W3 Global Circulation Systems

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1 W3 Global Circulation Systems

2

3 Which regions of Earth receive the most energy from the Sun?

4

5

6

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8 If not for global circulation systems There would only be two narrow regions that would support life

9 What moves energy around our planet?

10 It s Windy

11 Wind

12 Wind functions to distribute heat around the planet. Air motion across Earth s surface

13 What causes wind?

14 Winds are caused by unequal heating of the earth s atmosphere Air tends to move from high to low pressure The greater the pressure difference (caused by temperature difference) the stronger the wind.

15

16 Air Pressure

17 The Earth is surrounded by air that presses (gravity) on the ground beneath it. The weight of a column of air above an area is referred to as air (atmospheric) pressure.

18 Unit of measurement is kilopascals (kpa) Cold Winter Day 103 kpa Average pressure is kpa. Centre of Summer Storm 98 kpa

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20 Global Circulation

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22 Wind Circulation Loops

23 3 cells function to distribute energy from the equator towards the poles Hadley Cell (0-30 ) Ferrell Cell (30-60 ) Polar Cell (60-90 )

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25 Warm air away from equator Cold air towards equator

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27 Solar equator moves Angle of insolation (incoming solar radiation) is 90

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29 Prevailing Winds

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31 Wind is deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere

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33 Wind is deflected to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

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35 Clockwise around cyclone (high pressure)

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37 Counter clockwise around anticyclone (low pressure)

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40 Jet Streams

41 Consists of ribbons of very strong winds which move weather systems around the globe. Found 9-16 km above the surface of the Earth in the troposphere, and can reach speeds of 320 kph.

42 Coriolis Effect

43 Deflection of wind and ocean currents due to Rotation of Earth is Greatest at the equator Least at the poles

44

45 Ocean Currents

46 An ocean current is any continuous flow of ocean water at the surface under water

47 What does a better job?

48 Water is capable of holding a larger amount of energy than air. Specific heat capacity

49 Ocean currents act to exchange heat between low and high latitudes Essential in sustaining the global energy balance

50 Surface Currents

51 Surface Currents

52 Winds create surface ocean currents. Ocean currents carry either Warm water away from the equator Cold water toward the equator.

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54 Surface Currents and Weather Cold currents bring cool air that is capable of holding more water vapour as it warms Cooler and dryer areas than normal for that latitude

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56 Warm currents bring warm air that holds water vapour and energy Warmer and wetter areas that normal for that altitude

57 Deep Currents

58 Deep Currents

59 Deep currents are not caused by wind Capable of moving vertically Cool water sinks because it is denser than warm water Salt water sinks because it is denser than fresh water

60 Thermocline

61 Salt Currents Bill Nye

62 Water Density

63 The great conveyor belt (thermohaline circulation) is responsible for transporting energy from equator to pole.

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65 Warm water begins near the equator and travels in the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift which are both surface currents.

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67 As they move across the ocean much of the warm water has evaporated, leaving salt behind. By the time the water reaches the Arctic Ocean, the salt concentration is very high.

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69 Thus the Arctic Water is both cold and salty. Both the cold temperature and salinity increase the density of water causing it to sink. The sunken water begins it trek southward.

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71 This deep ocean current flows south along the bottom on the Atlantic Ocean, all the way to the Antarctica. The thermohaline then is forced east and splits into two branches.

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73 The first branch turns north and travels along the east coast of Africa. As it moves towards the Indian Ocean it warms and rises.

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75 The second branch passes south of Australia and then turns north into the Pacific Ocean. When the second branch reaches the North Pacific, it also warms and rises and then heads west.

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77 The two branches join, pass South Africa and eventually join the Gulf Stream (Surface Current).

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79 Thermohaline Video

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