Chapter 22. Gas Exchange. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen
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1 Chapter 22 Gas Exchange ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﺑﺎب اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﻌﺷرون PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen
2 MECHANISMS OF GAS EXCHANGE ت ا ی ل آ ل د ا ب ت ت ا ز ا غ ل ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
3 22.1 Overview: Gas exchange in an animal with lungs involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells مراجعة شاملة : ت ب ا د ل ا ل غ ا ز ا ت ف ي ا ل ح ی و ا ن ا ت ذ ا ت ا ل ر ي ة ی ت ض م ن ا ل ت ن ف س, ن ق ل ا ل غ ا ز ا ت, و ت ب ا د ل ھ ا م ع خ لا ی ا ا لا ن س ج ة م ر ا ح ل ت ب ا د ل ا ل غ ا ز ا ت Three phases of gas exchange Breathing ا ل ت ن ف س Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood ا ل د م ف ي ا ل ك ر ب و ن ا ك س د ث ا ن ي و ا لا ك س ج ی ن ن ق ل Body tissues take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide ا م ت ص ا ص ا ل ج س م ا ن س ج ة ا ل ك ر ب و ن ا ك س د ث ا ن ي م ن ا ل ت خ ل ص و ل لا ك س ج ی ن Cellular respiration requires a continuous supply of oxygen and the disposal of carbon dioxide م س ت م ر ت ز و ی د ا ل خ ل و ي ا ل ت ن ف س ی ت ط ل ب ب ا لا ك س ج ی ن ا ل ك ر ب و ن ا ك س د ث ا ن ي م ن و ا ل ت خ ل ص Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
4 22.2 Animals exchange O 2 and CO 2 across moist body surfaces م س ج ل ل ة ب ط ر ل ا ح و ط س ل ا ر ب ع ن و ب ر ك ل ا د ی س ك ا ي ن ا ث و ن ی ج س ك لا ا ت ا ن ا و ی ح ل ا ل د ا ب ت ت Respiratory surfaces must be thin and moist for diffusion of O 2 and CO 2 ي غ ب ن ی ح و ط س ل ل ة ی س ف ن ت ل ا ن ا ن و ك ت ة ق ی ق ر ة ب ط ر و ر ا ش ت ن لا ن ی ج س ك لا ا ي ن ا ث و د ی س ك ا ن و ب ر ك ل ا ا ھ ر ب ع Earthworms and other animals use their skin for gas exchange م د خ ت س ت ن ا د ی د ض ر لا ا ض ع ب و ت ا ن ا و ی ح ل ا ى ر خ لا ا د ل ج ل ا م ا ی ق ل ل ة ی ل م ع ب ل د ا ب ت ت ا ز ا غ ل ا Most animals have specialized body parts that promote gas exchange ك ل ت م ت م ظ ع م ت ا ن ا و ی ح ل ا ء ا ز ج ا ة ص ص خ ت م م س ج ل ا ب م و ق ت ة ی ل م ع ب ل د ا ب ت ت ا ز ا غ ل ا Gills in fish and amphibians ت ا ی ي ا م ر ب ل ا و ك ا م س لا ا ي ف م ی ش ا ی خ ل ا Tracheal systems in arthropods ل ج ر لا ا ت ا ی ل ص ف م ي ف ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ت ا ب ص ق ل ا ة ز ھ ج ا Lungs in tetrapods that live on land ة س ب ا ی ل ا ى ل ع ش ی ع ت ي ت ل ا ل ج ر لا ا ت ا ی ع ا ب ر ي ف ن ی ت ي ر ل ا Amphibians ت ا ی ي ا م ر ب ل ا Reptiles ف ح ا و ز ل ا Birds ر و ی ط ل ا Mammals ت ا ی د ث ل ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
5 22.3 Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments ة ی ي ا م ل ا ت ا ي ی ب ل ا ي ف ت ا ز ا غ ل ا ل د ا ب ت ل ة ف ی ك ت م م ی ش ا ی خ ل ا Gills م ی ش ا ی خ ل ا Are extensions of the body م س ج ل ا ح ط س ل ت ا د د م ت Increase surface to volume ratio م ج ح ل ا ى ل ا ح ط س ل ا ة ب س ن ن م د ی ز ت Increase surface area for gas exchange ت ا ز ا غ ل ا ل د ا ب ت ح ط س ة ح ا س م د ی ز ت Oxygen absorbed ن ی ج س ك لا ا ص ا ص ت م ا Carbon dioxide released ن و ب ر ك ل ا د س ك ا ي ن ا ث د ر ط In a fish, gas exchange is enhanced by ز ز ع ی ل د ا ب ت ت ا ز ا غ ل ا ي ف ك ا م س لا ا : ي ل ا ت ل ا ب Ventilation of the gills (moving water past the gills) ة ی و ھ ت م ی ش ا ی خ ل ا ك ی ر ح ت ) ء ا م ل ا ا د ی ع ب ن ع م ی ش ا ی خ ل ا Countercurrent flow of water and blood ( ق ف د ت ر ا ی ت ل ا س ك ا ع م ل ا ن م ء ا م ل ا م د ل ا و Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
6 Gill Arch ق و س خ ی ش و م ي Direction of water flow د م غ ن ي ب ا لا ك س ج ی ن Oxygen-rich blood Blood vessels أ و ع ی ة د م و ی ة د م ی ق ت ق ر ل لا ك س ج ی ن Oxygen-poor blood Lamella ص ف ا ي ح Gill Arch ق و س خ ی ش و م ي ا ت ج ا ه س ر ی ا ن Operculum ا ل م ا ء (gill cover) غ ط ا ء ا ل خ ی ا ش ی م Water flow between lamellae م ا ء ی م ر خ لا ل ل ش ع ی ر ا ت ل د م و ی حق ي ا ةا ا ل ص ف ا ي Blood flow through capillaries in lamella م ا ء ی م ر ب ی ن ا ل ص ف ا ي ح Countercurrent exchange Gill filaments The structure of fish gills ت ر ك ی ب خ ی ا ش ی م ا ل س م ك Diffusion of O 2 from water to blood خ ی و ط خ ی ش و م ی ة Water flow, showing % O Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O 2
7 22.4 The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells م س ج ل ا ا ی لا خ و ء ا و ھ ل ا ن ی ب ر ش ا ب م ل د ا ب ت ت ا ر ش ح ل ا ي ف ت ا ب ص ق ل ا ز ا ھ ج ر ف و ی Compared to water, using air to breathe has two big advantages, ة ن ر ا ق م ء ا م ل ا ب م ا د خ ت س ا ء ا و ھ ل ا س ف ن ت ل ل ھ ل ن ی ت د ي ا ف ن ی ت م ی ظ ع Air contains higher concentrations of O2 ن ی ج س ك لا ا ن م ر ب ك ا ت ا ز ی ك ر ت ى ل ع ء ا م ل ا ي و ت ح ی Air is lighter and easier to move ة ك ر ح ل ا ي ف ل ھ س أ و ف خ ا ء ا و ھ ل ا Air-breathing animals lose water through their respiratory surfaces د ق ف ت ت ا ن ا و ی ح ل ا ي ت ل ا س ف ن ت ت ء ا و ھ ل ا ء ا م ل ا ن م ل لا خ ح و ط س ا ھ م ا س ج ا ة ی س ف ن ت ل ا Insect tracheal systems use tiny branching tubes م د خ ت س ت ة ز ھ ج لا ا ة ی ب ص ق ل ا ت ا ر ش ح ل ل ب ی ب ا ن ا ة ق ی ق د ة ع ر ف ت م This reduces water loss ه ا ی م ل ا ن ا د ق ف ن م ل ل ق ی ا ذ ھ و Air is piped directly to cells ا ی لا خ ل ا ى ل ا ة ر ش ا ب م ء ا و ھ ل ا خ ض ی Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
8 ة ی ي ا و ھ س ا ی ك ا Air sacs ة ی ي ا و ھ ت ا ب ص ق Tracheae ة ح ت ف ء ا و ھ ل ا Opening for air The tracheal system of an insect. ة ر ش ح ل ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ت ا ب ص ق ل ا ز ا ھ ج م س ج ل ا Body cell Tracheole O 2 ر ا د ج ة ب ص ق م س ج ل ا س ی ك ي ي ا و ھ ة ی ي ا و ھ ة ی ل خ ي ف ة ب ی ص ق ة ی ي ا و ھ CO 2 Air sac Trachea Body wall
9 22.5 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The evolution of lungs facilitated the movement of tetrapods onto land ر ا ب ط ة تطویریة : سھولة ح ی ا ة ا ل ك ا ي ن ا ت ر ب ا ع ی ة ا لا ط ر ا ف ع ل ى ا ل ی ا ب س ة ی ت ط ل ب ا ل ت ن ف س ب ا ل ر ي ت ی ن Tetrapods seem to have evolved in shallow water ر ب ا ع ی ة ا ل ك ا ي ن ا ت ا ن ی ب د و ا ل ض ح ل ة ا ل م ی ا ه ف ي ح ی ا ت ھ ا ب د أ ت ا لا ط ر ا ف The first tetrapods on land diverged into three major lineages ت ف ر ع ت ر ب ا ع ی ا ت ا لا ط ر ا ف ر ي ی س ی ة ا ف ر ع ث لا ث ة ا ل ى ا لا و ا ي ل Amphibians use small lungs and their body surfaces ت س ت خ د م ا ل ب ر م ا ي ی ا ت ري ات صغیرة ا ل ج س م س ط ح ع م و م ا ل ى ب ا لا ض ا ف ة Nonbird reptiles have lower metabolic rates and simpler lungs ب س ی ط ة ر ي ا ت و م ن خ ف ض ة ا ی ض ی ة م ع د لا ت ا ل ط ا ي ر ة غ ی ر ا ل ز و ا ح ف ت م ت ل ك Birds and mammals have higher metabolic rates and more complex lungs ر ي ا ت و ع ا ل ی ة ا ی ض ی ة م ع د لا ت ا ل ث د ی ا ت و ا ل ط ی و ر ت م ت ل ك ا ك ث ر ت ع ق ی د ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
10 22.6 In the human respiratory system, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity ف ي ج ھ ا ز ا ل ت ن ف س ا ل ب ش ر ي, ت ن ق ل ا لا ن ا ب ی ب ا ل م ت ف ر ع ة ا ل ھ و ا ء ا ل ى ا ل ر ي ت ی ن ف ي ا ل ت ج و ی ف ا ل ص د ر ي ف ي In mammals, air is inhaled through the nostrils into the nasal cavity ا لا ن ف ي ا ل ت ج و ی ف ا ل ى ا لا ن ف ی ة ا ل ف ت ح ا ت ع ب ر ا ل ھ و ا ء ی س ت ن ش ق, ا ل ث د ی ا ت Air is filtered by hairs and mucus surfaces ) م ن ا ل ھ و ا ء ی ر ش ح ا ل ع و ا ل ق ( عن طریق ا لا س ط ح و ا ل ش ع ر ا ل م خ ا ط ی ة Air is warmed and moisturized ا ل ھ و ا ء و ت ر ط ی ب ت د ف ي ة ت م Air is sampled for odors ا ج ل م ن ا ل ھ و ا ء ف ر ز ی ت م ت م ی ی ز ا ل ر و ا ي ح Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
11 ي ف 22.6 In the human respiratory system, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity ز ا ھ ج س ف ن ت ل ا, ي ر ش ب ل ا ل ق ن ت ب ی ب ا ن لا ا ة ع ر ف ت م ل ا ء ا و ھ ل ا ى ل ا ن ی ت ي ر ل ا ي ف ف ی و ج ت ل ا ي ر د ص ل ا From the nasal cavity, air next passes ن م ف ی و ج ت ل ا ي ف ن لا ا ر م ی ء ا و ھ ل ا ي ل ا ت ل ا ب To the pharynx م و ع ل ب ل ا ى ل ا Then larynx, past the vocal cords ة ی ت و ص ل ا ل ا ب ح لا ا ب ر ا م ة ر ج ن ح ل ا ى ل ا م ث Into the trachea, held open by cartilage rings م ث ى ل ا ت ا ب ص ق ل ا ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ي ت ل ا ى ق ب ت ة ح و ت ف م ت ا ق ل ح ب ة ی ف و ر ض غ Into the paired bronchi ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ب ع ش ل ا ى ل ا Into bronchioles ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ت ا ب ی ع ش ل ا ى ل ا And finally to the alveoli, grapelike clusters of air sacs, where gas exchange occurs, ا ر ی خ أ ى ل ا ت لا ص ی و ح ل ا, ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ي ت ل ا ھ ب ش ت د و ق ن ع ن م س ا ی ك لا ا ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ث ی ح ث د ح ی ت ا ز ا غ ل ا ل د ا ب ت Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
12 Pharynx م و ع ل ب ل ا (Esophagus) Larynx ء ي ر م ل ا ة ر ج ن ح ل ا Trachea ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ة ب ص ق ل ا ي ن غ م د ن ی ج س ك لا ا ب Oxygen-rich blood Bronchiole ت ا ب ی ع ش Nasal cavity Left lung ر ق ت ف ی م د ن ی ج س ك لا ل Oxygen-poor blood Alveoli ت لا ص ی و ح ى ر س ی ل ا ة ي ر ل ا Right lung ى ن م ی ل ا ة ي ر ل ا Bronchus ب ع ش ل ا Bronchiole ت ا ب ی ع ش ل ا Blood Capillaries ة ی و م د ت ا ر ی ع ش Diaphragm (Heart) ب ل ق ل ا ز ج ا ح ل ا ب ا ج ح ل ا The anatomy of the human respiratory system (left) and details of the structure of alveoli (right) ) ( ح ی ر ش ت ز ا ھ ج ل ا ي س ف ن ت ل ا ي ف ن ا س ن لا ا ى ل ا ) ر ا س ی ل ا و ل ی ص ا ف ت ب ی ك ر ت ت لا ص ی و ح ل ا ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ى ل ا ( ن ی م ی ل ا
13 22.6 In the human respiratory system, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity ي ف ن ی ت ي ر ل ا ى ل ا ء ا و ھ ل ا ة ع ر ف ت م ل ا ب ی ب ا ن لا ا ل ق ن ت, ي ر ش ب ل ا س ف ن ت ل ا ز ا ھ ج ي ف ي ر د ص ل ا ف ی و ج ت ل ا Alveoli are well adapted for gas exchange ت لا ص ی و ح ل ا ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ة ی ل ا ع ف ی ك ت ل ا ة ی ل م ع ل ل د ا ب ت ت ا ز ا غ ل ا High surface area of capillaries ة ی و م د ل ا ت ا ر ی ع ش ل ل ة ی ل ا ع ل ا ح ط س ل ا ة ح ا س م High surface area of alveoli ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ت لا ص ی و ح ل ل ة ی ل ا ع ل ا ح ط س ل ا ة ح ا س م In alveoli ي ف ت لا ص ی و ح ل ا ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا O 2 diffuses into the blood م د ل ا ى ل ا ن ی ج س ك لا ا ر ش ت ن ی CO 2 diffuses out of the blood م د ل ا ج ر ا خ ن و ب ر ك ل ا د ی س ك ا ي ن ا ث د ر ط ی Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
14 22.7 CONNECTION: Smoking is a serious assault on the respiratory system ي س ف ن ت ل ا ز ا ھ ج ل ا ى ل ع ن ی ع ل ر ط خ ن ی خ د ت ل ا : ة ی ق ی ب ط ت ة ط ب ا ر Mucus and cilia in the respiratory passages ط ا خ م ل ا ب ا د ھ لا ا و ة د و ج و م ل ا ي ف ت ا ر م م ل ا ة ی س ف ن ت ل ا Protect the lungs ن ی ت ي ر ل ا ي م ح ت Can be damaged by smoking ن ی خ د ت ل ا ب ف ل ت ت ن ا ن ك م ی Without healthy cilia, smokers must cough to clear dirty mucus from the trachea ة د ی ج ة ح ص ي ف ب ا د ھ لا ا ن و ك ت ن أ ن و د ب و ن م ن ی خ د ت ل ا ب خ س ت م ل ا ط ا خ م ل ا ف ی ظ ن ت ل ج ا ى ل ع ن و ن خ د م ل ا ر ب ج ی ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا ة ب ص ق ل ا ل ا ع س ل ا ن م Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
15 22.7 CONNECTION: Smoking is a serious assault on the respiratory system ي س ف ن ت ل ا ز ا ھ ج ل ا ى ل ع ن ی ع ل ر ط خ ن ی خ د ت ل ا : ة ی ق ی ب ط ت ة ط ب ا ر Smoking can cause ن ی خ د ت ل ا ب ب س ی ن ا ن ك م ی Lung cancer ة ي ر ل ا ن ا ط ر س Heart disease ب ل ق ل ا ض ا ر م ا Emphysema س ف ن ت ل ا ق ی ض Smoking also ا ض ی ا ن ی خ د ت ل ا Increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes ت ا ط ل ج ل ا و ب ل ق ل ا ت ا ب و ن د ی ز ی Raises blood pressure م د ل ا ط غ ض ن م ع ف ر ی Increases harmful types of cholesterol ة ر ا ض ل ا ل و ر ت س ل ك ل ا ع ا و ن لا ض ر ع ت ل ا ن م د ی ز ی Every year in USA, smoking kills about 440,000 people, which is more than all deaths from accidents, alcohol, drug abuse, HIV, and murders combined ن ی خ د ت ل ا ل ت ق ی ث د ا و ح ل ا ن م ق و ف ی ا ذ ھ و ة د ح ت م ل ا ت ا ی لا و ل ا ي ف ا ی و ن س ص خ ش ي ل ا و ح ت لا ا ی ت غ لا ا و ز د ی لا ا و ت ا ر د خ م ل ا ى ل ع ن ا م د لا ا و ل و ح ك ل ا ي ط ا ع ت, ت و م ل ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
16 ا ل ر ي ة Lung ا ل ق ل ب Heart Healthy lungs ري تان سلیمة cancerous lungs ر ي ت ا ن م ص ا ب ة ب ا ل س ر ط ا ن
17 22.8 Negative pressure breathing ventilates our lungs ا ل ت ن ف س ب ا ل ض غ ط ا ل س ل ب ي ی ع م ل ع ل ى ت ھ و ی ة ا ل ر ي ت ی ن Breathing is the alternate inhalation and exhalation ا ل ت ن ف س ھ و تعاقب شھیق و ز ف ی ر ا ل ھ و ا ء ) ا ل ت ھ و ی ة ( (ventilation) of air ی ح د ث ا ل ش ھ ی ق ع ن د م ا Inhalation occurs when ی ت م د د ) ی ت س ع ( ا ل ق ف ص ا ل ص د ر ي The rib cage expands ی ن خ ف ض ا ل ح ج ا ب ا ل ح ا ج ز The diaphragm moves downward ی ن خ ف ض ا ل ض غ ط ح و ل ا ل ر ي ة The pressure around lungs decreases And air is drawn into the respiratory tract ا ل م م ر ا ت ا ل ى ا ل ھ و ا ء ی س ح ب ا ل ت ن ف س ی ة Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
18 22.8 Negative pressure breathing ventilates our lungs ن ی ت ي ر ل ا ة ی و ھ ت ى ل ع ل م ع ی ي ب ل س ل ا ط غ ض ل ا ب س ف ن ت ل ا Exhalation occurs when ا م د ن ع ر ی ف ز ل ا ث د ح ی The rib cage contracts ض ب ق ن ی ق ی ض ی ) ص ف ق ل ا ي ر د ص ل ا ( The diaphragm moves upward ع ف ت ر ی ب ا ج ح ل ا ز ج ا ح ل ا ى ل ا ى ل ع ا The pressure around the lungs increases د ا د ز ی ط غ ض ل ا ل و ح ن ی ت ي ر ل ا And air is forced out of the respiratory tract د ر ط ی و ء ا و ھ ل ا ج ر ا خ ت ا ر م م ل ا ة ی س ف ن ت ل ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
19 ی ت ح ر ك( ی ت ح ر ك( Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract Air inhaled Lung Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax ی ن ك م ش ا ل ق ف ص ا ل ص د ر ي ب ا ر ت خ ا ء ا ل ع ض لا ت ا س ت ن ش ا ق ا ل ھ و ا ء ا ل ر ي ة Air exhaled ز ف ی ر ا ل ھ و ا ء ی ت س ع ا ل ق ف ص ا ل ص د ر ي ب ا ن ق ب ا ض ا ل ع ض لا ت Diaphragm ا ل ح ج ا ب ا ل ح ا ج ز Diaphragm contracts (moves down) Inhalation ا ر ت خ ا ء ز ف ی ر ا ل ح ج ا ب ا ل ح ا ج ز ا ل ى ا ع ل ى ( ش ھ ی ق ا ن ق ب ا ض ا ل ح ج ا ب ا ل ح ا ج ز ا ل ى ا س ف ل ( Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Exhalation Negative pressure breathing draws air into the lungs. ا ل ت ن ف س ب ا ل ض غ ط ا ل س ل ب ي ی س ح ب ا ل ھ و ا ء ا ل ى ا ل ر ي ت ی ن
20 22.9 Breathing is automatically controlled ة ی ك ی ت ا م و ت و ا ة ق ی ر ط ب س ف ن ت ل ا ي ف م ك ح ت ل ا م ت ی Breathing is usually under automatic control ة د ا ع ا م م ت ی س ف ن ت ل ا ة ق ی ر ط ب م ك ح ت ل ا ي ك ی ت ا م و ت و لا ا Breathing control centers in the brain sense and respond to CO 2 levels in the blood ة د و ج و م ل ا س ف ن ت ل ا ب م ك ح ت ل ا ز ك ا ر م ا ھ ل ب ی ج ت س ت و م د ل ا ي ف ن و ب ر ك ل ا ي ف غ ا م د ل ا ر ع ش ت س ت ت ا ی و ت س م ي ن ا ث د ی س ك ا A drop in blood ph increases the rate and depth of breathing ض ا ف خ ن ا س لا ا ي ن ی ج و ر د ی ھ ل ا ي ف م د ل ا د ی ز ی ن م ل د ع م ق م ع و س ف ن ت ل ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
21 Brain Cerebrospinal fluid ي خ م ل ا ل ي ا س ل ا ي ك و ش ل ا غ ا م د ل ا 1 Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles Diaphragm Rib muscles ز ك ا ر م ب ی ج ت س ت س ف ن ت ل ا ب م ك ح ت ل ا س لا ا ى ل ا م د ل ل ي ن ی ج و ر د ی ھ ل ا ة ی ب ص ع ل ا ت ا ر ا ش لا ا ت ا ی و ت س م ى ل ع ة ل ا د ل ا ن و ب ر ك ل ا د ی س ك ا ي ن ا ث ن ی ج س ك لا ا و ر س ج خ م ل ا ز ف ح ت ة ی ب ص ع ل ا ت ا ر ا ش لا ا ت لا ض ع ل ا ض ا ب ق ن ا Medulla Pons 2 3 Breathing control centers respond to ph of blood Nerve signals indicating CO 2 and O 2 levels CO 2 and O 2 sensors in aorta ن و ب ر ك ل ا د ی س ك ا ي ن ا ث ت ا س ح م ة ط ر و لا ا ي ف ن ی ج س ك لا ا و ع ا خ ن ل ا ل ی ط ت س م ل ا ب ا ج ح ل ا ت لا ض ع ز ج ا ح ل ا ع و ل ض ل ا Control centers that regulate breathing س ف ن ت ل ا ة ی ل م ع م ظ ن ت ي ت ل ا م ك ح ت ل ا ز ك ا ر م
22 TRANSPORT OF GASES IN THE HUMAN BODY ل ق ن ت ا ز ا غ ل ا ي ف م س ج ن ا س ن لا ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
23 22.10 Blood transports respiratory gases ة ی س ف ن ت ل ا ت ا ز ا غ ل ا ل ق ن ب م د ل ا م و ق ی The heart pumps blood to two regions خ ض ی ب ل ق ل ا م د ل ا ى ل ا ن ی ت ق ط ن م The right side pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs خ ض ی ب ن ا ج ل ا ن م ی لا ا م د ل ا ر ی ق ف ل ا ى ل ا ن ی ج س ك لا ا ى ل ا ن ی ت ي ر ل ا The left side pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body خ ض ی ب ن ا ج ل ا ر س ی لا ا م د ل ا ي ن غ ل ا ن ی ج س ك لا ا ب ى ل ا ة ی ق ب ء ا ز ج ا م س ج ل ا In the lungs, blood picks up O 2 and drops off CO 2 ي ف ن ی ت ي ر ل ا ذ خ ا ی م د ل ا ن ی ج س ك لا ا و د ر ط ی ي ن ا ث د ی س ك ا ن و ب ر ك ل ا In the body tissues, blood drops off O 2 and picks up CO 2 ي ف ة ج س ن ا م س ج ل ا ك ر ت ی م د ل ا ن ی ج س ك لا ا ذ خ ا ی و ي ن ا ث د ی س ك ا ن و ب ر ك ل ا, Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
24 ت ن ت ق ل Blood transports respiratory gases ی ق و م ا ل د م ب ن ق ل ا ل غ ا ز ا ت ا ل ت ن ف س ی ة Gases move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration ا ل ى ا ل ت ر ك ی ز ع ا ل ی ة ا ل م ن ا ط ق م ن ا ل غ ا ز ا ت المناطق منخفضة ا ل ت ر ك ی ز Gases in the alveoli have more O 2 and less CO 2 than gases the blood ا ل غ ا ز ا ت ف ي ا ل ح و ی ص لا ت ا ل ھ و ا ي ی ة ب ھ ا ا ك س ج ی ن ا ك ث ر, و ث ا ن ي ا ك س ی د ا ل ك ر ب و ن ا ق ل م م ا ھ و ف ي ا ل د م O 2 moves from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood ی ت ح ر ك ا لا ك س ج ی ن م ن ا ل ح و ی ص لا ت ا ل ھ و ا ي ی ة ل ل ر ي ت ی ن ا ل ى ا ل د م ی ت ح ر ك CO 2 moves from the blood into the alveoli of the lungs ث ا ن ي ا ك س ی د ا ل ك ر ب و ن م ن ا ل د م ا ل ى ا ل ح و ی ص لا ت ا ل ھ و ا ي ی ة ل ل ر ي ت ی ن The tissues have more CO2 and less O2 than in the blood ا لا ن س ج ة ب ھ ا ث ا ن ي ا ك س ی د ا ل ك ر ب و ن ا ك ث ر و أ ك س ج ی ن ا ق ل م م ا ھ و ف ي ا ل د م CO2 moves from the tissues into the blood ی ت ح ر ك ث ا ن ي ا ك س ی د ا ل ك ر ب و ن م ن ا لا ن س ج ة ا ل ى ا ل د م O2 moves from the blood into the tissues ی ت ح ر ك ا لا ك س ج ی ن م ن ا ل د م ا ل ى ا لا ن س ج ة Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
25 Exhaled air Inhaled air ق ی ھ ش ل ا ء ا و ھ ر ی ف ز ل ا ء ا و ھ ة ی ي لا ط ل ا ا ی لا خ ل ا ت لا ص ی و ح ل ل ة ی ي ا و ھ ل ا Alveolar epithelial cells Air spaces ء ا و ھ ل ا ف ی و ا ج ت CO 2 O 2 CO 2 O 2 Gas transport and exchange in the body. ل ق ن ت ا ز ا غ ل ا ل د ا ب ت و م س ج ل ا ي ف CO 2 -rich, O 2 -poor blood Tissue cells throughout body CO 2 Alveolar capillaries Tissue capillaries CO 2 O 2 O 2 ي ن ا ث ب ي ن غ م د ن و ب ر ك ل ا د ی س ك ا ن ی ج س ك لا ل ر ی ق ف و ا O 2 -rich, CO 2 -poor blood ن ی ج س ك لا ا ب ي ن غ م د د ی س ك ا ي ن ا ث ل ر ی ق ف و ن و ب ر ك ل ا ب ل ق ل ا Heart م د ت ا ر ی ع ش ة ج س ن لا ا ة ج س ن ا ا ی لا خ م س ج ل ا م و م ع Interstitial fluid ن ی ب ل ا ل ي ا س ل ا ي ج ی س ن
26 22.11 Hemoglobin carries O 2, helps transport CO 2, and buffers the blood م د ل ا ل د ا ع ی و ن و ب ر ك ل ا د ی س ك ا ي ن ا ث ل ق ن ي ف د ع ا س ی و ن ی ج س ك لا ا ن ی ب و ل ج و م ی ھ ل ا ل م ح ی Most animals transport O 2 bound to proteins called respiratory pigments م ظ ع م ت ا ن ا و ی ح ل ا ل ق ن ت ن ی ج س ك لا ا ط ب ت ر م ل ا ت ا ن ی ت و ر ب ب ق ل ط ی ا ھ ی ل ع ت ا غ ب ص ل ا ة ی س ف ن ت ل ا Copper-containing pigment in ي ف س ا ح ن ل ا ى ل ع ة ی و ت ح م ل ا ت ا غ ب ص ل ا م د خ ت س ت Mollusca ت ا ی و خ ر ل ا Arthropods ل ج ر لا ا ت ا ی ل ص ف م Iron-containing hemoglobin د ی د ح ل ا ى ل ع ي و ت ح م ل ا ن ی ب و ل ج و م ی ھ ل ا Is used by almost all vertebrates and many invertebrates م د خ ت س ی ي ف م ظ ع م ت ا ی ر ا ق ف ل ا ا ب ی ر ق ت و ي ف د ی د ع ل ا ن م ت ا ی ر ا ق ف لا ل ا Transports oxygen, buffers blood, and transports CO 2 ل ق ن ی ن ی ج س ك لا ا ل د ا ع ی و م د ل ا ا م ك ل ق ن ی ي ن ا ث ن و ب ر ك ل ا د ی س ك ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
27 د ی د ح ة ر ذ Iron atom ل ی م ح ت ل ا ن ی ت ي ر ل ا ي ف O 2 loaded in lungs O 2 Polypeptide chain د ی ت ب ب ل ا د د ع ت م ة ل س ل س O 2 unloaded in tissues ة ج س ن لا ا ي ف غ ی ر ف ت ل ا Heme group م ی ھ ل ا ة ع و م ج م O 2 Hemoglobin loading and unloading of O2. ن ی ج س ك لا ل ن ی ب و ل ج و م ی ھ ل ا غ ی ر ف ت و ل ی م ح ت
28 22.11 Hemoglobin carries O 2, helps transport CO 2, and ل م ح ی ن ی ب و ل ج و م ی ھ ل ا ن ی ج س ك لا ا buffers the blood د ع ا س ی و ي ف ل ق ن ي ن ا ث د ی س ك ا ن و ب ر ك ل ا ل د ا ع ی و م د ل ا Most CO 2 in the blood is transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma ل ق ن ی م ظ ع م ي ن ا ث د ی س ك ا ن و ب ر ك ل ا ي ف م د ل ا ى ل ع ة ي ی ھ ت ا ن و ی ا ت ا ن و ب ر ك ی ب ل ا ي ف ا م ز لا ب ل ا CO + H O Ä H CO Ä H + HCO Carbon Water Carbonic Hydrogen Bicarbonate Dioxide Acid Ions ت ا ن و ب ر ك ی ب ل ا ت ا ن و ی ا ن ی ج و ر د ی ھ ل ا ض م ا ح ك ی ن و ب ر ك ل ا ء ا م د ی س ك ا ي ن ا ث ن و ب ر ك ل ا Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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