Background physics concepts (again)
|
|
- Jonas Fields
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Background physics concepts (again) position coordinate for location, say x (1-D) velocity changing position over time (magnitude and ) acceleration changing velocity v = x t = x 2 x 1 t 2 t 1 a = v t net force applied to make an object accelerate and Wind gradients F net = F = ma (Newton s 2nd law) pressure force applied per unit area P = F A () and Wind week 4 1 / 37
2 and Wind = force area, P = F A gradients Force in pressure is caused by collisions of gas molecules units: pascals (Pa), millibars (mb), or kilopascals (kpa) 1 mb = 100 Pa; 1 kpa = 1000 Pa pressure at sea level 1013 mb () and Wind week 4 2 / 37
3 Clicker question What is the term for the lines on this map? A. height contours B. winds C. isotherms D. isobars and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 3 / 37
4 Clicker question What is the term for the lines on this map? A. height contours B. winds C. isotherms D. isobars and Wind gradients current weather isobars () and Wind week 4 3 / 37
5 Partial pressures, Dalton s law and Wind partial pressure: pressure exerted by one species of gas in a mixture of gases Dalton s Law: gradients P total = P red + P blue The total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas () and Wind week 4 4 / 37
6 Surface pressure The weight of the air in a column above the surface determines the surface pressure and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 5 / 37
7 Surface vs sea-level pressure and Wind gradients sea level pressure: pressure at sea level surface pressure: pressure at the surface () and Wind week 4 6 / 37
8 Surface vs sea-level pressure and Wind gradients sea level pressure: pressure at sea level surface pressure: pressure at the surface, can be at different elevations () and Wind week 4 6 / 37
9 Clicker question Which box has the lowest pressure? A. A B. B C. C D. Two of the above are the lowest pressure E. All have same pressure and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 7 / 37
10 Clicker question How can pressure be increased in this example of a sealed container of air? A. decreasing density B. increasing density C. increasing temperature D. both B and C are correct and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 8 / 37
11 Clicker question Which is pressure exerted? A. upward B. downward C. outward in all s D. inward in all s and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 9 / 37
12 Differences in pressure and Wind gradients Areas of high pressure adjacent to areas of low pressure will () and Wind week 4 10 / 37
13 Differences in pressure and Wind gradients Areas of high pressure adjacent to areas of low pressure will cause air to move from high pressure to low pressure (wind). Air moves toward equilibration. () and Wind week 4 10 / 37
14 Vertical changes in pressure and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 11 / 37
15 Vertical changes in pressure Is the pressure at the top of Mt. pressure at sea level? Everest greater than the and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 11 / 37
16 Ideal gas law and Wind A state variable is a variable that describes the state of a system An equation of state is an equation that relates state variables gradients () and Wind week 4 12 / 37
17 Ideal gas law and Wind A state variable is a variable that describes the state of a system An equation of state is an equation that relates state variables The ideal gas law is an equation of state for a gas made up of non-interacting particles gradients The ideal gas law is a good approximation for atmospheric gases. () and Wind week 4 12 / 37
18 Ideal gas law and Wind gradients p = ρrt p = pressure ρ = density R = 287 J/kg K = gas constant for dry air T = temperature in Kelvin () and Wind week 4 13 / 37
19 Clicker question and Wind gradients For air at constant pressure, what happens to the density if the temperature increases? A. increases B. decreases C. stays constant () and Wind week 4 14 / 37
20 gradients Horizontal pressure gradients at surface Lines of constant pressure are called and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 15 / 37
21 gradients Horizontal pressure gradients at surface Lines of constant pressure are called isobars On a weather map, isobars are sea level pressures Distance between isobars gives information about how much pressure changes from one point to another horizontal pressure gradient = p x and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 15 / 37
22 gradients Horizontal pressure gradients at surface Lines of constant pressure are called isobars On a weather map, isobars are sea level pressures Distance between isobars gives information about how much pressure changes from one point to another horizontal pressure gradient = p x and Wind gradients The pressure gradient force is the force that drives wind from high pressure to low pressure pressure gradients wind high pressure low pressure 1020mb 1000mb 980mb () and Wind week 4 15 / 37
23 gradients Vertical pressure gradients and Wind p 2 z 2 gradients altitude p 1 z 1 () and Wind week 4 16 / 37
24 gradients Vertical pressure gradients altitude Fpressure gradient p 2 z 2 and Wind gradients p 1 z 1 () and Wind week 4 16 / 37
25 gradients Vertical pressure gradients altitude Fpressure gradient p 2 z 2 and Wind gradients F gravity p 1 z 1 Let F denote force per unit mass, then Fz = F pressure gradient + F gravity = a () and Wind week 4 16 / 37
26 gradients Hydrostatic Balance When the vertical pressure gradient force balances the gravitational force, and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 17 / 37
27 gradients Hydrostatic Balance When the vertical pressure gradient force balances the gravitational force, Newton s 2nd law a = 0 and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 17 / 37
28 gradients Hydrostatic Balance When the vertical pressure gradient force balances the gravitational force, Newton s 2nd law a = 0 F pressure gradient + F gravity = 0 and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 17 / 37
29 gradients Hydrostatic Balance When the vertical pressure gradient force balances the gravitational force, Newton s 2nd law a = 0 F pressure gradient + F gravity = 0 and we have hydrostatic equilibrium (balance): and Wind gradients p z = ρg () and Wind week 4 17 / 37
30 gradients Clicker question When a column of air is heated, what happens to the vertical pressure gradient? A. it becomes steeper B. it becomes more gradual C. nothing D. it becomes horizontal and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 18 / 37
31 gradients Clicker question When a column of air is heated, what happens to the vertical pressure gradient? A. it becomes steeper B. it becomes more gradual C. nothing D. it becomes horizontal and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 18 / 37
32 gradients Upper level horizontal pressure gradients horizontal pressure gradients and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 19 / 37
33 and Wind gradients pressure gradient force Coriolis force friction () and Wind week 4 20 / 37
34 Relevant physics concepts and Wind momentum: p = mv gradients () and Wind week 4 21 / 37
35 Relevant physics concepts and Wind momentum: p = mv (vector quantity with magnitude mass velocity) angular momentum: rotational momentum with magnitude L = mvr (mass velocity distance from axis of rotation) gradients () and Wind week 4 21 / 37
36 Relevant physics concepts and Wind momentum: p = mv (vector quantity with magnitude mass velocity) angular momentum: rotational momentum with magnitude L = mvr (mass velocity distance from axis of rotation) gradients angular momentum is a vector For Earth s rotation, of angular momentum is along axis of rotation Angular momentum is conserved unless a torque (rotational force) acts to change it () and Wind week 4 21 / 37
37 Coriolis force and Wind Coriolis force: apparent force that deflects an object as a result of a rotating reference frame Rotating Earth Rotation and apparent deflection Coriolis movie gradients () and Wind week 4 22 / 37
38 Coriolis force and Wind Coriolis force: apparent force that deflects an object as a result of a rotating reference frame Rotating Earth Rotation and apparent deflection Coriolis movie is a result of conservation of angular momentum is sometimes called a fictitious force, it is a real force in non-inertial reference frame (an inertial reference frame is one that does not accelerate) gradients () and Wind week 4 22 / 37
39 Clicker question and Wind You fire a cannonball due north from Socorro, NM. The cannonball A. appears to curve to the left because the Earth rotates under the ball while it is in the air. B. appears to curve to the right because the distance of the ball from the axis of rotation decreases, so by conservation of momentum its horizontal velocity must increase. C. follows the Earth s rotation and does not appear to curve at all. gradients () and Wind week 4 23 / 37
40 Fundamental characteristics of the Coriolis force The Coriolis force 1. produces an apparent deflection of all moving objects, regardless of of motion 2. is zero at the equator and increases with latitue (max at the poles) 3. acting on a moving object increases with the object s speed 4. only changes the of a moving object, not it s speed and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 24 / 37
41 Fundamental characteristics of the Coriolis force The Coriolis force 1. produces an apparent deflection of all moving objects, regardless of of motion 2. is zero at the equator and increases with latitue (max at the poles) 3. acting on a moving object increases with the object s speed 4. only changes the of a moving object, not it s speed and Wind gradients F Coriolis = 2Ωv sin φ Ω is the Earth s rate of rotation v is the speed of the object φ is latitude () and Wind week 4 24 / 37
42 Friction and Wind Air near the surface experiences frictional drag which decreases the speed. gradients () and Wind week 4 25 / 37
43 Friction and Wind Air near the surface experiences frictional drag which decreases the speed. Air just above the near-surface air also experiences drag as a result of the slower moving underlying air. gradients () and Wind week 4 25 / 37
44 Friction and Wind Air near the surface experiences frictional drag which decreases the speed. Air just above the near-surface air also experiences drag as a result of the slower moving underlying air. planetary boundary layer: the layer near the surface that is affected by frictional drag (about the lowest 1.5 km) free troposphere: the rest of the troposphere that is not affected by frictional drag gradients effect of friction () and Wind week 4 25 / 37
45 Factors affecting horizontal and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 26 / 37
46 Factors affecting horizontal and Wind gradients pressure gradient force: FPG Coriolis force: FC friction: Ff with F the force per unit mass (i.e., acceleration) () and Wind week 4 26 / 37
47 Factors affecting horizontal and Wind gradients pressure gradient force: FPG Coriolis force: FC friction: Ff with F the force per unit mass (i.e., acceleration) a = v t = F PG + F C + F f () and Wind week 4 26 / 37
48 Factors affecting horizontal and Wind gradients pressure gradient force: FPG Coriolis force: FC friction: Ff with F the force per unit mass (i.e., acceleration) a = v t = F PG + F C + F f Very often, the net horizontal acceleration is zero, so the other forces balance () and Wind week 4 26 / 37
49 Winds in the free troposphere Clicker question and Wind In the free troposphere, which force is negligible? A. pressure gradient force B. Coriolis force C. friction gradients a = F PG + F C + F f 0 () and Wind week 4 27 / 37
50 Winds in the free troposphere Clicker question and Wind In the free troposphere, which force is negligible? A. pressure gradient force B. Coriolis force C. friction gradients a = F PG + F C + F f 0 () and Wind week 4 27 / 37
51 Winds in the free troposphere Clicker question and Wind In the free troposphere, which force is negligible? A. pressure gradient force B. Coriolis force C. friction gradients a = F PG + F C + F f 0 F PG + F C 0 () and Wind week 4 27 / 37
52 and Wind gradients geostrophic flow: when the pressure gradient force approximately balances the Coriolis force in the upper atmosphere F PG + F C 0 () and Wind week 4 28 / 37
53 Clicker question An air parcel starts from rest in a high pressure area and the trajectory is shown. The initial magnitude of the Coriolis force (figure a) is A. zero B. equal to the pressure gradient force C. greater than the pressure gradient force D. not enough information to answer this and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 29 / 37
54 Clicker question The of the air parcel after frame (d) will A. follow the isobars B. will turn toward the low pressure by the PGF C. will keep turning toward the right by the Coriolis force D. not enough information to answer this and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 30 / 37
55 Geostrophic wind and Wind Which of the following statements is false? A. occurs when the pressure gradient force exactly balances the Coriolis force. B. The geostrophic wind is non-accelerating. C. The geostrophic wind is parallel to isobars. D. Geostrophic wind occurs both in the free troposphere and in the planetary boundary layer. E. Geostrophic wind is a special case of gradient flow. gradients () and Wind week 4 31 / 37
56 Clicker question The wind shown below is an example of A. geostrophic wind B. ageostrophic flow (super- or sub-geostrophic) C. gradient flow D. trough and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 32 / 37
57 Gradient flow and Wind Gradient flow wind follows isobars occurs in the upper atmosphere where flow is unaffected by surface friction is a special case of gradient flow Geostrophic (1st frame) and gradient (4th frame) flows gradients () and Wind week 4 33 / 37
58 Ageostrophic flow and Wind H L gradients pressure gradient force vs. Coriolis: high pressure: Coriolis wins (clockwise in NH) low pressure: pressure gradient wins (counterclockwise in SH) () and Wind week 4 34 / 37
59 Ageostrophic flow and Wind H L gradients pressure gradient force vs. Coriolis: high pressure: Coriolis wins (clockwise in NH) low pressure: pressure gradient wins (counterclockwise in SH) Ageostrophic flow: pressure gradient and Coriolis force do not balance. () and Wind week 4 34 / 37
60 Ageostrophic flow and Wind H L gradients pressure gradient force vs. Coriolis: high pressure: Coriolis wins (clockwise in NH) low pressure: pressure gradient wins (counterclockwise in SH) Ageostrophic flow: pressure gradient and Coriolis force do not balance. cyclones and anti-cyclones are an example ageostrophic occurs whenever the particle is accelerating ageostrophic flow in middle two frames () and Wind week 4 34 / 37
61 Cyclones and anti-cyclones and Wind H L gradients cyclone: closed low pressure systems anti-cyclone: closed high pressure systems () and Wind week 4 35 / 37
62 Cyclones and anti-cyclones and Wind H L gradients cyclone: closed low pressure systems anti-cyclone: closed high pressure systems Which does the wind flow in the NH? SH? () and Wind week 4 35 / 37
63 Cyclones and anti-cyclones and Wind H L gradients cyclone: closed low pressure systems anti-cyclone: closed high pressure systems Which does the wind flow in the NH? SH? How does the flow change between the free tropopause and the boundary layer? PGF, Coriolis & friction () and Wind week 4 35 / 37
64 Troughs and Ridges trough: elongated area of low pressure ridge: elongated area of high pressure and Wind gradients () and Wind week 4 36 / 37
65 Don t forget! and Wind gradients Right-hand rules in NH! Left-hand rules in SH! () and Wind week 4 37 / 37
PHSC 3033: Meteorology Air Forces
PHSC 3033: Meteorology Air Forces Pressure Gradient P/ d = Pressure Gradient (Change in Pressure/Distance) Horizontal Pressure Gradient Force (PGF): Force due to pressure differences, and the cause of
More informationATS 351, Spring 2009 Week 10, Lab #8 due April 2 nd What Makes the Wind Blow? - 60 points Please show your work for calculations.
ATS 351, Spring 2009 Week 10, Lab #8 due April 2 nd What Makes the Wind Blow? - 60 points Please show your work for calculations. Question #1: Sea Level Pressure (10 points) a) (4 points) How does sea-level
More informationAir in Motion. Anthes, Chapter 4, pp
Air in Motion Anthes, Chapter 4, pp. 71-85 Newtonʼs Laws of Motion 1. Law of Inertia. A body at rest remains at rest, a body in motion remains in motion, unless acted upon by an outside force. 2. F = ma.
More informationChapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds
Chapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds Understanding Air Pressure: -pressure exerted by the weight
More informationChapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds
Chapter 6: Air Pressure Measuring air pressure Variations due to temperature and water vapor Development of pressure systems Generation of winds Understanding Air Pressure: -pressure exerted by the weight
More informationIsaac Newton ( )
Introduction to Climatology GEOGRAPHY 300 Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Tom Giambelluca University of Hawai i at Mānoa Atmospheric Pressure, Wind, and The General Circulation Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia
More informationCHAPTER 8 WIND AND WEATHER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 8 WIND AND WEATHER MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. is the movement of air measured relative to the Earth's surface. a. Gravity b. The pressure gradient force c. The Coriolis Effect d. The centripetal
More informationClimate & Earth System Science. Introduction to Meteorology & Climate. Chapter 06. Newton s Laws. First Law (Law of Inertia):
Climate & Earth System Science Introduction to Meteorology & Climate MAPH 10050 Peter Lynch Peter Lynch Meteorology & Climate Centre School of Mathematical Sciences University College Dublin Meteorology
More informationESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 9 Wind
Reading: Meteorology Today, Chapter 8 ABOUT WIND Wind is the motion of the air. ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 9 Wind The direction of the wind is given by which direction it is blowing from. For example,
More informationStandard atmosphere Typical height (m) Pressure (mb)
Standard atmosphere Pressure (mb) Typical height (ft) Typical height (m) 1013.25 0 0 1000 370 110 850 4780 1460 700 9880 3010 500 18280 5570 300 30050 9160 Whiteman 2000 Pressure decreases exponentially
More informationAtmospheric Forces and Force Balances METR Introduction
Atmospheric Forces and Force Balances METR 2021 Introduction In this lab you will be introduced to the forces governing atmospheric motions as well as some of the common force balances. A common theme
More informationMeteorology. Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer
Chapter 6 Worksheet 2 Meteorology Name: Circle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer 1) A steep pressure gradient: a. produces light winds. b. produces strong winds. c. is only possible in
More informationCEE 452/652. Week 3, Lecture 1 Mass emission rate, Atmospheric Stability. Dr. Dave DuBois Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute
CEE 452/652 Week 3, Lecture 1 Mass emission rate, Atmospheric Stability Dr. Dave DuBois Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute Today s topics Review homework Review quiz Mass emission
More informationThe Coriolis force, geostrophy, Rossby waves and the westward intensification
Chapter 3 The Coriolis force, geostrophy, Rossby waves and the westward intensification The oceanic circulation is the result of a certain balance of forces. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics shows that a very
More information3/6/2001 Fig. 6-1, p.142
First GOES 11 image http://visible earth.nasa.g ov/view_rec. php?id=190 Air-born dust from the Sahara Desert, Feb. 2001 Fig. 6-CO, p.140 dust from China over Japan. 3/5/2001 FIGURE 6.1 A model of the atmosphere
More informationLecture 22: Ageostrophic motion and Ekman layers
Lecture 22: Ageostrophic motion and Ekman layers November 5, 2003 1 Subgeostrophic flow: the Ekman layer Before returning to our discussion of the general circulation of the atmosphere in Chapter 8, we
More informationATOMOSPERIC PRESSURE, WIND & CIRCULATION
ATOMOSPERIC PRESSURE, WIND & CIRCULATION A. INTRODUCTION Important because: pressure patterns drive wind patterns which in turn drive oceanic circulation patterns o atmospheric & oceanic circulation: major
More informationSummary of Lecture 10, 04 March 2008 Introduce the Hadley circulation and examine global weather patterns. Discuss jet stream dynamics jet streams
Summary of Lecture 10, 04 March 2008 Introduce the Hadley circulation and examine global weather patterns. Discuss jet stream dynamics jet streams arise because the Coriolis force prevents Hadley-type
More informationSURFACE CURRENTS AND TIDES
NAME SURFACE CURRENTS AND TIDES I. Origin of surface currents Surface currents arise due to the interaction of the prevailing wis a the ocean surface. Hence the surface wi pattern (Figure 1) plays a key
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa The Atmosphere in Motion Foundations, 6e - Chapter 13 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Atmospheric pressure Force exerted by the weight
More informationChapter 13 Gases and Pressure. Pressure and Force. Pressure is the force per unit area on a surface. Force Area. Pressure =
Chapter 13 Gas Laws Chapter 13 Gases and Pressure Pressure and Force Pressure is the force per unit area on a surface. Pressure = Force Area Chapter 13 Gases and Pressure Gases in the Atmosphere The atmosphere
More informationAT 351 Lab 5 Ocean Circulations and Wind Due in lab: The Week of February 25 th 140 Points Total
AT 351 Lab 5 Ocean Circulations and Wind Due in lab: The Week of February 25 th 140 Points Total 1. (20 points) If the earth were a smooth, featureless sphere and the atmosphere were horizontally isothermal
More informationWinds and Ocean Circulations
Winds and Ocean Circulations AT 351 Lab 5 February 20, 2008 Sea Surface Temperatures 1 Temperature Structure of the Ocean Ocean Currents 2 What causes ocean circulation? The direction of most ocean currents
More informationAtmospheric Forces and winds AOSC 200 Tim Canty. Understanding the Wind
Atmospheric Forces and winds AOSC 200 Tim Canty Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~tcanty/aosc200 Topics for today: Pressure Forces Types of winds Lecture 16 Oct 23 2018 1 Understanding the Wind
More informationSIO20 - Midterm Examination 2 v1 Winter Section A. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer. (1 point each)
NAME: Section A. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer. (1 point each) 1. Rainbows result from: a. refraction and reflection of sunlight by water droplets b. reflection of sunlight by oceans
More informationSmall- and large-scale circulation
The Earth System - Atmosphere II Small- and large-scale circulation Atmospheric Circulation 1. Global atmospheric circulation can be thought of as a series of deep rivers that encircle the planet. 2. Imbedded
More informationContents. Atmospheric Pressure. Surface and Upper-Air Charts. Why the Wind Blows. Surface Winds. Winds and Vertical Air Motions
Contents Atmospheric Pressure Surface and Upper-Air Charts Why the Wind Blows Surface Winds Winds and Vertical Air Motions Determining Wind Direction and Speed Summary Key Terms Questions for Review High
More informationCOURSE NUMBER: ME 321 Fluid Mechanics I Fluid statics. Course teacher Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET
COURSE NUMBER: ME 321 Fluid Mechanics I Fluid statics Course teacher Dr. M. Mahbubur Razzaque Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering BUET 1 Fluid statics Fluid statics is the study of fluids in
More informationChapter 13 Lecture Outline. The Atmosphere in Motion
Chapter 13 Lecture Outline The Atmosphere in Motion Understanding Air Pressure Air pressure is the force exerted by weight of air above Weight of the air at sea level 14.7 psi or 1 kg/cm 2 Decreases with
More informationThe Monsoon and Its Variability Prof. Sulochana Gadgil Centre for Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore
The Monsoon and Its Variability Prof. Sulochana Gadgil Centre for Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Lecture - 04 Background about the Atmosphere and Rotating Systems
More informationChapter 10 Gases. Characteristics of Gases. Pressure. The Gas Laws. The Ideal-Gas Equation. Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation
Characteristics of Gases Chapter 10 Gases Pressure The Gas Laws The Ideal-Gas Equation Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation Gas mixtures and partial pressures Kinetic-Molecular Theory Real Gases: Deviations
More informationThe atmospheric circulation system
The atmospheric circulation system Key questions Why does the air move? Are the movements of the winds random across the surface of the Earth, or do they follow regular patterns? What implications do these
More informationThe Quasigeostrophic Assumption and the Inertial-Advective Wind
The Quasigeostrophic Assumption and the Inertial-Aective Wind The full equation of horizontal motion relates the changes in the horizontal wind vector d V h to pressure gradient and Coriolis accelerations
More informationFluid Mechanics. Liquids and gases have the ability to flow They are called fluids There are a variety of LAWS that fluids obey
Fluid Mechanics Fluid Mechanics Liquids and gases have the ability to flow They are called fluids There are a variety of LAWS that fluids obey Density Regardless of form (solid, liquid, gas) we can define
More informationScales of Atmospheric Motion. The atmosphere features a wide range of circulation types, with a wide variety of different behaviors
Scales of Atmospheric Motion The atmosphere features a wide range of circulation types, with a wide variety of different behaviors Typically, the best way to classify these circulations is according to:
More informationCh. 11 Mass transfer principles
Transport of chemical species in solid, liquid, or gas mixture Transport driven by composition gradient, similar to temperature gradients driving heat transport We will look at two mass transport mechanisms,
More informationChapter 3 Atmospheric Thermodynamics
Chapter 3 Atmospheric Thermodynamics Spring 2017 Partial Pressure and Dalton Dalton's law of partial pressure: total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases which do not interact chemically is equal to
More informationair water Road map to EPS 5 Lectures5: Pressure, barometric law, buoyancy fluid moves
Road map to EPS 5 Lectures5: Pressure, barometric law, buoyancy water air fluid moves Fig. 7.6: Pressure in the atmosphere (compressible) and ocean (incompressible). Lecture 5. EPS 5: 08 February 2010
More information1. All fluids are: A. gases B. liquids C. gases or liquids D. non-metallic E. transparent ans: C
Chapter 14: FLUIDS 1 All fluids are: A gases B liquids C gases or liquids D non-metallic E transparent 2 Gases may be distinguished from other forms of matter by their: A lack of color B small atomic weights
More informationChapter 9 Fluids and Buoyant Force
Chapter 9 Fluids and Buoyant Force In Physics, liquids and gases are collectively called fluids. 3/0/018 8:56 AM 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force Formula for Mass Density density mass volume m V water 1000 kg
More informationEarth and Planetary Sciences 5 Midterm Exam March 10, 2010
Earth and Planetary Sciences 5 Midterm Exam March 10, 2010 Name: Teaching Fellow: INSTRUCTIONS PUT YOUR NAME ON EACH PAGE. The exam will last 80 minutes. Complete the problems directly on the exam. Extra
More informationEVE 402/502 Air Pollution Generation and Control. Introduction. Intro, cont d 9/18/2015. Chapter #3 Meteorology
EVE 402/502 Air Pollution Generation and Control Chapter #3 Meteorology Introduction Meteorology is the study and forecasting of weather changes resulting from large-scale atmospheric circulation Characteristics
More information+ R. gr T. This equation is solved by the quadratic formula, the solution, as shown in the Holton text notes given as part of the class lecture notes:
Homework #4 Key: Physical explanations 1.The way water drains down a sink, counterclockwise or clockwise, is independent of which hemisphere you are in. A draining sink is an example of vortex in cyclostrophic
More informationPGF. Pressure Gradient. Wind is horizontal movement of the air or other word air in motion. Forces affecting winds 2/14/2017
Winds Wind is horizontal movement of the air or other word air in motion. Forces affecting winds 1. Pressure gradient force a. High pressure flows to low pressure b. Pressure gradient = difference in pressure
More informationChapter 3: Fluid Statics. 3-1 Pressure 3-2 Fluid Statics 3-3 Buoyancy and Stability 3-4 Rigid-Body Motion
3-1 Pressure 3-2 Fluid Statics 3-3 Buoyancy and Stability 3-4 Rigid-Body Motion Chapter 3 Fluid Statics 3-1 Pressure (1) Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. Units of
More informationNotes Chapter 3. Buoyancy
Notes Chapter 3 Buoyancy Pressure in a Fluid 3.2 Pressure and the Buoyant Forces Liquids and gases are fluids materials that can flow and have no definite shape. Objects in a fluid experience a buoyant
More informationScott Denning CSU CMMAP 1
Thermodynamics, Buoyancy, and Vertical Motion Temperature, Pressure, and Density Buoyancy and Static Stability Adiabatic Lapse Rates Dry and Moist Convective Motions Present Atmospheric Composition What
More informationObjectives deals with forces applied by fluids at rest or in rigid-body motion.
Objectives deals with forces applied by fluids at rest or in rigid-body motion. The fluid property responsible for those forces is pressure, which is a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. discussion
More informationAtmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.003 Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Problem
More informationChapter 7 Weather and Climate
Chapter 7 Weather and Climate *Describe what weather is, what affects it, and where it occurs. *Explain the connection between air pressure and wind. * *Many factors affect a region s weather. * *atmosphere
More informationDetailed study 3.4 Topic Test Investigations: Flight
Name: Billanook College Detailed study 3.4 Topic Test Investigations: Flight Ivanhoe Girls Grammar School Questions 1 and 2 relate to the information shown in the diagram in Figure 1. z Question 1 y Figure
More informationQUESTION 1. Sketch graphs (on the axes below) to show: (1) the horizontal speed v x of the ball versus time, for the duration of its flight;
QUESTION 1 A ball is thrown horizontally from a cliff with a speed of 10 ms -1 shown in the diagram at right. Neglecting the effect of air resistance and taking gravitational acceleration to be g +9.8ms
More informationFluids, Pressure and buoyancy
Fluids, Pressure and buoyancy Announcements: CAPA due Friday at 10pm. Comment on the hint in Problem 5. CAPA solutions from previous sets can be found by logging onto CAPA and selecting View Previous Set
More informationWednesday, September 20, 2017 Reminders. Week 3 Review is now available on D2L (through Friday) Exam 1, Monday, September 25, Chapters 1-4
Wednesday, September 20, 2017 Reminders Week 3 Review is now available on D2L (through Friday) Exam 1, Monday, September 25, Chapters 1-4 PLEASE don t memorize equations, but know how to recognize them
More informationChapter 16. Waves-I Types of Waves
Chapter 16 Waves-I 16.2 Types of Waves 1. Mechanical waves. These waves have two central features: They are governed by Newton s laws, and they can exist only within a material medium, such as water, air,
More informationPHY131H1S - Class 23. Today: Fluids Pressure Pascal s Law Gauge Pressure Buoyancy, Archimedes Principle. A little pre-class reading quiz
PHY131H1S - Class 23 Today: Fluids Pressure Pascal s Law Gauge Pressure Buoyancy, Archimedes Principle Archimedes (287-212 BC) was asked to check the amount of silver alloy in the king s crown. The answer
More informationATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION. WIND = The horizontal movement of air. Results from the differences in air pressure. Always moves from HIGH to LOW.
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION WIND = The horizontal movement of air. Results from the differences in air pressure. Always moves from HIGH to LOW. Pressure differences result from variations in temperature. AIR
More informationGases and Pressure. Main Ideas
Gases and Pressure Key Terms pressure millimeters of mercury partial pressure newton atmosphere of pressure Dalton s law of partial pressures barometer pascal In the chapter States of Matter, you read
More informationMcKnight's Physical Geography 11e
Chapter 2 Lecture McKnight's Physical Geography 11e Lectures Chapter 5 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Michael Commons Ohio Northern University Atmospheric Pressure and Wind The Nature of Atmospheric Pressure
More informationCHAPTER 31 IDEAL GAS LAWS
CHAPTER 31 IDEAL GAS LAWS EXERCISE 144, Page 317 1. The pressure of a mass of gas is increased from 150 kpa to 750 kpa at constant temperature. Determine the final volume of the gas, if its initial volume
More informationPYP 001 First Major Exam Code: Term: 161 Thursday, October 27, 2016 Page: 1
Term: 161 Thursday, October 27, 2016 Page: 1 *Read the following (20) questions and choose the best answer: 1 The motion of a swimmer during 30.0 minutes workout is represented by the graph below. What
More informationAOS 103. Week 4 Discussion
AOS 103 Week 4 Discussion Starting from an atmospheric HIGH pressure center (e.g. for the subtropical Pacific) North Hemi 1) Deduce/draw/describe the geostrophic wind 2) Deduce/draw/describe the Ekman
More informationQuiz name: Chapter 13 Test Review - Fluids
Name: Quiz name: Chapter 13 Test Review - Fluids Date: 1. All fluids are A gases B liquids C gasses or liquids D non-metallic E transparent 2. 1 Pa is A 1 N/m B 1 m/n C 1 kg/(m s) D 1 kg/(m s 2 ) E 1 N/m
More informationLecture 3. Science A February 2008 Finish discussion of the perfect gas law from Lecture Review pressure concepts: weight of overlying
Lecture 3. Science A-30 07 February 2008 Finish discussion of the perfect gas law from Lecture 2. 1. Review pressure concepts: weight of overlying fluid ("hydrostatic"), force of molecules bouncing off
More informationFull Name: Class: Period: Date:
Topic/Objective: Essential Question: Full Name: Class: Period: Date: Tutor Use Only: Air Pressure and Wind (Chapter 19) Air Pressure the weight of the atmosphere pushing down on the Earth exerting a force
More informationMeteorology I Pre test for the Second Examination
Meteorology I Pre test for the Second Examination MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A primary reason why land areas warm up more rapidly than water areas is that a) on land, all solar energy is absorbed in a shallow
More informationSea and Land Breezes METR 4433, Mesoscale Meteorology Spring 2006 (some of the material in this section came from ZMAG)
Sea and Land Breezes METR 4433, Mesoscale Meteorology Spring 2006 (some of the material in this section came from ZMAG) 1 Definitions: The sea breeze is a local, thermally direct circulation arising from
More informationChapter 5. Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure. Gases. Force Pressure = Area
Chapter 5 Gases Water for many homes is supplied by a well The pump removes air from the pipe, decreasing the air pressure in the pipe The pressure then pushes the water up the pipe Pressure Atmospheric
More informationChemistry 20 Unit 2 Gases FITB Notes. Topic A Characteristics of Gases
Chemistry 20 Unit 2 Gases FITB Notes General Outcome: Topic A Characteristics of Gases We use technologies that were designed with the knowledge of the visible characteristics ( ) of gases ex. SCUBA equipment,
More informationAir Pressure and Wind
Air Pressure and Wind 19.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air. Air pressure is exerted in all directions down, up, and sideways. The
More informationAir Pressure and Wind. Goal: Explain the formation of wind based on differences in air pressure
Air Pressure and Wind Goal: Explain the formation of wind based on differences in air pressure What is Air Pressure? Reminder: Air pressure is thickest near Earth s surface and becomes thinner as we move
More informationThe Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases based on the idea that particles are always in motion
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases based on the idea that particles are always in motion Five assumptions: 1. Most of the volume occupied dby a gas is empty space 2. Collisions between gas particles
More information3 1 PRESSURE. This is illustrated in Fig. 3 3.
P = 3 psi 66 FLUID MECHANICS 150 pounds A feet = 50 in P = 6 psi P = s W 150 lbf n = = 50 in = 3 psi A feet FIGURE 3 1 The normal stress (or pressure ) on the feet of a chubby person is much greater than
More informationChapter 15 Fluid. Density
Density Chapter 15 Fluid Pressure Static Equilibrium in Fluids: Pressure and Depth Archimedes Principle and Buoyancy Applications of Archimedes Principle By Dr. Weining man 1 Units of Chapter 15 Fluid
More informationStatic Fluids. **All simulations and videos required for this package can be found on my website, here:
DP Physics HL Static Fluids **All simulations and videos required for this package can be found on my website, here: http://ismackinsey.weebly.com/fluids-hl.html Fluids are substances that can flow, so
More informationExploration Series. MODEL ROCKET Interactive Physics Simulation Page 01
MODEL ROCKET ------- Interactive Physics Simulation ------- Page 01 How high will your model rocket fly? At liftoff, the rocket engine is ignited and a thrust force is generated. The rocket accelerates
More informationMeteorology Lecture 12
Meteorology Lecture 12 Robert Fovell rfovell@albany.edu 1 Important notes These slides show some figures and videos prepared by Robert G. Fovell (RGF) for his Meteorology course, published by The Great
More informationGases and Pressure SECTION 11.1
SECTION 11.1 Gases and In the chapter States of Matter, you read about the kineticmolecular theory of matter. You were also introduced to how this theory explains some of the properties of ideal gases.
More informationChapter. Air Pressure and Wind
Chapter Air Pressure and Wind 19.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air. 19.1 Understanding Air Pressure Air Pressure Defined Air pressure
More informationEnviro Sci 1A03 Quiz 3
Enviro Sci 1A03 Quiz 3 Question 1 (1 point) Which of the following measure wind direction and speed? Question 1 options: a) aerovane b) anemometer c) wind vane d) all of the above Question 2 (1 point)
More informationLAB 7. ROTATION. 7.1 Problem. 7.2 Equipment. 7.3 Activities
LAB 7. ROTATION 7.1 Problem How are quantities of rotational motion defined? What sort of influence changes an object s rotation? How do the quantities of rotational motion operate? 7.2 Equipment plumb
More informationEnvs, Geol, Phys 112: Global Climate. Energy-Atmosphere System Review Aguado & Bert, Ch. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10
Exam 1 Review Energy-Atmosphere System Review Aguado & Bert, Ch. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 Location on Earth (L04) Latitude & Longitude great circles, prime meridian, time zones, cardinal points, azimuth
More informationCHAPTER 1 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES (PART A)
For updated version, please click on http://ocw.ump.edu.my BSK1133 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES (PART A) PREPARED BY: DR. YUEN MEI LIAN AND DR. SITI NOOR HIDAYAH MUSTAPHA Faculty
More informationAtmospheric & Ocean Circulation-
Atmospheric & Ocean Circulation- Overview: Atmosphere & Climate Atmospheric layers Heating at different latitudes Atmospheric convection cells (Hadley, Ferrel, Polar) Coriolis Force Generation of winds
More informationPhysics 2048 Test 1 Fall 2000 Dr. Jeff Saul Name:
Physics 2048 Test 1 Fall 2000 Dr. Jeff Saul Name: READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE YOU BEGIN Before you start the test, WRITE YOUR NAME ON EVERY PAGE OF THE EXAM. Calculators are permitted, but no notes
More information3. Approximately how far will an object near Earth's surface fall in 3.0 seconds? m m m m
Page 1 of 5 Sub work 10-10-02 Name 12-OCT-03 1. A car travels a distance of 98 meters in 10. seconds. What is the average speed of the car during this 10.-second interval? 1. 4.9 m/s 3. 49 m/s/ 2. 9.8
More informationKinetic-Molecular Theory
GASES Chapter Eleven Kinetic-Molecular Theory! Recall that our only previous description of gases stated that gases completely fill and take the shape of their containers.! The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
More informationPressure is defined as force per unit area. Any fluid can exert a force
Physics Notes Chapter 9 Fluid Mechanics Fluids Fluids are materials that flow, which include both liquids and gases. Liquids have a definite volume but gases do not. In our analysis of fluids it is necessary
More informationIrrigation &Hydraulics Department lb / ft to kg/lit.
CAIRO UNIVERSITY FLUID MECHANICS Faculty of Engineering nd Year CIVIL ENG. Irrigation &Hydraulics Department 010-011 1. FLUID PROPERTIES 1. Identify the dimensions and units for the following engineering
More informationAT350 EXAM #2 November 18, 2003
AT350 EXAM #2 November 18, 2003 Name and ID: Enter your name and student ID number on the answer sheet and on this exam. Record your answers to the 50 questions by using a No. 2 pencil to completely fill
More informationChapter 3 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS
Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala McGraw-Hill, 2010 Chapter 3 PRESSURE AND FLUID STATICS Lecture slides by Hasan Hacışevki Copyright The McGraw-Hill
More informationGas Physics Pressure and Flow Topics Covered:
Gas Physics Pressure and Flow Topics Covered: Molecular Theory of Gases Definition of Pressure The Gas Laws Definition of Flow Definition of Pressure Drop Gas Physics Pressure and Flow Topics Covered:
More informationDynamics of the Wind Field
Dynamics of the Wind Field Balanced Wind Approximations Meteorology 411 Iowa State University Week 4 Bill Gallus Why use balanced wind approximations? Real atmosphere is very complex, making it hard to
More informationWind is caused by differences in air pressure created by changes in temperature and water vapor content.
Topic 8: Weather Notes, Continued Workbook Chapter 8 Wind is caused by differences in air pressure created by changes in temperature and water vapor content. Wind blows from high pressure areas to low
More informationSanta Ana Winds. Surface weather map showing typical Santa Ana conditions.
Santa Ana Winds Surface weather map showing typical Santa Ana conditions. High Desert Elevation ~1500-2000 ft Santa Ana Winds ~1500 meters 0 meters Santa Ana Winds ~875 mb ~1500 meters ~875 mb Horizontal
More informationChapter 14 Fluids Mass Density Pressure Pressure in a Static Fluid Pascal's Principle Archimedes' Principle
Chapter 14 Fluids Mass Density Pressure Pressure in a Static Fluid Pascal's Principle Archimedes' Principle Fluids in Motion The Equation of Continuity DEFINITION OF MASS DENSITY The mass density ρ is
More informationZonal (East-West) Currents. Wind-Driven Ocean Currents. Zonal (East-West) Currents. Meridional (N-S) Currents
Wind-Driven Ocean Currents Similarities between winds & surface currents Zonal (East-West) Currents Trade winds push currents westward north & south of the equator Equatorial currents. Up to 100 cm/sec.
More informationSIO 210 Problem Set 3 November 4, 2011 Due Nov. 14, 2011
SIO 210 Problem Set 3 November 4, 2011 Due Nov. 14, 2011 1. At 20 N, both the ocean and the atmosphere carry approximately 2 PW of heat poleward, for a total of about 4 PW (see figure). If (at this latitude)
More informationCP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory
CP Chapter 13/14 Notes The Property of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases The word kinetic refers to. Kinetic energy is the an object has because of its motion. Kinetic Molecular
More informationCh. 4 Motion in One direction Ch 6. Pressure in Fluids and Atmospheric Pressure Ch. 7. Up-thrust in Fluids Ch. 8. Floatation and Relative Density
Ch. 4 Motion in One direction Ch 6. Pressure in Fluids and Atmospheric Pressure Ch. 7. Up-thrust in Fluids Ch. 8. Floatation and Relative Density Physics Class 9 th Copyright 10x10learning.com 1 Acceleration
More information