Anchoring Is Important

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Gwenda Malone
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1 BCC Sailing Classes - Third Theory Anchoring Anchoring Is Important 1

2 The Anchor is your last resort. Anchoring Keep off a lee shore. Needs to be shaped (type of anchor) to bury in the type of bottom for the area. Needs to be light enough to be lifted aboard. When on vacation, either chartering or on your own boat, you will anchor for the evening, if the boat starts to drag, the chances are great, you will be asleep. Many charter companies want you to use mooring buoys, not anchors. Most cruising boats carry multiple anchors. Usually different types and weights. Chartering and Anchoring You will not know there is a problem until you are on the lee shore. If you discover you are dragging anchor, increase scope. Use the dive bag trick. 2

4 Prerequisites to a Good Anchorage 1. Protection from current weather, forecasted weather and traffic. 2. Room to swing (360 degrees). 3. Proper depth of water. 4.

3 4 Prerequisites to a Good Anchorage 1. Protection from current weather, forecasted weather and traffic. 2. Room to swing (360 degrees). 3. Proper depth of water. 4. Type of bottom (sand, mud not weeds). General Types of Anchors Cement Blocks (or any kind of weight). Burying anchors (A, B, C, D). Shanks and flukes bury. Hooking anchors (B, E). Bite more quickly and may require less scope. 3

4 Using A Weight As An Anchor (1) Using A Weight As An Anchor (2) 4

5 The Proper Anchoring Diagram Match The Type Of Anchor To The Type Of Bottom You Will Be Anchoring In 5

6 Burying Anchors Danforth Style Anchor Anchors With Wide Flukes Will Not Go Through Weeds Probably the most common anchor style. Holds extremely well especially in mud or sand. Inexpensive. Many copies available. Most copies not worth the $. Does not work in weeds, grass or soft mud! 6

7 The Plow Bury the shank so will not foul anchor rode. Point will punch through hard ground. Very good anchor with a pivoting shank. The Bruce No pivot on the shank. Can easily get stuck around something on the bottom. Notice the permanent attachment for the trip line. 7

8 A Trip Line Used Any Time You Suspect A Problem Raising The Anchor Mushroom Style Used for permanent moorings. Works its way deeper and deeper. 8

9 Hooking Style Anchors Fisherman Style Northhill Style All Hooking anchors are designed to punch through any bottom type. One fluke will always sit proud on the bottom. If boat rotates 360 degrees, the anchor rode could snag on the exposed fluke. 9

10 Navy Style Designed to drag. Other Anchors Not recommended. 10

11 What Is Scope The single most important part of anchoring. Total length of anchor rode as a ratio to the depth of water. 7:1 in an area where the water depth is 10 ft. would mean you would need 70 ft of line. Always calculate for what the predicted high tide will be. Remember to add the amount of freeboard of the vessel. General guidelines are; Lunch hook - 3:1 Overnight - 5:1 to 7:1 (7:1 is better if you have the swing room) The downfall, the longer the scope, the greater the swing room requirement. Scope & Swing Room Wind Direction Boat A can not anchor in this spot. If the wind was to shift 180, the boat would be aground. A B C 11

12 Scope & Swing Room Boat A is now positioned to allow it to swing a full 360 and not run aground. But what about the other boats?? Wind Direction B A C Scope & Swing Room All the boats will swing together, so there should be no issues with the spacing of the boats. If the boats are vastly different in configuration, there could be issues that you will need to plan for. Wind Direction B A C 12

13 The Proper Anchoring Diagram The first boat at an anchorage has the rights. The Effect of Chain Keeps the stock of the anchor pulling flat along the bottom. Acts as a shock absorber: When a wave hits the boat, the boat surges back, which lifts the chain off the ocean floor. After the wave passes, the chain settles back down to the ocean floor, returning the boat to it s original position. Prevents chafe of anchor rode. Decreases scope. 13

14 Picking Up A Mooring Ball 1. Approach the mooring from downwind. 2. Have someone ready with something to snag the pennant with. 3. Practice hand signals ahead of time, so that the person on the bow can guide the boat to the mooring. 4. Attach to the bow cleat. 5. If you miss it the first time, go around and try a second time. BCC Sailing Classes - Third Theory Navigation 14

15 BCC Sailing Classes - Third Theory Chart Symbols We Are Going To Use Chart

16 Items Required For Basic (Coastal) Navigation A Compass. Navigation charts. Timekeeping Device. Parallel Rules (or Rolling Ruler) & Dividers. Compass Parallel Rules Rolling Rules Dividers Two Most Important Items To Notice On A Chart Soundings What are the depths measured in. Projection either Mercator of Polyconic. 16

Average low water (averaged daily in the US), over 18 + years. A solar year is 18 + earth years long.

17 Two Most Important Items To Notice On A Chart Soundings: Feet Fathoms (1 fathom = 6 feet) Meters (all the rest of the world) Projection: Mercator Polyconic. Depths All depths are relative to Datum. Average low water (averaged daily in the US), over 18 + years. A solar year is 18 + earth years long. Areas that share a common depth are connected with a line. Areas to one side of the line are shallower, the other deeper. 17

For distance measurements, one minute of latitude = 1 nautical mile (6076 ft) ( multiplying factor 1.15 statute miles).

18 Two Types of Projection Mercator Projection Think of the earth being placed inside a tube of paper, a light from inside the globe shines an image of the earth on to the sheet of paper. For distance measurements, one minute of latitude = 1 nautical mile (6076 ft) ( multiplying factor 1.15 statute miles). Two Types of Projection (2) Polyconic Projection Used mostly for air navigation, since the scale is usually very large, the flat paper looks like the earth. For distance measurements -use the scale provided. 18

Every country has a Chart #1. The index and position of each symbol is the same for every country. To download a current (free) copy of the U.S. Chart No.1. www.nauticalcharts.noaa.

19 Every country has a Chart #1. The index and position of each symbol is the same for every country. To download a current (free) copy of the U.S. Chart No.1. /mcd/chartno1.htm Chart # 1 Rocks Rocks less than 6 ft. below datum. Rocks awash at Datum Rocks that cover and uncover with tidal flow. Rocks above high water all the time (Islands)..... ( 6) 28 19

20 Nature of the Seabed Rocky bottom Sandy bottom Clay bottom R S Cl Kelp Shipwrecks Wreck with some structure showing. Wreck depth unknown. Direction of Flood Tidal Current. Direction of Ebb Tidal Current. 20

21 On the Martha s Vineyard To Block Island Chart go to the following Area 21

22 Traffic Separation Scheme Used By Large Ships All ships stay to the right. BCC Sailing Classes - Third Theory Navigation Light Patterns 22

23 Lit Beacons Visible day or night. To be able to distinguish between the lights, each light has a unique characteristic. The default time of a flash is every 4 seconds. The default color is white. Light Patterns Whenever you are given a time for a light characteristic, it is always the period of the characteristic. The length of time from the start of one repetitive sequence to the start of the next repetitive sequence. Example: An 4s. equal interval light (on for the same length of time as off) will be on for seconds and off for seconds. 23

To See An Example Of Light Patterns Go to: www.elearntosail.

24 To See An Example Of Light Patterns Go to: Lessons Navigation Light Patterns Location Dropdown Pattern Dropdown Light Patterns Flashing Symbol - Fl The light flashes once in a given period of time. Fl G 4s Flashing Green, once every 4 seconds

25 Light Patterns Group Flashing Symbol Fl (2) The light flashes multiple times (at the start) in a given period of time. Fl (2) R 10s Flashing Red, twice every 10 seconds Quick Flashing Light Patterns Quick Flashing Symbol - Q Flashing, once every second

26 Light Patterns Isopheric Symbol - Iso Isopheric the old symbol was Equal Interval. Light is on for the same time that it is off. Iso 4s Light Patterns Occulting Symbol - Oc Occulting. Light is on for longer than it is off. The opposite of flashing Oc 5s

27 Light Patterns Morse (A) Symbol Mo (A) Always located on a mid-channel buoy. Light is always white. Typically a 6 second period Light Patterns Composite Lights Symbol Fl R (2+1) Always located in a situation where the channel splits between a primary & secondary channel. Light is always either red or green. Typically a 6 second period

28 Light Patterns Fixed Symbol F The light remains on all the time. Typically used with another light as a combination of lights. Get Your Cadence Count to 10 seconds without looking at your watch. How accurate were you? You need to be able to count the seconds, watch the light and drive the boat all at the same time. 28

29 BCC Sailing Classes - Third Theory Navigation Lights How Used The Americas We Are Going To Use Chart

30 On the Martha s Vineyard To Block Island Chart Go to the following Area On the Martha s Vineyard To Block Island Chart - Note the Following G 1 Wrecks Fl R 2.5s 30ft 6M 8 F G 27 ft. 11M 3 30

31 Light Patterns Fl G 5 sec 67ft 20M Horn Flashing Green, once every 5 seconds, 67 feet above high water, visible for 20 nominal miles, with a horn as a fog signal

Navigation Buoy Standards (U.S.) Red Right Returning When returning to harbor, keep the red lights to the right. Red buoys are assigned even numbers, green odd.

32 Navigation Buoy Standards (U.S.) Red Right Returning When returning to harbor, keep the red lights to the right. Red buoys are assigned even numbers, green odd. Day Beacons (Unlit Buoys) Can be anything from a floating (colored) stake in the water with no symbols to a post with a red triangle (starboard side) or a green square (Port side). Green Port Day Marker Red Starboard Day Marker 32

In a traffic separation scheme, the mid channel buoy will separate the inbound and outbound traffic.

33 Mid Channel Buoys (Safewater) Historically known as a Mid Channel buoy, is now called a Safewater buoy. Has vertical stripes Will flash a Mo (A) white light. Will have letters on the buoy, not numbers. In a traffic separation scheme, the mid channel buoy will separate the inbound and outbound traffic. Bifurcation Buoys Separates the channel into a primary and secondary channel. Is colored both red and green horizontal stripes. The primary channel is typically deeper, heavier travelled and with fewer navigational hazards. 33

34 Standards for the Lateral System Standard Lateral buoys - Solid colors are on each side of the channel. Starboard buoys are red, cone shaped (pointed) and evenly numbered. Port hand buoys are green, square and odd numbered. Mid Channel (Safewater) buoys have vertical stripes. Always have letters as identifying markers. Flash a Mo (A). Bifurcation buoys (two colored horizontal coloring), indicate a buoy. Top color indicates the primary channel (deeper, wider, more travelled). Use second color for the secondary channel. Will always have a composite light characteristic. On the Martha s Vineyard To Block Island Chart Go to the following Area 34

35 Light Patterns Fl G 6s 35ft 5M 3 Horn Flashing green, once every 6 seconds, 35 feet above high water, visible for 5 nominal miles, has the number 3 painted on it, with a fog horn Fl R 4s 40ft 5M 2 Flashing red, once every 4 seconds, 40 feet above high water, visible for 5 nominal miles, has the number 2 painted on it, with a fog horn. Light Patterns

36 On the Martha s Vineyard To Block Island Chart Go to the following Area 36

37 Range Lights 37

38 Columbia River Chart Note the following: 1. Mid Channel Buoy 2. Entrance range 3. Bifurcation Buoy 4. Preferred Channel 5. Secondary Channel 38

39 39

40 BCC Sailing Classes - Third Theory Tides & Tidal Currents Tides & Tidal Currents Tides are the vertical rise and fall of the water. Tidal Currents are the horizontal flow that is caused by the vertical rise and fall. 40

41 Tides & Currents Tide Tables 41

42 Why Tidal Currents There are three factors that govern the amount of tidal current. Height of tide. Time between high and low tides Ratio of size of channel to area behind it. Current Tables 42

Chart Features Maritime maps and Admiralty charts have these features:

Chart Features Maritime maps and Admiralty charts have these features: Introduction to Charts A chart or map of the area is an important safety item to carry on board. It allows the Master to obtain knowledge of the area to be travelled, and indicates the navigable channels