Prevailing Winds. The Coriolis Effect
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1 Prevailing Winds 1. Wind: a movement of air in the atmosphere. Bill Nye wind (2 minutes) 2. Local or regional wind: occur in fairly small areas. 3. Prevailing winds: Major wind pattern that affect large areas. The Coriolis Effect an apparent change in the direction of a moving object within a rotating coordinate system. The Earth's rotation creates an apparent force ("Coriolis Effect") that deflects moving air to the RIGHT of it's initial direction in the Northern Hemisphere and to LEFT in the Southern Hemisphere Coriolis effect explained (3 minutes) 1
2 The effect is proportional to wind speed; that is, the deflection increases as wind strengthens. When viewed from a point above the North Pole, Earth rotates eastward or counterclockwise. Objects in the Northern Hemisphere appear to move to the right. coriolis effect demo (2 minutes) Major Wind Patterns and how they are created: They are due to a combination of convection currents and the Earth's rotation. 2
3 1. The Trade Winds: Occur between the equator and 30 0 latitude. The Sun heats up air at the equator causing the hot air to rise, leaving behind an area of LOW pressure. This rising air moves north, cools, becomes more dense and falls around 30 0 latitude. This air moves back towards the equator (low pressure area) producing the TRADE WINDS. This movement twists to the right in the Northern Hemisphere to form the northeast trade winds. They twist left in the southern hemispheresoutheast trade winds. 3
4 2. Mid latitude Westerlies: Occur between 30 0 and 60 0 latitude. At 30 0 latitude some of the warm air from the equatorial convection current meets cold, polar air, creating low pressure around 60 0 latitude. The surface air moving north twists to the right in the northern hemisphere (left in the southern) to form the mid latitude westerlies. 3. Polar Easterlies: Occurs between 60 0 latitude and the poles. Near the poles, the air is cold and dense. This air sinks and moves toward the equator. The Earth's rotation causes this air mass to twist to the right in the N.H (left in the S.) causing easterlies. 4
5 4. Jet Streams: High Altitude, fast moving winds in the troposphere that generally flow from west to east over the mid latitudes. *The Jet Streams separate cold polar air to its north from warmer air to it's south. Jet stream explained (2 minutes) Summary of Wind Patterns: Air pressure gradients, or difference between regions of high and low air pressure, move air in the direction of lowest pressure, creating wind. the larger the air pressure gradient, the greater the wind speed. The coriolis effect also affects wind speed and direction. 5
6 Effects of Prevailing Winds: 1. Distribute large amounts of solar energy from the equator. 2. Return cooler air to the equator 3. Carry moisture. 4. Cool falling air is dry, creating desert like conditions at 30 0 latitude. 5. At 60 0 mixed systems rise creating unsettling conditions. Equator North Pole 6
7 Page 509 # 1 4 Page 519 # 1(c),2,4 Major Ocean Currents (Pages ) ** See Figure 1, Page 525 which shows the major Ocean Currents of the world NASA: The Ocean (6 mins) 7
8 Winds 2013 sci 1206.notebook Causes of Ocean Currents: 1. Convection Currents Water at the equator absorbs direct, intense sun rays and becomes heated Warm water is less dense than cold water moves away from the equator and towards the poles Warm water is replaced by cold water (originating from polar regions) This starts a convection current 2.Prevailing Winds and the Coriolis Effect Currents tend to follow the prevailing winds blowing at the surface 8
9 3.Earth s Rotation Because of Earth s eastward rotation, currents on the west side of oceans (east side of a continent) tend to be narrow and fast moving Currents on the east side of oceans (west side of a continent) tend to be wide and slow moving 4.Shapes of the Continents When currents encounter a landmass, they are deflected away from the path produced by prevailing winds Exception: Antarctic Circumpolar Current 5.Heat Capacity of Water Oceans as huge heat sinks; they heat up slowly and cool down slowly 9
10 5. Amount of Salt When ocean water evaporates, salt is left behind The remaining water is more dense The dense seawater sinks, creating a deep water current NASA: Ocean Currents Affect Salinity (5 mins) Effects of Ocean Currents: General Rule: The warmer a body of air, the greater its ability to hold moisture 1.Creation of Rain Forests Warm currents heat the air above them This increases the air s ability to carry moisture Creates rain forests on the east side of continents Ex: Brazilian rainforest on the east side of South America 10
11 2.Creation of Deserts Cold currents cool the air above them This decreases the air s ability to hold moisture Creates deserts of the west side of continents Ex: Atacama desert in Peru on the west side of South America 3.Moderation of Temperature Coastal areas = cooler summers, milder winters than inland areas at the same latitude This is known as the moderating effect of the ocean (prevents extremes in temperature) Ex: St. John s is warmer in winter than Ottawa (same latitude) because of the warm, moist air brought by the Gulf Stream 11
12 Page 527 #s 1(a) (c), 3,5,6,7 12
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