Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment. Principles of Flight
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1 Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment Principles of Flight
2 Principles of Flight Learning Outcome 3: Know the principles of stalling
3 Principles of Flight Revision
4 Questions What effect does a Trailing Edge Flap have on the Stalling Speed? a. Higher. b. Lower. c. The same. d. No difference.
5 Questions One type of Leading Edge Flap is: a. Plain. b. Slot. c. Split. d. Krueger.
6 Questions What are some of the High Lift Devices on the Leading Edge called? a. Plain Flaps. b. Ailerons. c. Slats. d. Split Flaps.
7 Stalling Objectives: 1. Describe the Stall in terms of Lift. 2. State the generally used Critical or Stall Angle of Attack. 3 Understand the relationship between Stalling and Airspeed. 4. State where the Pilot obtains information regarding the Aircraft s Stalling Speed. 5. List the Factors which affect the Stalling Speed.
8 Stalling It is ESSENTIAL that a Pilot understands Stalling. During Take-Off and Landing, the Aircraft is at Low Speed. In Aerobatics the Aircraft experiences High G. What has Stalling got to do with these?
9 Stalling Cl Max Remember the Lift Formula? Lift = C L ½ ρv 2 S If we slow down (reduce V) we must keep Lift the same (for Straight & Level Flight) by increasing C L. The Limit is C LMAX, so the Equivalent speed is V MIN (stalling speed) Lift = C LMAX ½ρV 2 MINS Crit AOA ~ 15 o α
10 Stalling Speed Is: The speed at which a clean aircraft (flaps up), At a stated weight, With the throttle closed, Flying straight and level, Can no longer maintain height.
11 The Mechanism of Stalling
12 BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION Low AoA TOWARDS LOWER PRESSURE - FASTER TOWARDS HIGHER PRESSURE PLUS VISCOUS ADHESION - SLOWER TRANSITION POINT (PERHAPS) FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER
13 BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION Higher AoA TOWARDS LOWER PRESSURE - FASTER TOWARDS HIGHER PRESSURE PLUS VISCOUS ADHESION - MUCH SLOWER SEPARATION POINT
14 BOUNDARY LAYER SEPARATION Wing Stalled TOWARDS LOWER PRESSURE - FASTER SEPARATION COMPLETE
15
16 Factors affecting stalling speed Aircraft Weight
17 EFFECT OF WEIGHT Lift HEAVY WT = C L MAX ½ ρ V 2 HEAVY STALL S Lift BASIC WT = C L MAX ½ ρ V 2 BASIC STALL S
18 EFFECT OF WEIGHT Lift HEAVY WT C = L MAX ½ ρ V 2 HEAVY STALL S Lift BASIC WT C L MAX ½ ρ V 2 BASIC STALL S
19 EFFECT OF WEIGHT Lift HEAVY WT V 2 HEAVY STALL = Lift BASIC WT V 2 BASIC STALL LIFT HEAVY WT LIFT BASIC WT X V 2 BASIC STALL = V 2 HEAVY STALL V 2 HEAVY STALL = V 2 BASIC STALL X LIFT HEAVY WT LIFT BASIC WT
20 EFFECT OF WEIGHT V 2 HEAVY STALL = V 2 BASIC STALL X LIFT HEAVY WT LIFT BASIC WT V STALL HVY = V STALL BASIC X LIFT HEAVY LIFT BASIC V STALL HVY = V STALL BASIC X Weight HEAVY Weight BASIC
21 Factors affecting stalling speed Pulling g
22 EFFECT OF G V STALL HVY = V STALL BASIC X LIFT HEAVY LIFT BASIC SAME FOR PULLING g V STALL MAN VRE = V STALL BASIC X g e.g. Vstall basic = 90kts, 4g loop V STALL MAN VRE = 90 x 4 = 90 x 2 = 180kts
23 EFFECT OF G Danger Danger If you pull g, the stalling speed increases, e.g. if you pull 4g the stalling speed doubles! Danger Danger
24 Factors affecting stalling speed Engine Thrust
25 EFFECT OF THRUST ON STALLING Lift Thrust Flight Path Weight
26 EFFECT OF THRUST ON STALLING Lift TR Thrust Flight Path Weight
27 EFFECT OF THRUST ON STALLING FLIGHT PATH Aircraft in level flight have a high nose attitude at the stall, particularly swept wing aircraft. If the engine is at high power - two thrust components: 1. Along flight path (countering drag). 2. Vertical (opposing weight). Therefore less lift required from wings, so: SLOWER STALLING SPEED (V) AT C LMAX
28 NATURAL STALL WARNING Speed Nose Attitude Controls Light Buffet Heavy Buffet Nose Drop Wing Drop Descent
29 NATURAL STALL WARNING NORMAL FLIGHT TURBULENT AIR MISSING TAILPLANE
30 NATURAL STALL WARNING NORMAL STALL WARNING FLIGHT LIGHT BUFFET TURBULENT AIR AIR JUST MISSING TOUCHING TAILPLANE
31 NATURAL STALL WARNING STALL WARNING HEAVY LIGHT BUFFET TURBULENT AIR JUST COVERING TOUCHING TAILPLANE Aircraft Descending
32 Synthetic Stall Warning Firefly/Tutor: Warning Horn Warning Light (Firefly only) Tucano: Warning Horn AoA Gauge Stick Shaker Indexer
33 Typical Stall Warning Vane Vane held down by airflow Micro-switch not made No stall warning given Vane lifted up by airflow Micro-switch made Stall warning given
34 Example of a Stall Warning Vane
35 EFFECT OF FLAP Basic Clean Situation Relative Airflow α
36 EFFECT OF FLAP Flap Basic Lowered Clean Situation Relative Airflow α Effective Increase in AoA
37 EFFECT OF FLAP Flap Lowered Maintaining the Same Lift Effective Increase in AoA To obtain the same C L the Attitude is Lowered to Reduce the AoA α
38 EFFECT OF FLAP Cl Max Without Flap C L Critical Angle AT STALL: WEIGHT = LIFT = C LMAX ½ρ AoA V 2 STALL S
39 EFFECT OF FLAP Cl Max More Cl Max With Flap Without Flap C L Nose lower at Stall AT STALL: WEIGHT = LIFT = C LMAX ½ρ Critical Angle AoA V 2 STALL S CONSTANT IF THIS IS MORE THIS IS LESS
40 Stall Recovery
41 STANDARD STALL RECOVERY Move stick Centrally forward until buffet stops. Open throttle at the same time. Only then level the wings. Raise nose at a safe speed and climb.
42 Other Factors Affecting Stalling Ice: Alters the Shape of the wing, this will reduce Lift. Damage: Can also reduce Lift ie after a Birdstrike.
43 Summary of Stalling Speeds What happens to the Stalling Speed if: Aircraft Weight Increases: Increase. If we Lower Flap: Decrease. If we are Pulling G : Increase. If the Aircraft is damaged or had a Birdstrike, it will probably: Increase. Using Engine Thrust: Decrease.
44 Stalling REMEMBER: An Aircraft can STALL in any Attitude, level, turning, upside-down etc. Where would we find our Stalling Speeds? Pilot s Notes/Aircrew Manual etc.
45 Any Questions?
46 Stalling Objectives: 1. Describe the Stall in terms of Lift. 2. State the generally used Critical or Stall Angle of Attack. 3 Understand the relationship between Stalling and Airspeed. 4. State where the Pilot obtains information regarding the Aircraft s Stalling Speed. 5. List the Factors which affect the Stalling Speed.
47 Questions What happens to Lift when a Wing is Stalled? a. Lift Increases as Angle of Attack Decreases. b. Lift Decreases as Angle of Attack Increases. c. Lift is Greatly Reduced. d. Lift Remains unchanged.
48 Questions The Critical Angle of Attack is Generally about? a. 5 o. b. 15 o. c. 25 o. d. 35 o.
49 Questions Which of the following will NOT REDUCE the Stalling Speed? a. Extra Weight. b. Larger Wing Area. c. Flaps Lowered. d. Flaps Raised.
50 Questions Where would you find the information regarding the Aircraft s various Stalling Speeds? a. Pilot s Notes. b. Air Traffic Control. c. Ground Crew. d. McDonald s.
51
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