Summary of Lecture 10, 04 March 2008 Introduce the Hadley circulation and examine global weather patterns. Discuss jet stream dynamics jet streams

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Summary of Lecture 10, 04 March 2008 Introduce the Hadley circulation and examine global weather patterns. Discuss jet stream dynamics jet streams"

Transcription

1 Summary of Lecture 10, 04 March 2008 Introduce the Hadley circulation and examine global weather patterns. Discuss jet stream dynamics jet streams arise because the Coriolis force prevents Hadley-type circulations from transporting heat poleward of about 30 degrees of latitude. Steep temperature gradients develop, and the geostrophic balance sets up very strong winds and shear. These "jet stream" winds are not confined, they meander. They transport heat as they do this. They also bring us much of the weather system activity in the middle latitudes. Examine the "Walker Circulation", a global-scale set of upwelling and subsidence regions along the equator that look like giant "sea breeze" circulations, since the Coriolis force does not come into play. The El Niño oscillation is an ocean-atmosphere phenomenon involving the shifting of the Walker circulation, with global climatic effects. Teleconnections : A close look at weather patterns shows the connections between tropics, middle latitudes, jet streams, Hadley, and Walker circulations.

2 VERTICAL Stability The Atmosphere in Motion: Simple to Complex Science A-30 Course Framework VERTICAL + small-scale HORIZONTAL VERTICAL + synoptic-scale HORIZONTAL? Z land Z ocean log (P) log (P) high P low P low P hot land high P ocean cold Fig 5.2 land Z ocean log (P) Fig 5.3 We need Coriolis to understand larger circulations!

3 Road map to Science A-30 (Lectures 8-11): The Atmosphere in Motion Geostrophy Cyclonic flow Highs and Lows Hadley Circulation Global climate patterns Friction, pressure gradients, and Coriolis force lead to circulations that give us typical weather. Global scale circulations arise by analogous processes, leading to climate zones, deserts, monsoons.

4 low pressure N Pressure gradient force high pressure Motion of an air parcel subjected to a north/south pressure gradient. Pt. A 1, initially at rest; Pt. A 3, geostrophic flow. The atmospheric mass will be redistributed to establish a pressure force balanced by the Coriolis force, and motion parallel to the isobars. S

5 Geostrophy For air in motion, not on the equator, not near the surface Coriolis Force Pressure gradient force Air motion is parallel to isobars The geostrophic approximation is a simplification of complicated atmospheric motions. This approximation is applied to synoptic scale systems and circulations, roughly 1000 km. (It is easiest to think about measuring the pressure gradient at a constant altitude, although other definitions are more rigorous. ) V geostrophic = 1 2Ω ρ sin( λ) P D V g geostrophic wind (m/s) Ω radian/s λ latitude D distance (m) P pressure diff. (N/m 2 )

6 Circulation of air around regions of high and low pressures in the Northern Hemisphere. Upper panel: A region of high pressure produces a pressure force directed away from the high. Air starting to move in response to this force is deflected to the right (in the Northern Hemisphere), giving a clockwise circulation pattern. Lower panel: A region of low pressure produces a pressure force directed from the outside towards the low. Air starting to move in response to this force is also deflected to the right, rotating counter-clockwise. Directions of rotation of the wind about high or low centers are reversed in the Southern Hemisphere, as explained earlier in this chapter.

7 The effect of friction around a high pressure region is to slow the wind relative to its geostrophic velocity. This causes the pressure force to slightly exceed the Coriolis force. The three forces add together as shown in the figure. Air parcels gradually drift from higher to lower pressure, in the case shown here, from the center of a high pressure region outward. An analogous flow (inward) occurs in a lowpressure region.

8 Air converges near the surface in low pressure centers, due to the modification of geostrophic flow under the influence of friction. Air diverges from high pressure centers. At altitude, the flows are reversed: divergence and convergence are associated with lows and highs respectively, closing the circulation through analogous processes noted in the sea breeze example

9

10 October 8, 1996

11

12 winds, pressure field, and weather

13 Near surface circulation around a low pressure area March 7, Jet Stream

14 March 6, 2008

15 cold warm heat transport by a meandering jet stream

16 Structure of a midlatitude cyclone Occlusion Warm moist cold

17

18 Z high P low P land hot land log (P) warm Z Z land ocean ocean log (P) low P high P ocean cool cold Fig 5.2 Illustration of the sea breeze, showing the circulation and the relative pressures in the horizontal direction, near the ground and aloft. The land heats up during the daytime, but the sea does not. Due to the higher temperature, the atmosphere over the land has lower density and a larger scale height H than over the sea. The lower density makes air over the land buoyant relative to air over the sea, and it rises. The larger scale height makes the pressure aloft higher over the land than over the sea, causing mass to be transferred from land to the sea at altitude. The associated addition of mass to the air column over the sea raises the pressure at the sea surface, setting up the distribution of high and low pressure and giving rise to the circulation shown. log (P) Fig 5.3

19 Z high P low P land hot land log (P) cool Z land Z ocean ocean log (P) low P high P ocean warm cold Illustration of the land breeze, showing the circulation and the relative pressures in the horizontal direction, near the ground and aloft. The land cools off by radiation of heat to space during the nighttime, but the sea cools much less. Due to the lower temperature, the atmosphere over the land has higher density and a smaller scale height H than over the sea. The lower density air over the sea becomes buoyant relative to air from the land, and it rises. The larger scale height makes the pressure aloft higher over the r the sea than over land, causing mass to be transferred from sea to the land at altitude. The associated addition of mass to the air column raises the pressure at the land surface, setting up the distribution of high and low pressure and giving rise to the circulation shown. log (P)

20 cold warm cold warm land Pressure anomaly scale (mb) Z ln(p) sea

21 cold warm

22 The general circulation of the atmosphere as envisioned by Hadley in 1735: a vast "sea breeze", with rising motion over the equator and sinking motions over the poles. Hadley wanted to explain why sailors encountered westerly winds at midlatitudes and easterly ("trade winds") near the equator. He deduced that this trend was caused by rotation of the earth.

23 hurricanes (2) 6 Sep 96 Infrared composite/global moll ITCZ global upwelling polar cold front

24 Schematic picture of the General Circulation of the atmosphere, showing the Hadley circulation between ±30 latitude and the effect of the Coriolis force on the return flow at the surface, giving rise to the easterly trade winds in the tropics. The westerlies at middle latitudes are depicted as arising from the high-latitude branches of the subtropical high pressure regions. The mid-latitude or polar jet streams are shown occupying the regions of strongest temperature and pressure gradients at the mid-latitude/polar latitude boundaries.

25 driven by cooling driven by heating

26

27 Walker Circulation "Normal" Walker circulation The warmest water in the Pacific surrounds Indonesia at the equator. Buoyancy drives rising motion there, sinking over cold water at the equator near Central and South America. Trade winds are strong, tending to push warm water towards Indonesia. "El Niño conditions" Warm water moves to the West Pacific, and the circulation reverses. Drought occurs over Indonesia and Eastern South America. Weak or reversed trade winds push warm water east.

28 Pressure anomaly scale (mb) Z ln(p)

29

30 Schematic picture of the General Circulation of the atmosphere, showing the Hadley circulation between ±30 latitude and the effect of the Coriolis force on the return flow at the surface, giving rise to the easterly trade winds in the tropics. The westerlies at middle latitudes are depicted as arising from the high-latitude branches of the subtropical high pressure regions. The mid-latitude or polar jet streams are shown occupying the regions of strongest temperature and pressure gradients at the mid-latitude/polar latitude boundaries.

31 winds, pressure field, and weather

32 hurricanes (2) 6 Sep 96 Infrared composite/global moll ITCZ global upwelling polar cold front

33

34

McKnight's Physical Geography 11e

McKnight's Physical Geography 11e Chapter 2 Lecture McKnight's Physical Geography 11e Lectures Chapter 5 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Michael Commons Ohio Northern University Atmospheric Pressure and Wind The Nature of Atmospheric Pressure

More information

Chapter 6: Atmospheric Pressure, Wind, and Global Circulation

Chapter 6: Atmospheric Pressure, Wind, and Global Circulation Discovering Physical Geography Third Edition by Alan Arbogast Chapter 6: Atmospheric Pressure, Wind, and Global Circulation Factors That Influence Air Pressure Air Pressure is the measured weight of air

More information

Lecture 5: Climate Tapestry. Sea/Land Breeze. Thermal Energy to Kinetic Energy

Lecture 5: Climate Tapestry. Sea/Land Breeze. Thermal Energy to Kinetic Energy Lecture 5: Climate Tapestry JS JP Thermal Energy to Kinetic Energy Hadley Cell Ferrel Cell (driven by eddies) Pressure and Wind Global Wind Patterns Polar Cell L H L H Effect of Earth s Rotation On Winds

More information

Air Pressure and Wind

Air Pressure and Wind Air Pressure and Wind 19.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air. Air pressure is exerted in all directions down, up, and sideways. The

More information

Chapter. Air Pressure and Wind

Chapter. Air Pressure and Wind Chapter Air Pressure and Wind 19.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air. 19.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Air pressure

More information

Winds and Ocean Circulations

Winds and Ocean Circulations Winds and Ocean Circulations AT 351 Lab 5 February 20, 2008 Sea Surface Temperatures 1 Temperature Structure of the Ocean Ocean Currents 2 What causes ocean circulation? The direction of most ocean currents

More information

SIO20 - Midterm Examination 2 v1 Winter Section A. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer. (1 point each)

SIO20 - Midterm Examination 2 v1 Winter Section A. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer. (1 point each) NAME: Section A. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer. (1 point each) 1. Rainbows result from: a. refraction and reflection of sunlight by water droplets b. reflection of sunlight by oceans

More information

Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa

Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa The Atmosphere in Motion Foundations, 6e - Chapter 13 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Atmospheric pressure Force exerted by the weight

More information

Chapter 13 Lecture Outline. The Atmosphere in Motion

Chapter 13 Lecture Outline. The Atmosphere in Motion Chapter 13 Lecture Outline The Atmosphere in Motion Understanding Air Pressure Air pressure is the force exerted by weight of air above Weight of the air at sea level 14.7 psi or 1 kg/cm 2 Decreases with

More information

ATOMOSPERIC PRESSURE, WIND & CIRCULATION

ATOMOSPERIC PRESSURE, WIND & CIRCULATION ATOMOSPERIC PRESSURE, WIND & CIRCULATION A. INTRODUCTION Important because: pressure patterns drive wind patterns which in turn drive oceanic circulation patterns o atmospheric & oceanic circulation: major

More information

Small- and large-scale circulation

Small- and large-scale circulation The Earth System - Atmosphere II Small- and large-scale circulation Atmospheric Circulation 1. Global atmospheric circulation can be thought of as a series of deep rivers that encircle the planet. 2. Imbedded

More information

18.1 Understanding Air Pressure 18.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Measuring Air Pressure Air pressure barometer

18.1 Understanding Air Pressure 18.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Measuring Air Pressure Air pressure barometer 18.1 Understanding Air Pressure 18.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air. Air pressure is exerted in all directions down, up, and sideways.

More information

Wednesday, September 27, 2017 Test Monday, about half-way through grading. No D2L Assessment this week, watch for one next week

Wednesday, September 27, 2017 Test Monday, about half-way through grading. No D2L Assessment this week, watch for one next week Wednesday, September 27, 2017 Test Monday, about half-way through grading No D2L Assessment this week, watch for one next week Homework 3 Climate Variability (due Monday, October 9) Quick comment on Coriolis

More information

Lecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 18 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens

Lecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 18 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 18 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors

More information

Chapter 10: Global Wind Systems

Chapter 10: Global Wind Systems Chapter 10: Global Wind Systems Three-cell model of atmospheric circulation Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Typical surface wind patterns Upper-level pressure and winds Climatological sea-level pressure

More information

The General Circulation and El Niño. Dr. Christopher M. Godfrey University of North Carolina at Asheville

The General Circulation and El Niño. Dr. Christopher M. Godfrey University of North Carolina at Asheville The General Circulation and El Niño Dr. Christopher M. Godfrey University of North Carolina at Asheville Global Circulation Model Air flow broken up into 3 cells Easterlies in the tropics (trade winds)

More information

The atmospheric circulation system

The atmospheric circulation system The atmospheric circulation system Key questions Why does the air move? Are the movements of the winds random across the surface of the Earth, or do they follow regular patterns? What implications do these

More information

Isaac Newton ( )

Isaac Newton ( ) Introduction to Climatology GEOGRAPHY 300 Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Tom Giambelluca University of Hawai i at Mānoa Atmospheric Pressure, Wind, and The General Circulation Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia

More information

Wednesday, September 20, 2017 Reminders. Week 3 Review is now available on D2L (through Friday) Exam 1, Monday, September 25, Chapters 1-4

Wednesday, September 20, 2017 Reminders. Week 3 Review is now available on D2L (through Friday) Exam 1, Monday, September 25, Chapters 1-4 Wednesday, September 20, 2017 Reminders Week 3 Review is now available on D2L (through Friday) Exam 1, Monday, September 25, Chapters 1-4 PLEASE don t memorize equations, but know how to recognize them

More information

Climate & Earth System Science. Introduction to Meteorology & Climate. Chapter 07. Lecture 14. Global Scale Winds. Simple Introductory Examples:

Climate & Earth System Science. Introduction to Meteorology & Climate. Chapter 07. Lecture 14. Global Scale Winds. Simple Introductory Examples: Climate & Earth System Science Introduction to Meteorology & Climate MAPH 10050 Peter Lynch Peter Lynch Meteorology & Climate Centre School of Mathematical Sciences University College Dublin Meteorology

More information

Wednesday, September 15, 2010 Coriolis force, 3 dimensions (p 65)

Wednesday, September 15, 2010 Coriolis force, 3 dimensions (p 65) Wednesday, September 15, 2010 Coriolis force, 3 dimensions (p 65) Weather fronts (p 63) General circulation on a rotating Earth (p 65) Geostrophy force balance (p 66) Local effects (no coriolis force)

More information

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. WIND = The horizontal movement of air. Results from the differences in air pressure. Always moves from HIGH to LOW.

ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. WIND = The horizontal movement of air. Results from the differences in air pressure. Always moves from HIGH to LOW. ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION WIND = The horizontal movement of air. Results from the differences in air pressure. Always moves from HIGH to LOW. Pressure differences result from variations in temperature. AIR

More information

AT350 EXAM #2 November 18, 2003

AT350 EXAM #2 November 18, 2003 AT350 EXAM #2 November 18, 2003 Name and ID: Enter your name and student ID number on the answer sheet and on this exam. Record your answers to the 50 questions by using a No. 2 pencil to completely fill

More information

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By Brett Lucas ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND WIND Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Atmospheric Processes The Nature of Wind General Circulation of the Atmosphere Modifications of General Circulation

More information

3/22/11. General Circulation of the Atmosphere. General Circulation of the Atmosphere

3/22/11. General Circulation of the Atmosphere. General Circulation of the Atmosphere Chapter 10 General refers to the average air flow, actual winds will vary considerably. Average conditions help identify driving forces. The basic cause of the general circulation is unequal heating of

More information

Factors Affecting Wind

Factors Affecting Wind Understanding Air Pressure Average air pressure at sea level is about 1 kg per cm 2 (14.7 lbs/in 2 ) Roughly the same pressure that is produced by a column of water 10 m (33 ft) high The pressurized suits

More information

9/25/2014. Scales of Atmospheric Motion. Scales of Atmospheric Motion. Chapter 7: Circulation of the Atmosphere

9/25/2014. Scales of Atmospheric Motion. Scales of Atmospheric Motion. Chapter 7: Circulation of the Atmosphere Chapter 7: Circulation of the Atmosphere The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 12 th Lutgens Tarbuck Lectures by: Heather Gallacher, Cleveland State University Scales of Atmospheric Motion Small-

More information

Global Circulations. GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 15 Ahrens: Chapter 10

Global Circulations. GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 15 Ahrens: Chapter 10 Global Circulations GEOG/ENST 2331 Lecture 15 Ahrens: Chapter 10 Last lecture Microscale (turbulence) Mesoscale (land/sea breeze) Synoptic scale (monsoon) Global scale (3 cell circulation) Three Cell Model

More information

CHAPTER 8 WIND AND WEATHER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 8 WIND AND WEATHER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS CHAPTER 8 WIND AND WEATHER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. is the movement of air measured relative to the Earth's surface. a. Gravity b. The pressure gradient force c. The Coriolis Effect d. The centripetal

More information

Enviro Sci 1A03 Quiz 3

Enviro Sci 1A03 Quiz 3 Enviro Sci 1A03 Quiz 3 Question 1 (1 point) Which of the following measure wind direction and speed? Question 1 options: a) aerovane b) anemometer c) wind vane d) all of the above Question 2 (1 point)

More information

IX. Upper Ocean Circulation

IX. Upper Ocean Circulation IX. Upper Ocean Circulation World Ocean Covers 71% of Earth s surface Contains 97% of surface water Arctic Ocean NH: 61% ocean, 39% land Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Southern Ocean Indian Ocean SH: 81%

More information

Topic 4 Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation and Climate. Temperature Concepts and Measurement 10/2/2017. Thermometer and Instrument Shelter

Topic 4 Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation and Climate. Temperature Concepts and Measurement 10/2/2017. Thermometer and Instrument Shelter Topic 4 Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation and Climate Temperature Controls Global Temp. Patterns Atmospheric Circulation Primary High and Low Pressure Areas Global Circulation Model Local Winds Ocean

More information

Atmospheric Circulation

Atmospheric Circulation Atmospheric Circulation Why do we say Earth's temperature is moderate? It may not look like it, but various processes work to moderate Earth's temperature across the latitudes. Atmospheric circulation

More information

Lecture 8: Pressure and Wind

Lecture 8: Pressure and Wind Lecture 8: Pressure and Wind Pressure Distribution Forces Affect Wind Earth s Rotation Coriolis Force Geostrophic Balance Energy (Heat) The first law of thermodynamics Air Temperature Air Pressure Air

More information

PHSC 3033: Meteorology Air Forces

PHSC 3033: Meteorology Air Forces PHSC 3033: Meteorology Air Forces Pressure Gradient P/ d = Pressure Gradient (Change in Pressure/Distance) Horizontal Pressure Gradient Force (PGF): Force due to pressure differences, and the cause of

More information

Full Name: Class: Period: Date:

Full Name: Class: Period: Date: Topic/Objective: Essential Question: Full Name: Class: Period: Date: Tutor Use Only: Air Pressure and Wind (Chapter 19) Air Pressure the weight of the atmosphere pushing down on the Earth exerting a force

More information

Lecture 15 General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Ocean

Lecture 15 General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Ocean Lecture 15 General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Ocean Non-rotating model of atmospheric general circulation Hadley (1735) Cell is induced by uneven distribution of solar heating. Conceptual models

More information

Global Winds AOSC 200 Tim Canty

Global Winds AOSC 200 Tim Canty Global Winds AOSC 200 Tim Canty Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~tcanty/aosc200 Topics for today: Global Wind Patterns Deserts Jet Stream Monsoons Ocean transport Ocean cycles Lecture 16 Oct 24

More information

Lecture 13 El Niño/La Niña Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. Idealized 3-Cell Model of Wind Patterns on a Rotating Earth. Previous Lecture!

Lecture 13 El Niño/La Niña Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction. Idealized 3-Cell Model of Wind Patterns on a Rotating Earth. Previous Lecture! Lecture 13 El Niño/La Niña Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction Previous Lecture! Global Winds General Circulation of winds at the surface and aloft Polar Jet Stream Subtropical Jet Stream Monsoons 1 2 Radiation

More information

Lecture The Oceans

Lecture The Oceans Lecture 22 -- The Oceans ATMOSPHERE CIRCULATION AND WINDS Coriolis effect Prevailing winds and vertical circulation Zones of pressure, evap. & ppt. Factors modifying global winds -- Differential heating

More information

Meteorology I Pre test for the Second Examination

Meteorology I Pre test for the Second Examination Meteorology I Pre test for the Second Examination MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A primary reason why land areas warm up more rapidly than water areas is that a) on land, all solar energy is absorbed in a shallow

More information

Introduction to Oceanography OCE 1001

Introduction to Oceanography OCE 1001 Introduction to Oceanography OCE 1001 Lecture Notes Chantale Bégin & Jessica Fry Version 2.1 10. Ocean Circulation (Trujillo, Chapter 7) Major ocean currents are stable and predictable; they have been

More information

Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation-

Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation- Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation- Overview: Atmosphere & Climate Atmospheric layers Heating at different latitudes Atmospheric convection cells (Hadley, Ferrel, Polar) Coriolis Force Generation of winds

More information

Lesson: Atmospheric Dynamics

Lesson: Atmospheric Dynamics Lesson: Atmospheric Dynamics By Keith Meldahl Corresponding to Chapter 8: Atmospheric Circulation Our atmosphere moves (circulates) because of uneven solar heating of the earth s surface, combined with

More information

ESCI 107 The Atmosphere Lesson 11 Global Circulation

ESCI 107 The Atmosphere Lesson 11 Global Circulation Reading: Meteorology Today, Chapter 10 THE GLOBAL CIRCULATION ESCI 107 The Atmosphere Lesson 11 Global Circulation Latitudinal heat imbalance The tropics receive more radiation than they emit. The polar

More information

Wind and Air Pressure

Wind and Air Pressure Wind and Air Pressure When air moves above the surface of the Earth, it is called wind. Wind is caused by differences in air pressure. When a difference in pressure exists, the air will move from areas

More information

REMINDERS: UPCOMING REVIEW SESSIONS: - Thursday, Feb 28, 6:30-8:00pm in CSB 002

REMINDERS: UPCOMING REVIEW SESSIONS: - Thursday, Feb 28, 6:30-8:00pm in CSB 002 REMINDERS: Midterm 2: Friday, March 1 - Lecture material covering chapters 6, 7, and 15 (since first midterm and through Wed lecture) - Multiple Choice, a few Short Answers, a few Definitions - Practice

More information

Lecture 22: Ageostrophic motion and Ekman layers

Lecture 22: Ageostrophic motion and Ekman layers Lecture 22: Ageostrophic motion and Ekman layers November 5, 2003 1 Subgeostrophic flow: the Ekman layer Before returning to our discussion of the general circulation of the atmosphere in Chapter 8, we

More information

ATMS 310 Tropical Dynamics

ATMS 310 Tropical Dynamics ATMS 310 Tropical Dynamics Introduction Throughout the semester we have focused on mid-latitude dynamics. This is not to say that the dynamics of other parts of the world, such as the tropics, are any

More information

REMINDERS: UPCOMING REVIEW SESSIONS: - Thursday, Feb 27, 6:30-8:00pm in HSS 1330

REMINDERS: UPCOMING REVIEW SESSIONS: - Thursday, Feb 27, 6:30-8:00pm in HSS 1330 REMINDERS: Midterm 2: Friday, February 28 - lecture material covering chapters 6, 7, and 15 (since first midterm and through Wed lecture) - same Format as first midterm UPCOMING REVIEW SESSIONS: - Thursday,

More information

Zonal (East-West) Currents. Wind-Driven Ocean Currents. Zonal (East-West) Currents. Meridional (N-S) Currents

Zonal (East-West) Currents. Wind-Driven Ocean Currents. Zonal (East-West) Currents. Meridional (N-S) Currents Wind-Driven Ocean Currents Similarities between winds & surface currents Zonal (East-West) Currents Trade winds push currents westward north & south of the equator Equatorial currents. Up to 100 cm/sec.

More information

Atmospheric Circulation. Recall Vertical Circulation

Atmospheric Circulation. Recall Vertical Circulation Today s topics: Atmospheric circulation: generation of wind patterns on a rotating Earth Seasonal patterns of climate: Monsoons and El Niño Tropical Cyclones: Hurricanes and typhoons Atmospheric Circulation

More information

Meteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer

Meteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer Chapter 7 Worksheet 2 Meteorology Name: Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer 1) Which of the following factors contributes to the general subsidence in the latitude zone 20 degrees

More information

3 Global Winds and Local Winds

3 Global Winds and Local Winds CHAPTER 15 3 Global Winds and Local Winds SECTION The Atmosphere BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What causes wind? What is the Coriolis effect?

More information

Chapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds

Chapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds Chapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds Understanding Air Pressure: -pressure exerted by the weight

More information

Chapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds

Chapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds Chapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds Understanding Air Pressure: -pressure exerted by the weight

More information

Wind Patterns on Earth

Wind Patterns on Earth Wind Patterns on Earth What causes air to move? Air pressure differences causes air to move. These differences in air pressure at the same altitude is caused by uneven heating of the Earth s surface. With

More information

Air Pressure and Wind. Goal: Explain the formation of wind based on differences in air pressure

Air Pressure and Wind. Goal: Explain the formation of wind based on differences in air pressure Air Pressure and Wind Goal: Explain the formation of wind based on differences in air pressure What is Air Pressure? Reminder: Air pressure is thickest near Earth s surface and becomes thinner as we move

More information

Lecture 13. Global Wind Patterns and the Oceans EOM

Lecture 13. Global Wind Patterns and the Oceans EOM Lecture 13. Global Wind Patterns and the Oceans EOM Global Wind Patterns and the Oceans Drag from wind exerts a force called wind stress on the ocean surface in the direction of the wind. The currents

More information

For Class Today How does ocean water circulate? Ocean currents, surface currents, gyres, currents & climate, upwelling, deep ocean circulation

For Class Today How does ocean water circulate? Ocean currents, surface currents, gyres, currents & climate, upwelling, deep ocean circulation For Class Today Modified Cornell Notes on section 16.1 (pg. 448-453) **Follow the guide in your ISN and previous notes for help** Heading: How does ocean water circulate? Left hand side categories: Ocean

More information

Ocean Circulation. Si Hui Lee and Frances Wen. You can access ME at

Ocean Circulation. Si Hui Lee and Frances Wen. You can access ME at Ocean Circulation Si Hui Lee and Frances Wen You can access ME at http://tinyurl.com/oceancirculation Earth - the blue planet - 71% area covered by the oceans - 3/4 of ocean area between 3000-6000m deep

More information

Circulation Patterns

Circulation Patterns Nov. 1, 2017 Today Finish Vertical Atmospheric Structure, Origin, Escape Start Atmospheric Circulation (may finish in 2nd lecture, on Friday) A few words of introduction on Pluto Friday 11AM: Student presentations

More information

Section 1. Global Wind Patterns and Weather. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes

Section 1. Global Wind Patterns and Weather. What Do You See? Think About It. Investigate. Learning Outcomes Chapter 5 Winds, Oceans, Weather, and Climate Section 1 Global Wind Patterns and Weather What Do You See? Learning Outcomes In this section, you will Determine the effects of Earth s rotation and the uneven

More information

T. James Noyes, El Camino College Winds Unit (Topic 8A-1) page 1

T. James Noyes, El Camino College Winds Unit (Topic 8A-1) page 1 T. James Noyes, El Camino College Winds Unit (Topic 8A-1) page 1 Name: Section: Winds Unit (3 pts) The Ocean and the Atmosphere We need to learn about the atmosphere, because the ocean and atmosphere are

More information

CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction

CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction What causes Earth s seasons? Tilt (23.5 ) responsible for seasons 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Solar Energy Distribution of Solar Energy Atmosphere absorbs

More information

Chapter 9: Circulation of the Ocean

Chapter 9: Circulation of the Ocean Chapter 9: Circulation of the Ocean Tropical gardens on Britain s Scilly Isles. Only 48 kilometers (30 miles) off the coast of Cornwall at 50 N, these scenic islands lie in the path of the warm waters

More information

The Real Atmosphere. The Real Atmosphere. The Real Atmosphere. The Real Atmosphere

The Real Atmosphere. The Real Atmosphere. The Real Atmosphere. The Real Atmosphere Effect of Seasons & Continents Disrupt global continuity of latitudinal belts of high and low pressure Effect of Seasons & Continents Water has a greater heat capacity than land More energy needed to raise

More information

TOPICS YOU NEED TO KNOW

TOPICS YOU NEED TO KNOW ATMO 101 Introduction to Meteorology Midterm Study Sheet Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 10 Exam Thursday 3/23/2017 Vocabulary Words for True and False, and Multiple Choice You are responsible for the following words:

More information

Atmosphere Circulation

Atmosphere Circulation Atmosphere Circulation Winds What Causes Winds? Difference in air pressure due to unequal heating of the atmosphere. Temperatures vary according to the amount of sun it gets. Uneven heating of the Earth

More information

Local and Global Winds

Local and Global Winds PART 2 Wind Local and Global Winds Wind is the horizontal movement of air. All wind is caused by air pressure differences due to the uneven heating of Earth's surface, which sets convection currents in

More information

Carolina TM Coriolis Effect and Atmospheric Circulation Kit STUDENT GUIDE

Carolina TM Coriolis Effect and Atmospheric Circulation Kit STUDENT GUIDE Name: Date: Mods: Carolina TM Coriolis Effect and Atmospheric Circulation Kit STUDENT GUIDE Background Global air circulation is a major influence on the world's climates. Air circulation is caused by

More information

Meteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer

Meteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer Chapter 6 Worksheet 2 Meteorology Name: Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer 1) A steep pressure gradient: a. produces light winds. b. produces strong winds. c. is only possible in

More information

Finish Characteristics of Climate

Finish Characteristics of Climate Bell Ringer Finish Characteristics of Climate Wind Coriolis Effect Newton s second law: a body in motion will continue in motion (unchanged) unless acted upon by an outside force. Liquid (water) and gas

More information

OCN 201 Surface Circulation

OCN 201 Surface Circulation OCN 201 Surface Circulation Excess heat in equatorial regions requires redistribution toward the poles 1 In the Northern hemisphere, Coriolis force deflects movement to the right In the Southern hemisphere,

More information

W3 Global Circulation Systems

W3 Global Circulation Systems W3 Global Circulation Systems Which regions of Earth receive the most energy from the Sun? If not for global circulation systems There would only be two narrow regions that would support life What

More information

Fluid Circulation (Student Mastery Objectives) -The most frequent type of heat transfer of energy in the atmosphere is convection.

Fluid Circulation (Student Mastery Objectives) -The most frequent type of heat transfer of energy in the atmosphere is convection. Fluid Circulation (Student Mastery Objectives) -The most frequent type of heat transfer of energy in the atmosphere is convection. -Differences in density affect the circulation of fluids. Cold air is

More information

Chapter 7: Circulation And The Atmosphere

Chapter 7: Circulation And The Atmosphere Chapter 7: Circulation And The Atmosphere Highly integrated wind system Main Circulation Currents: series of deep rivers of air encircling the planet Various perturbations or vortices (hurricanes, tornados,

More information

Atmospheric Circulation. Recall Vertical Circulation

Atmospheric Circulation. Recall Vertical Circulation Today s topics: Atmospheric circulation: generation of wind patterns on a rotating Earth Seasonal patterns of climate: Monsoons and Sea Breezes Tropical Cyclones: Hurricanes and typhoons Atmospheric Circulation

More information

Review for the second quarter. Mechanisms for cloud formation

Review for the second quarter. Mechanisms for cloud formation Review for the second quarter Mechanisms for cloud formation 1 Rising air expands and cools; Sinking air compresses and warms. (18) (24) Dry adiabatic lapse rate (10 o C/km): the rate of temperature decrease

More information

3 Global Winds and Local Winds

3 Global Winds and Local Winds CHAPTER 6 3 Global Winds and Local Winds SECTION The Atmosphere BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What causes wind? What is the Coriolis effect?

More information

Lesson: Ocean Circulation

Lesson: Ocean Circulation Lesson: Ocean Circulation By Keith Meldahl Corresponding to Chapter 9: Ocean Circulation As this figure shows, there is a connection between the prevailing easterly and westerly winds (discussed in Chapter

More information

Monday, October 2, Watch for new assessment (Week 4/5 review) TA s have your tests, please see key (at course website)

Monday, October 2, Watch for new assessment (Week 4/5 review) TA s have your tests, please see key (at course website) Monday, October 2, 2017 Watch for new assessment (Week 4/5 review) TA s have your tests, please see key (at course website) Homework 3 Due date Wednesday, Oct 11 (8 pm) Be ready to watch another important

More information

Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation- I

Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation- I Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation- I First: need to understand basic Earth s Energy Balance 1) Incoming radiation 2) Albedo (reflectivity) 3) Blackbody Radiation Atm/ Ocean movement ultimately derives from

More information

CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation

CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 CHAPTER 7 Ocean Circulation Words Ocean currents Moving seawater Surface ocean currents Transfer heat from warmer to cooler areas Similar to pattern of major wind belts

More information

Lornshill Academy. Geography Department Higher Revision Physical Environments - Atmosphere

Lornshill Academy. Geography Department Higher Revision Physical Environments - Atmosphere Lornshill Academy Geography Department Higher Revision Physical Environments - Atmosphere Physical Environments Atmosphere Global heat budget The earth s energy comes from solar radiation, this incoming

More information

ESS15 Lecture 12. Review, tropical oceans & El Nino, and the thermohaline ocean circulation. Please see new reading material on website.

ESS15 Lecture 12. Review, tropical oceans & El Nino, and the thermohaline ocean circulation. Please see new reading material on website. ESS15 Lecture 12 Review, tropical oceans & El Nino, and the thermohaline ocean circulation. Please see new reading material on website. Review. I-clicker exercise: In this graph of Earth s energy imbalances

More information

El Niño Lecture Notes

El Niño Lecture Notes El Niño Lecture Notes There is a huge link between the atmosphere & ocean. The oceans influence the atmosphere to affect climate, but the atmosphere also influences the ocean, which can also affect climate.

More information

Atmospheric Forces and Force Balances METR Introduction

Atmospheric Forces and Force Balances METR Introduction Atmospheric Forces and Force Balances METR 2021 Introduction In this lab you will be introduced to the forces governing atmospheric motions as well as some of the common force balances. A common theme

More information

Global Winds and Local Winds

Global Winds and Local Winds Global Winds and Local Winds National Science Education Standards ES 1j What is the Coriolis effect? What are the major global wind systems on Earth? What Causes Wind? Wind is moving air caused by differences

More information

Lecture 18: El Niño. Atmosphere, Ocean, Climate Dynamics EESS 146B/246B

Lecture 18: El Niño. Atmosphere, Ocean, Climate Dynamics EESS 146B/246B Lecture 18: El Niño Atmosphere, Ocean, Climate Dynamics EESS 146B/246B El Niño Transient equatorial motions: Kelvin and Rossby waves. Positive feedback mechanism associated with air-sea coupling. Atmospheric

More information

Air moves towards ITCZ in tropics because of rising air - convection. Horizontal extent of Hadley cell is modified by Friction Coriolis Force

Air moves towards ITCZ in tropics because of rising air - convection. Horizontal extent of Hadley cell is modified by Friction Coriolis Force Air moves towards ITCZ in tropics because of rising air - convection Horizontal extent of Hadley cell is modified by Friction Coriolis Force Speed from rotation Objects at rest on Earth move at very different

More information

What is Wind? Winds are caused by differences in air pressure. This is horizontal movement of air of high pressure to low pressure. Unequal heating of

What is Wind? Winds are caused by differences in air pressure. This is horizontal movement of air of high pressure to low pressure. Unequal heating of What is Wind? Winds are caused by differences in air pressure. This is horizontal movement of air of high pressure to low pressure. Unequal heating of the atmosphere. Measuring Wind Wind direction is determined

More information

ATS150: Global Climate Change. Oceans and Climate. Icebergs. Scott Denning CSU 1

ATS150: Global Climate Change. Oceans and Climate. Icebergs. Scott Denning CSU 1 The Oceans Wind-Driven Gyre Circulations Icebergs Scott Denning CSU 1 Surface Balance of Forces friction coriolis wind stress resultant current Wind stress accelerates surface water Friction couples surface

More information

Wind is caused by differences in air pressure created by changes in temperature and water vapor content.

Wind is caused by differences in air pressure created by changes in temperature and water vapor content. Topic 8: Weather Notes, Continued Workbook Chapter 8 Wind is caused by differences in air pressure created by changes in temperature and water vapor content. Wind blows from high pressure areas to low

More information

Nevis Hulme Gairloch High School John Smith Invergordon Academy. Gairloch High School / Invergordon Academy

Nevis Hulme Gairloch High School John Smith Invergordon Academy. Gairloch High School / Invergordon Academy Nevis Hulme Gairloch High School John Smith Invergordon Academy 1 Gairloch High School / Invergordon Academy ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION The Three Cell Model Global Winds The ITCZ The purpose of this presentation

More information

Class Notes: Week 10. April 9 th,2019. Topics: Front and Mid-Latitude Wave Cyclones El Niño / La Niña Mid-term 2 review

Class Notes: Week 10. April 9 th,2019. Topics: Front and Mid-Latitude Wave Cyclones El Niño / La Niña Mid-term 2 review Class Notes: Week 10 April 9 th,2019 Topics: Front and Mid-Latitude Wave Cyclones El Niño / La Niña Mid-term 2 review Front- is a boundary between 2 different types of air masses Air masses with different

More information

6.1 Introduction to Weather Weather air mass Weather factors Temperature Pressure What is wind? Wind Convection in the atmosphere Thermals thermal

6.1 Introduction to Weather Weather air mass Weather factors Temperature Pressure What is wind? Wind Convection in the atmosphere Thermals thermal 6.1 Introduction to Weather Weather is a term that describes the condition of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, and water. The major energy source for weather events is

More information

IN THE TABLE OF CONTENTS AND ON THE NEXT CLEAN PAGE, TITLE IT: WIND NOTES WIND!

IN THE TABLE OF CONTENTS AND ON THE NEXT CLEAN PAGE, TITLE IT: WIND NOTES WIND! IN THE TABLE OF CONTENTS AND ON THE NEXT CLEAN PAGE, TITLE IT: WIND NOTES WIND! Wind 8.10A recognize that the Sun provides the energy that drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans, producing

More information

Currents. History. Pressure Cells 3/13/17. El Nino Southern Oscillation ENSO. Teleconnections and Oscillations. Neutral Conditions

Currents. History. Pressure Cells 3/13/17. El Nino Southern Oscillation ENSO. Teleconnections and Oscillations. Neutral Conditions Teleconnections and Oscillations Teleconnection climate anomalies being related to each other over a large scale Oscillations: Macroscale movement of atmospheric systems that can influence weather, climate,

More information

The Ocean is a Geophysical Fluid Like the Atmosphere. The Physical Ocean. Yet Not Like the Atmosphere. ATS 760 Global Carbon Cycle The Physical Ocean

The Ocean is a Geophysical Fluid Like the Atmosphere. The Physical Ocean. Yet Not Like the Atmosphere. ATS 760 Global Carbon Cycle The Physical Ocean The Physical Ocean The Ocean is a Geophysical Fluid Like the Atmosphere Three real forces: Gravity Pressure gradients Friction Two apparent forces: Coriolis and Centrifugal Geostrophic & Hydrostatic balances

More information