the plural, e.g. -> ق ل م, ط ل اب -> ط ال ب.ا ق ل ام Broken plurals have many patterns, as explained later. LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 62

63 Patterns of Broken Plural ف ع ل ف ع و ل ن ج م ن ج و م ك ت ا ب ك ت ب ش ي خ ش ي و خ ر س و ل ر س ل ف ع ال ف ع ال ج ب ل ج ب ال ت اج ر ت ج ار ر ج ل ر ج ال ب ط ال ط ل اب Key: فعل LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 63

64 Patterns of Broken Plural ا ف ع ل اء ا ف ع ال ا ص د ق اء و ل د ا و ل اد ص د ي ق ا ط ب اء ا ط ب ب اء ط ب ي ب ع م ا ع م ام ف ع ل اء ف ع ل ة ا خ ا خ و ة ز م ي ل ز م ل اء ف ت ى ف ت ي ة ف ق ي ر ف ق ر اء We will learn more patterns later LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) فعل Diptote( م ن الص ر ف (ا لم م ن وع Key: 64

65 م ف ر د ع اق ل و غ ي ر ع اق ل ج م ع Plural Demonstrative Pronouns ا س م ال ا ش ار ة ل ل ق ر ي ب ا س م ال ا ش ار ة ل ل ب ع ي د م ز ك ر ه ذ ا ذ ل ك م ؤ ن ث ه ذ ه ت ل ك ع اق ل م ز ك ر و م ؤ ن ث ه ؤ ل اء ا و ل ائ ك (ا و ل ئ ك ( غ ي ر ع اق ل م ز ك ر و م ؤ ن ث ه ذ ه ت ل ك م د ر س ه ذ ا This is a teacher ه ذ ه م د ر س ة This is a (female) teacher ه ؤ ل اء م د ر س و ن These are teachers ك ت ا ب ه ذ ا This is a book ه ذ ه ك ت ب These are books There are exceptions to these rules, which we will learn later LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 65

66 Treatment of ع اق ل vs. غ ي ر ع اق ل Plurals م ف ر د ج م ع م كس ور س ال م ج م ع م كس و ر ج م ع س ال م م ف ر د ع اق ل م ؤ ن ث م ف ر د م ف ر د غ ي ر ع اق ل ه ذ ا م د ر س ج د ي د Thisis a new teacher ه ذ ا ط الب ج د ي د This is a new student ه ؤ ل اء م د ر س ون ج د د These are new teachers ه ؤ ل اء ط ل اب ج د د These are new students Thisis a new book ه ذ ه س اع ة ج د يد ة This is a new watch ه ذ ه س اع ات ج د يد ة These are new watches ك ت اب ج د ي د ه ذ ا ه ذ ه ك ت ب ج د يد ة These are new books ا ب اب الب يت م فت وح ن ع م ه و م فت و ح. open. Is the door of the house open? Yes, it is ا ا ب و اب الب يت م فت وح ة ن ع م ه ي م فت وح ة. Are the doors of the house open? Yes, they are open In classical Arabic, sometimes broken plural for rational being is also treated as feminine singular. LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 66

67 م ض اف و م ض اف ا ل ي ه for ن ع ت The new teacher s book الج د يد الم د ر س ك ت اب The teacher s new book ك ت اب الم د ر س الج د يد م ض اف و م نع وت م ض اف ا ل ي ه ن ع ت م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه و م نع وت ن ع ت forن ع ت either one of them alwaysم ض come together, so the اف ا ل ي ه and م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه must come after م ض اف ا ل ي ه orم ض اف tellsن ع ت us if it is for The case ending of the Note the اف isم ض definite if its اف ا ل ي ه isم ض definite, so its mustن ع ت also be LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 67

68 ا عد اد - Numbers Numbers ( ا عد اد singular: (ع د د in Arabic are fully declinable nouns The noun being counted with a م عد ود number is called The rules for the andع د د the changeم عد ود after every few numbers م ز ك ر م ؤ ن ث و اح د ة و اح د ١ ا ث ن ت ان ا ث ن ان ٢ ٣ ث ل اث ث ل اث ة ٤ ا ر ب ع ا ر ب ع ة ٥ خ م س خ م س ة ٦ س ت س ت ة ٧ س ب ع س ب ع ة ٨ ث م ان ي ث م ان ي ة ٩ ت س ع ت س ع ة ١٠ ع ش ر ع ش ر ة LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 68

69 Rules for Numbers 1 to 10 Numbers 1-2 Both 1 and 2 follow the noun as م عد ود and the ع د د adjective, so the.ن عت و م نع وت follow all the rules of (ع د د ( Number Numbers 3-10 م عد ود Comes before the (ال hence )م ض no tanwinor اف Is (م عد ود ( counted Noun being م ؤ ن ث م عد ود م ز ك ر م عد ود ا خ و اح د ا خ ت و اح د ة ا خ و ان ا ث ن ان ا خ ت ان ا ث ن ت ان ث ل اث ة ا خ و ة ث ل اث ا خ و ا ت ا ر ب ع ة ا خ و ة ا ر ب ع ا خ و ا ت خ م س ة ا خ و ة خ م س ا خ و ا ت س ت ة ا خ و ة س ت ا خ و ا ت س ب ع ة ا خ و ة س ب ع ا خ و ا ت ث م ان ي ة ا خ و ة ث م ان ي ا خ و ا ت ت س ع ة ا خ و ة ت س ع ا خ و ا ت ع ش ر ة ا خ و ة ع ش ر ا خ و ا ت (م جر ور (hence م ض اف ا ل يه Is ج مع Is The gender of andع د د isم عد ود opposite LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 69

70 Case Endings for Singular, Dual and Sound Plural م ز ك ر م ؤ ن ث م ف ر د م ث ن ى ج مع س ال م م رف وع ر ف ع) (ع ل ام ة م سل م (الض م ة ) م سل م ا (ا ل ف ( ن م نص وب (ع ل ام ة ن ص ب) م سل ما (الف تح ة ) م سل م ي (الي اء ) ن م جر ور ج ر) (ع ل ام ة م سل م (الك سر ة ) ن م سل م ي م رف وع ر ف ع) (ع ل ام ة م سل م ة (الض م ة ) م سل م ت ا مسل متا ن م نص وب (ع ل ام ة ن ص ب) م سل م ة (الف تح ة ) م سل م ت ي ن مسل متين م جر ور ج ر) (ع ل ام ة م سل م ة (الك سر ة ) م سل م ت ي ن مسل متين الي اء ) (ا ل ف ( (الي اء ) ( م سل م و (الو او ) م سل م ي ن (الي اء ) م سل م ي ن (الي اء ) م سل م ات ن (الض م ة ) م سل م ات (الك سر ة ) (الي اء ) م سل م ات (الك سر ة ) LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 70

71 My Class - Grammatical Analysis (Book 1, Ch. 21) doors three it has ا بو اب ث ل اث ة ل ه ا the masjid from near it ه ي ق ر يب ة م ن الم سج د my school this ه ذ ه م در س ت ي big school it ه ي م در س ة ك ب ير ة م بت د ا خ ب ر و ه و م ض اف م ض اف ا ل يه م بت د ا خ ب ر و م جر و ر ج ار م بت د ا خ ب ر ن عت ج ار و م جر ور ش به الج مل ة خ ب ر م ق د م م بت د ا م ؤ خ ر و ه و م ض اف م ض اف ا ل يه our class this now open it s doors ا بو اب ه ا م فت وح ة ا لا ن many classes the school in ف ي الم در س ة ف ص ول ك ث ير ة ف صل ن ا ه ذ ا spacious class it and و ه و ف صل و اس ع م بت د ا و ه و م ض اف م ض اف ا ل يه خ ب ر ظ رف ج ار و م جر ور ش به الج مل ة خ ب ر م ق د م م بت د ا م ؤ خ ر م بت د ا ن عت خ ب ر و ه و م ض اف م ض اف ا ل يه ح رف ع طف م بت د ا خ ب ر ن عت LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 71

72 ا لم من وع م ن الص رف Diptote The indeclinable literally means ا لم من وع م ن الص رف Impermissible, prohibited م من وع Inflection, declension ص رف Diptote( م ن الص رف (ا لم من وع is category of nouns and adjectives 1. Which never get a tanwinand (ف تح ة fathah( case is represented by (م جر ور ( genitive 2. Their Compare diptotes to regular nouns (a.k.a Triptotes), which 1. Get a tanwin, when they re indefinite and 2. Decline to kasrah( (ك سر ة in their genitive ( (م جر ور case م جر ور م نص وب م رف وع م س اج د م س اج د م س اج د ا لم من وع م ن الص رف Diptote- ك ت اب ك ت ابا ك ت اب م عر ب Triptote- LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 72

73 (ا نو اع الخ بر ( News Types of م فر د ٢ ج ار و م جر ور ش به الج مل ة ظ رف ش به الج مل ة ٣ ١ ا لك ت اب ج د يد الق ر ا ن ك ت اب الل ه ا لك ت اب ع ل ى الم كت ب ف ي الب يت ر ج ل ا لك ت اب ت حت الم كت ب ا م ام الب يت ح د يق ة ش به الج مل ة Phrase الج مل ة Sentence م فر د One word الج مل ة الا سم ي ة الج مل ة الف عل ي ة ٥ ٤ خ ب ر ح ام د ا خ وه و ز ير ف اط م ة ع ند ه ا س ي ار ة ب ل ال خ ر ج م ن الف صل الط ال ب ات ذ ه بن ا ل ى الم در س ة LQ Mississauga Madinah Book 1 Notes (v. 2) 73