Lab Report. Objectives:
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- Erick Rose
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1 Lab Report Introduction: Aerodynamics is the study of forces and motion of objects that fly/move through the air. Studying aerodynamics allows us to measure the forces of lift and drag. Lift allows an aircraft go against gravity and drag is the resistance and aircraft feels as it moves/fly s through the air. Everything that moves in the air, including birds, is affected by aerodynamics. [1] Planes that push a lot of air are said to have a lot of drag as it drags the air in the direction it is going. If you want the plane to fly far, the drag should be minimal. The second force that you have to overcome in order for the plane to fly properly is gravity. Since gravity is pulling every weight to the center of the earth, minimum weight would be the best possible solution of this force. The third factor that affects the plane s flight is the thrust. The thrust is the forward movement of the plane. The fourth factor is Lift. Lift comes into the scenario when the air below the airplane wing is pushing up harder that the air that is pushing down. The difference in pressure is what enables the plane to fly and fly faster. The wings of a plane are curved a bit so that air moves over the wings quickly enabling it to move more quickly. When these four forces are in balance, long and faster flights are accomplished. [2] Speed is the rate at which someone or something is able to move or operate. There are six factors that affect speed; Friction, Force, Gravity, Acceleration, Velocity and Weight. Friction affects speed by retarding it, or slowing it down. Force affects speed by slowing it down or making it fast. When a boat is pushed from behind it goes faster than it would normally, when a boat is pulled it slows down. Gravity, similarly can also slow down or fasten an object. When an object is moving in the direction of gravity, it accelerates. When an object is not moving, gravity will pull it towards itself. When an object acts against gravity, is slows down as there is force pulling it back while it is advancing forward. Acceleration, by definition, means a change in velocity, which is a change in speed therefore it can slow down an object or make is move faster. Mass/weight also affects speed as heavier the object, the slower it moves. If you want to increase speed it is better to lessen the weight. But at some times when the weight is heavy to make a firm/ strong structure then the speed is faster than that of a lighter plane Objectives: - To prove that doubling the layer of the wings makes the wings stiffer and improves it aerodynamics - To prove that multiple layers will make the plane fly faster and straighter - To prove that narrower wings make the plane fly faster. - To discover the factors that affect Speed - To prove that a heavier plane that could split its weight in the wings is faster than a light plane Hypotheses: - If we make the wings of the airplane thicker, then the plane will fly faster because it improves its aerodynamics
2 - If we make the wing of the airplane narrower, then the plane will fly faster because it lessens the weight and also makes the drag minimum. Materials: 1. 2 A4 papers 2. Plastic Lid 3. Stapler 4. A meter ruler 5. Stop watch 6. Scissors 7. Rubber band Procedure: The procedure is split into three parts; How to make the paper airplanes, How to make the launcher and how to conduct the experiment. Paper Airplanes:
3 Steps for airplane 2 are as the following: These are the steps for Airplane Number 1.
4 Launcher: Take a plastic lid and cut a hook shape. Attach this hook to the bottom of the plane where we hold it. This is the first Airplane. The plastic was stapled to the plane. The second plane would look something like this:
5 Experiment Procedure: 1. A rubber band was put into the hook on Airplane The rubber band was pulled back and the airplane was released. 3. Results were recorded in distance and time. 4. Steps 1-3 were repeated three times 5. A rubber band was put into the hook on Airplane The rubber band was pulled back and the airplane was released. 7. Results were recorded in distance and time. 8. Steps 5-7 were repeated three times. Variables: Constant: Materials, Force, Average Distance (data analysis) Manipulated: Narrower wings in second model Responding: Time, Speed (after calculations), factors of Speed Data Analysis: Airplane1 Length: 30 cm Mass g Wingspan: 11.9 cm Airplane 2 Length: 23 cm Mass: 6.23 g Wingspan: 11 cm Airplane 1 Distance Time Speed Trial 1 4 m s m/s Trial m s m/s Trial m s m/s Airplane 2 Distance Time Speed Trial m s m/s Trial m s m/s Trial m s m/s On Average: Model Distance Time Speed Airplane 1 1m 1s m/s Airplane 2 1m 1s m/s
6 8 7 6 This is the graph for the first airplane trial Distance Time Speed 1 0 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Distance Time Speed This is the graph for the second airplane Airplane 1 Airplane 2 Distance Time Speed On average, per meter, this is the speed. We notice that Airplane 2 takes less than 3 seconds to reach one meter and Airplane 1 takes more than 3.5 seconds. This is because the wings are thicker and narrower letting it cut through the air easier, which increases the Speed. My partner, Edith, and I decided to record the findings in m/s as that is more accurate as it is the proper units used for measuring speed. The first graph shows the results of the first airplane. The first airplane was a simple structure one; it had no extra layer, just a basic airplane. The second airplane was a little more complex than the first one; the wings were thicker and the middle point was not one sharp point, it had three sharp points that could slice
7 through the air to reduce the drag. The first airplane had slower results because none of the factors that could affect speed, by increasing it, were instilled in the plane. It was basic and not put effort into. The second airplane had faster results as factors such as Acceleration, Force, Velocity and Weight affected the speed of the airplane by making it faster. Factors such as gravity and friction were not seen in the experiment. After getting the results the average was taken to see how much the speed would be if the Distance is 1 meter and the Time is 1 second. The Speed of the second airplane is lesser as it overcame the drag and was influenced more by the thrust and lift. When looking at Trial 2 of Airplane and Trial 1 of Airplane 2 (since they have almost similar distances) we see that even though Airplane 2 took longer, its speed was faster due to the weight. Weight slows down an object and this is what happened in this situation. Weight was proved to be a factor that affects the speed of an object. The other two trials showed that the airplane s weight division (in the wings) had taken effect and Airplane 2 was faster than Airplane 1. When averaging the speed Airplane 2 is about 1 m/s quicker than Airplane 1. We used the Speed= Distance/Time formula to find out the speed as we did not have an electronic that would measure the speed. Summary & Conclusion: I feel that mine and Edith s results are quite reliable because we did everything that the process requires us to and also acquired the results that we aimed for. Our objectives were proved right and so was our hypothesis. Since our results were measured manually (meter ruler, stop watch and formulas) they could be wrong to a certain extent. If we got 2.612m/s as our speed that actual speed would just vary between 2 m/s and 3 m/s. This is because formulas are not estimated they are mathematically proven and that is why the whole world uses them. If they were not proven and just a throw-off nobody would use them as proper or close results wouldn t be acquired. Therefore, our values would be trusted but a small change can be present. When the experiment would be conducted by other students they wouldn t get exactly the same results but they would get results that are close by. The distance changes in every situation therefore the only thing we can compare others results to, is the average results and that would be the one that would prove if our results could be trusted or not. I am quite confident with the results as, in my perspective, they show the relationship between the factors that affect an airplanes and this is what was required from the experiment. My data is very valid as it proves everything that has to be proven, it has graphs, figures and words to prove it all right. Personally, I found two human errors one being the method of getting the results and the second being the wind. The method we used was pressing the stopwatch when releasing the airplane and pressing the button when it lands. Human s reflexes are fast but we can miss it by microseconds. To overcome this, the experiment was done three times in order to obtain accuracy. This isn t really a flaw or a fault in the experiment it is just human nature and human psychology that cannot be changed even if you trained to make you reflexes quick. The second error was the wind. We cannot control the wind in a room because air is everywhere and moves depending on the atoms, how they are moving around, how fast or slow the airplane goes is determined based on direction of the wind and how fast the air particles move. There are ways to improve these errors. To improve the reflexes problem, there are two solutions that I could think of, the first being using verbal signals and a
8 speedometer camera. Verbal signals would be asking your partner to hold the stopwatch and you launch the plane, or vice versa, and you tell your partner GO! or something amongst those lines to prepare your partner so the error in microseconds is as minimum as possible. The second error could be improved by choosing a room or an open space with no fan and no air con, or any source that could activate the air particles in getting faster or slower as this varies the results to a great extent. These are the best possible solutions to the problems. I would accept our hypothesis and our objectives. The wings of the airplane get thicker thus, increasing the speed of the plane and taking less time to cover a distance. We also made the wings narrower so that it slices through the air easier than it usually would. This improved our results and gave us the desired results we were experimenting for. Our objectives of this experiment were also fulfilled to an extent that I and my partner understood everything we had to cover. The results we achieved do not only affect us but it also gives a new phase to aspects of the society such as Economics, Environment and Health. It affects economics because if these results and the model design were brought out to public many aviation industries would test them out and see if they could increase their market. All organization/companies are in search of more profit therefore they would do all they can to innovate and construct. This would affect the country s economy as if this airplane model were to be built and released for public usage then the prices will go high. Those who are in emergencies such as important overseas meetings, immediate surgery or even a father going to his child s birthday party which is in the neighboring countries, would benefit highly from this airplane. Where there are benefits there is a high price to pay and the country s economy will boost majorly. The second aspect, Health, is closely related to economy as mentioned above, immediate surgery. In accidents or any diseases that have surgeries/operations that are done in other countries and when the patient is in a critical situation, faster airplanes would be very helpful as it can save a life. No matter what the cost would be, the family or the doctors would do anything to save a life. They are already paying a great expense for surgery, overseas, and then they shouldn t have a problem in paying to have the patient s life saved. The third aspect is Environment; this would definitely be affected due to Air pollution, burning more fossil fuels and Ozone layer depletion. The faster the speed of the plane will be the more carbon dioxide it will release and harm the ozone layer. The ozone layer already has holes and it getting weaker day by day therefore this would initiate the ozone layer into crumpling down by more than it actually would in one day. Global warming is associated with this as well. The burning of fossil fuels (for fuel) will also cause pollution and because of the air being incapable to breath in, the rate of deaths and diseases will rise faster in a country. IB Learner Profile: The IB Learner Profiles that I acquired were Thinker and Reflective. Thinker: I was to think on how to increase the speed of the airplane bearing in mind the factors that affect speed. I and Edith first thought out things we could do that would affect speed and the model of the plane. We modified our design and the speed was affected in the
9 way we wanted it to. I acquired this skill and was very successful, alongside my partner, in this assessment. Reflective: While writing the summary and conclusion of this lab report I was to reflect on the faults and things we could improve in the experiment. I learned to reflect on each method that we had applied and how I could improve them. This skill can help me later on so before I have to specify any human errors I would have already thought and reflected over them and there would be no space for error s in other assessments.
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