3/22/11. General Circulation of the Atmosphere. General Circulation of the Atmosphere
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1 Chapter 10 General refers to the average air flow, actual winds will vary considerably. Average conditions help identify driving forces. The basic cause of the general circulation is unequal heating of the Earth s surface Warm air is transferred from the Tropics to the Poles Cool air is transferred from the Poles to the Tropics 1 2 Single Cell Model Assume 1. uniform water surface 2. Sun always directly overhead the Equator 3. Earth does not rotate Result: huge thermally direct convection cell (Hadley) 3 4 Three Cell Model Allow earth to spin = three cells (Hadley, Ferrell, Polar) Alternating belts of pressure starting with L at Equator Alternating belts of wind with NE just North of Equator Trade winds Horse Latitudes ITCZ/Subtropical High/Polar Front What causes the high pressure in the hot Subtropical High zone? What causes the low pressure in the ITCZ? 5 6 1
2 Average Surface Wind and Pressure: The Real World Semi-permanent high and lows Highs: Pacific, Bermuda, Southern oceans Lows: Icelandic, Aleutian Northern vs. Southern Hemisphere Major features shift seasonally with the high sun North in July, South in Decembe Regional highs in Canada and Siberia in winter General Circulation and Precipitation Patterns Rain where air rises (low pressure) Less rain where air sinks (high pressure)
3 13 14 Average Wind Flow and Pressure Patterns Aloft North-South temperature and pressure gradient at high altitudes creates West-East winds, particularly at mid to high latitudes Jet Streams kt winds at 10-15km, thousands of km long, several 100 km wide and a few km thick (polar and subtropical)
4 19 20 Jet Streams Polar and Subtropical Jet Established by steep temperature and pressure gradients between circulation cells. Between tropical-mid-latitude cell (subtropical) and mid-latitude-polar cell (polar) Gradients greatest at polar jet Current Jet Stream Map: Jet Streams Topic: Momentum Low-latitudes: atmosphere gains momentum High-latitudes: atmosphere losses momentum Conservation of Momentum Fig a, p
5 Global Winds and Surface Ocean Currents Ocean surface dragged by wind, basins react to high pressure circulation forming gyres Cold current, flowing north to south, on west side of continent Warm current, flowing south to north, on east side of continent Oceanic front Upwelling Ekman spiral, Ekman transport Water moving away from the coast causes upwelling Fig , p. 275 Fig , p
6 El Nino and the Southern Oscillation El Nino: irregular warm episode off west coast of South America Southern Oscillation: rise in pressure over W Pacific, fall in the E Pacific, equatorial countercurrent ENSO La Nina Teleconnections: Ocean/atmosphere interactions that influence precipitation patterns in distant parts of the world
7 37 38 Pacific Decadal Oscillation Reversal in Pacific Ocean temperatures Warm = more Pacific storms Cool = cool, wet NW North America, wetter over the Great Lakes, salmon fisheries decline North Atlantic Oscillation Reversal of pressure in North Atlantic Ocean affecting weather in Europe and eastern coast of North America Positive = strong Westerlies, storms in N Europe, wet and mild in eastern US Negative = wet southern Europe and Mediterranean, cold and dry in eastern US
8 Interaction Arctic Oscillation Closely related to NAO Pressure changes between Arctic and adjacent southern areas causes changes upper-level winds Positive = mild winter in US and W Europe Negative = cold US, cold dry Europe, wet Mediterranean Homework for Chapter 10 Project for Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Questions for Review, p. 284 #3-5, 7, 15, 18 Chapter 10 Questions for Thought, p. 284 #4, 6 Chapter 10 Problems and Exercises, p. 284 None None
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