Laser Shock Processing influence on local properties and overall tensile behavior of friction stir welded joints

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1 Laser Shock Processng nfluence on local propertes and overall tensle behavor of frcton str welded jonts Mhaela Iordachescu a '*, Andres Valente a, Lus Caballero a, Danut Iordachescu b, Jose Lus Ocana b, Juan Antono Porro b ABSTRACT Based on laser beam ntenstes above 10 9 W/cm 2 wth pulse energy of several Joules and duraton of nanoseconds, Laser Shock Processng (LSP) s capable of nducng a surface compressve resdual stress feld. The paper presents expermental results showng the ablty of LSP to mprove the mechancal strength and crackng resstance of AA2024-T351 frcton str welded (FSW) jonts. After ntroducng the FSW and LSP procedures, the results of mcrostructural analyss and mcro-hardness are dscussed. Vdeo Image Correlaton was used to measure the dsplacement and stran felds produced durng tensle testng of flat specmens; the local and overall tensle behavor of natve FSW jonts vs. LSP treated were analyzed. Further, results of slow stran rate tensle testng of the FSW jonts, natve and LSP treated, performed n 3.5% NaCl soluton are presented. The ablty of LSP to mprove the structural behavor of the FSW jonts s underscored. 1. Introducton Startng early 1920s, aerospatal structures have used alumnum alloys due to ther hgh strength-to-weght rato developed through precptaton hardenng. However, the presence of precptates wthn these alloys leads to poor corroson resstance [1-3]. Therefore the structural use of alumnum alloys requres the development of treatments to mprove ther corroson resstance. It was proved that tradtonal fuson weldng technques are not able to provde qualtatve jonts made of hgh strength alumnum alloys because of the hgh power concentraton needed; moreover, these alloys exhbt the tendency for both soldfcaton and lquaton crackng [2,4], Snce n the early '90s the new technque of Frcton Str Weldng (FSW) emerged, t was clear that t s very sutable for jonng of alumnum alloys [1-6]. FSW brngs the metal nto a plastc state at a temperature below ts meltng pont, and forms the welded jont between the two parts, strred together under pressure [7], Nevertheless, FSW has ts lmtatons. It was almost generally reported that the FSW alumnum jonts exhbt a slght undermatch n strength wth respect to the base metal [8-9]. Moreover, the resdual stress feld developed durng the weldng process s a crtcal feature for the servce performance of the welded jont, snce t can favour stress corroson crackng (SCC) n the presence of specfc envronments [3,8], Prevous nvestgatons have shown that the maxmum resdual stresses are less than those nduced by the tradtonal weldng processes [10]. Across the weld regon the resdual stress dstrbuton reveals an "M"-lke shape, asymmetrc wth respect to the weld centerlne, wth the largest longtudnal stress components orented along the weld lne, takng values rangng from 15% to 30% of the parent materal yeld stress [10-12], In the last decade t has been reported [4,8,13-15] that peenng technques lke Laser Shock Processng (LSP) are local surface treatments capable of nducng deep-enough compressve resdual stress to moderate or even to neutralze the weldng resdual tensle stress feld. LSP conssts of the applcaton of a hgh ntensty pulsed Laser beam (rradance, I>10 9 W/cm 2, and pulse duraton, T<50ns) on a metallc target forcng a sudden surface vaporzaton that mmedately produces a hgh temperature and densty plasma capable of nducng a mechancal shock wave whch propagates nto the materal [10-11]. The man objectve of the nvestgaton was to assess the ablty of LSP n modfyng the overall and local mechancal behavor of the AA 2024-T351 FSW jonts. In ths vew, a vdeo-mage based system was used for dsplacement and stran feld measurement durng the tensle testng of the FSW jonts, natve and LSP treated. The plastc stran concentraton revealed by ths full-feld expermental data s

2 explanng the jont falure n the retreatng sde (RS) of the thermomechancally affected zone (TMAZ). Another subsequent outcome of the nvestgaton was to determne the local tensle behavor of the jont dfferent zones, natve or superfcally treated by LSP. Fnally, the LSP effect on stress corroson crackng (SCC) of the FSWjonts s also dscussed on the bass of slow stran rate tensle tests carred out n an aggressve medum. 2. Expermental approach The AA2024-T351 alumnum alloy s an Al-Cu-Mg alloy whch has been soluton heat-treated, control stretched and naturally aged. It was selected due to hgh strength and sutable fracture toughness; ts chemcal composton s gven n Table 1 [16]. The nvestgaton was made on 4 mm thck plates, n as receved T351 condtons, wthout any addtonal surface treatment to ncrease the corroson resstance. The FSW samples were made at DEM-Insttuto Superor Tecnco, TULISBON, Lsbon, usng specalzed equpment. The weldng drecton was perpendcular to the rollng drecton of the AA2024 plates; the dmensons of the samples after weldng were 200mmx250mm. The man processng parameters for performng the FSW butt welds are presented n Table 2. No cracks or ndcatons of other surface-open flaws have been revealed after the vsual nspecton of the samples. Tensle specmens (conventonal dog bone coupons of loadng drecton normal to the weld), wth a gauge length of 50 mm and a gauge wdth of 12.5 mm were machned, n accordance wth ASTM E8, from the FSW jont panels and natve base metal plates. The Laser Shock Processng was appled on both faces of the specmens, on a total length of 57 mm (Fg. 1). Untreated FSW specmens and base metal specmens were also tensle tested for comparson. Accordng to ISO prescrptons, the same type of specmens was used for the slow stran rate tensle tests, carred out n an aggressve envronment, to measure the jonts susceptblty to stress corroson crackng. The Laser Shock Processng was performed wth a Nd:YAG laser emttng at 1064 nm (fundamental) and 532 nm (1st harmonc) wave lengths, at UPM Laser Centre, Unversdad Poltecnca de Madrd. A Q-swtch devce was used to produce the nanoseconds regme. The treatment area was covered wth an approxmately 1 mm thck lamnar layer of flowng water, and the laser beam was brought nto t by means of a set of mrrors arrangement. No other absorbng coatng was used [14]. A 2D moton system was used to control the specmen poston aganst the laser beam and generate the pulse swept (Fg. lb). The LSP surface sweepng strategy, namely the equvalent number of laser pulses per unt area of processed surface was obtaned by controllng the system velocty and the ptch overlappng. The processng parameters are gven n Table 3. Tensle testng was performed at Materals Scence Dpt, E.T.S.I. Camnos, Unversdad Poltecnca de Madrd, at room temperature on a 200 kn servo-hydraulc unversal testng machne usng a constant crosshead speed of 1 mm/mn. A Vdeo Image Correlaton system (VIC-2D) was used addtonally to conventonal clp-on extensometers to assess the stran and dsplacement felds durng tensle loadng of the LSP treated and untreated FSW specmens. VIC-2D s a dsplacement and stran measurement technque capable to analyze the dgtal mages data taken durng a tenson test of a Table 2 FSW processng parameters. FSW parameters Pn length, mm Tlt angle, FSW control Vertcal downward forgng force, kgf Rotaton speed, rpm Rotaton drecton Travel speed, mm/mn Plunge speed, mm/s Dwell tme, s Rollng drecton vs. weld lne Vertcal force control cw Perpendcular flat specmen. The camera s placed perpendcular to the specmen surface and ts calbraton requres only the determnaton of the scale factor. Consecutve dgtal mages are used to montor the changes of a speckle pattern, prevously appled on the specmen surface. The system uses an teratve spatal doman cross-correlaton algorthm to track the speckle pattern movement durng loadng. The error n the n-plane stran and dsplacement measurements due to out-of-plane moton of the target surface s proportonal to the rato of the out-of-plane dsplacement to the focal length of the camera, and s typcally less than 1%. The system was used to assess the longtudnal stran dstrbuton over an area of nterest (AOI) defned on the specmen surface, contanng the FSW jont, LSP treated or not, durng tensle loadng. The results were used to obtan stran averages data vs. testng tme, usng "vrtual extensometers", on gauge lengths comparable wth the lengths of dfferent weld regons. The average strans were mapped to the correspondng global stress levels appled by the testng machne, assumng that the transversely loaded FSW specmens were n so-stress confguraton. 3. Results and dscusson 3.1. Welded jont mcrostructure Standard procedures were used to prepare the metallographc specmens. Dfferent etchng reagents were used to obtan hgh y - longtudnal drecton of FSW x - transverse to FSW {rollng plate drecton) swept drecton * overlappng ptch 0.3 mm E E Table 1 Nomnal weght percentage for AA2024 chemcal composton. Al Bal Cr 0.10 Cu Fe 0.50 Mg Mn S 0.50 T 0.15 Zn 0.25 gauge length Fg. 1. Sketch of the FSW and FSW wth LSP specmen used for tenson and SSC testng: a) specmen geometry wth dmensons n mm; b) LSP surface sweepng strategy.

3 Table 3 LSP processng parameters. LSP parameters Wavelength, 10 m Frequency, Hz Energy, J/pulse Pulse duraton, 1CP 9 s Spot dameter, mm Overlappng, pulses/cm 2 Confnng medum Water jet contrast mages of each FSW, LSP treated mcrostructure: frst, Keller (Fg. 2a and f-h); second, 10 g NaOH, 5 g K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ], 100 ml dstlled H 2 0 (Fg. 2d and e) and thrd, 1 g (NH 4 )Mo0 4, 6g NH 4 C1, 200 ml dstlled H 2 0 (Fg. 2b and c) [17]. All photomcrographs were taken usng Dfferental Interference Contrast (D1C) mcroscopy. The macrostructure of the LSP treated jont s presented n Fg. 2a; FSW typcal regons, namely the heat affected zone, HAZ, the thermomechancally affected zone, TMAZ, and the weld nugget, WZ, are vsble. The varaton n gran sze of each regon of the jont depends on the base materal and FSW processng parameters [11-12,18]. Ths large varaton n textures across the weld zone s suggestng a consequent strong varaton n local mechancal propertes. A larger TMAZ s found n the retreatng sde of the jont, as a pecularty of the FSW process. The weld nugget appears wder on the crown regon of the weld snce the upper surface was n contact wth the tool shoulder (Fg. 2a). At macro-scale, the dffuse onon rngs are vsble nsde the weld zone. The nugget regon. * * * ; * * ^M^TI -»,, «*». >.-» ; - ** ' * * Fg. 2. Typcal features of AA2024-T351 FSW jont wth LSP surface treatment: a) jont macrostructure and relevant optcal mcrostructures poston; b) mcrostructure of HAZ revealng LSP zone; c) mcrostructure of WZ and LSP substrate; d, e) mcrostructures of the weld nugget; f) mcrostructure of the jont advancng sde (A) capturng the WZ-TMAZ transton; g) mcrostructure of the jont retreatng sde (R) capturng the WZ-TMAZ transton; h) base materal mcrostructure.

4 HAZ TMAZ Weld nugget TMAZ HAZ 375^ r r \ r f f r rt^-t; r T r r [mm] 0.5 mm Weld centrelne Advancng Sde Retreatng Sde , N TMAZ HttvDT Advancng Sde V\, Weld nugget TMAZ/ HAZ Retreat etreatng Sde [mm] Fg. 3. Mcrohardness transverse across the FSW jont at 0.25 mm depth from the weld top surface and LSP nfluence: a) map of hardness measurements locaton; L lne of consdered hardness mprnts; b) hardness profles along L] n case of: 1 FSW jont; 2 FSW jont prevously treated by LSP on both sdes. mcrostructure (Fg. 2d and e) ndcates that the weld centre was subjected to hgh plastc deformaton at hgh enough temperature to develop a fne gran structure by dynamc recrystallsaton. The average gran sze of ths area of 6 urn s n agreement wth prevously reported data [11-12,19], TMAZ shows an elongated gran structure that s due to the severe plastc deformaton that takes place durng weldng; the strrng acton causes the flat grans of the parent metal to be drawn nto and around the nugget zone (Fg. 2a, f, and g). The presence of the coarsened precptates of Al 2 CuMg n TMAZ ndcates that ths zone s somewhat softer than the weld zone. The gran sze n TMAZ s approxmately 200 to 400 urn, slghtly bgger than that of the base materal. The HAZ mcrostructure (Fg. 2b) s unaffected by the mechancal effects from the weldng tool and ts structure resembles the pan-cake parent materal, although the precptates n ths regon are generally larger than n the base materal; the grans sze s about 150 urn. As reference, Fg. 2h shows the base materal (AA2024-T351) mcrostructure. The LSP effects are presented n Fg. 2b and c, whch show the upper sde of the jont. Because flowng water was used as confnng medum durng LSP, the aqueous soluton of ammona molybdate [17] was found approprate to reveal the LSP nfluence through the jont thckness; a hghly oxdzed, quas-homogeneous layer was found, of approxmately 20 urn thck n HAZ, and of 40 urn thck n WZ; ths dmensonal msmatch s due to the dfferences n grans sze and orentaton at the jont surface. Nevertheless, the oxdaton s caused by the superfcal nteracton of the water-confned plasma wth the substrate and has benefcal effects due to well-known propertes of alumna Hardness analyss Fg. 3a s presentng the map of Vckers hardness measurements made across the jont. The results are n agreement wth prevous nvestgatons [12,19], Data correspondng to LI lne, located at 0.25 mm depth from the weld top surface was consdered relevant for understandng the nfluence of LSP close to the sample surface. The values of the mcrohardness feld across the natve FSW jont are presented n Fg. 3b. The weld nugget, TMAZ and the HAZ mcrohardness values are gradually softer f comparng to the 140 HV1 3? M I II 1 ~ r I -I W ; >«m^m '; ' 023 J 022 ' I 017 ' eyy[l]-lagrarv e I 002 Fg. 4. VIC-2D analyss of stran durng the tenson test of the flat specmens: a) overall elongaton, 8%, of the FSW jont (al) n the elastc regme, 8 = 0.25%; (a2) n the elastcplastc transton, 8 = 0.2%; (a3) n the plastc regme, 8 = 0.5%; (a4) at maxmum load, 8 = 11.5%; (a5) before falure, 8 = 14%; b) overall elongaton, 8%, of the FSW specmen superfcally treated on both sdes by LSP (bl) n the elastc regme, 8 = 0.25%; (b2) n the elastc-plastc transton, 8 = 0.2%; (b3) n the plastc regme, 8 = 0.5%; (b4) at maxmum load, 8 = 8.3%; (b5) before falure, 8 = 10.5%; (25 mm gauge length); c) legend of the stran map at 0.5 s before FSW jont falure; d) legend of the stran map at 0.5 s before FSW, LSP treated jont falure.

5 average value of the natve AA2024 alloy, due to the competng effects of dssoluton and re-precptaton. In the weld nugget, the ntal mcrostructure of the base materal has been replaced by fne equaxed grans. The data are consstent wth prevously observed [4,6] under-matchng between the weld and the base metal. The weld regon exhbts the "W"-shaped hardness dstrbuton whch s typcal for many frcton str welded jonts when performed n precptaton hardenng alloys. The lower temperatures of HAZ makes the ntal precptaton hardenng treatment of the base materal to be more effectve, explanng ts hgher hardness values when comparng wth that of TMAZ. The asymmetry n sze and hardness of the retreatng sde (RS) of TMAZ, when comparng wth the advancng sde (AS) of TMAZ, suggests that ths regon of materal undergoes dfferent thermo-mechancal cycles wth respect to the tool pn rotaton and weld drecton [11,20]. The macro structure from Fg. 2a and the exhaustve examnaton of the sample wth the optcal mcroscope revealed relatvely small and dffuse precptates n the RS of TMAZ, comparng wth the sharp and larger precptates, transversely orented to the jont n the AS of TMAZ, explans the lower hardness levels found n the RS, when comparng wth the AS data. Its softenng s due to the dssoluton and coarsenng of strengthenng precptates durng the thermal cycle, by over-ageng. The mnmum hardness values of ths regon ndcate maxmum stran concentraton [11,19], leadng to a local degradaton of the jont mechancal propertes. The transverse mcrohardness feld (at 0.25 mm depth from the top sde of the specmens), after LSP treatment (appled on both faces of the jont) s also presented n Fg. 3. The mnmum hardness values were found n the TMAZ correspondng to the retreatng sde of the FSW jont. LSP produces the hardness ncrease n the weld area up to values comparable wth those of the base metal (140 HV1). Snce LSP was appled startng from the base metal unaffected by FSW, a superfcal hardenng (155 HV1) was notced n ths zone. The superfcal hardenng nduced by the LSP treatment was found up to 1 mm depth from the specmens' top sde, but ts effects are clearly relevant on mm depth [3-4,11,13-14], These results ndcate that LSP nduces a planar feld of compressve resdual stresses, on both sdes of the specmen, rangng from a maxmum value at surface to zero at about mm depth [3-8], The dfference of 22% between the maxmum strans at jonts falure can be attrbuted to compressve stran hardenng nduced by LSP. The last stran feld regstres explan the falure occurrence n the retreatng sde (Fg. 4a5 and b5) of both types of jonts. These stran felds are also showng that the tensle behavor of the welded jonts s not symmetrc n the two nterfaces of the weld (A and R), and that the retreatng sde (RS) s weaker than the advancng sde (AS) Tenson test local stran and overall results Fg. 4 presents the stran dstrbuton measured wth the V1C-2D technque durng the tensle loadng of the FSW flat specmens, natve and superfcally treated by LSP. Both tests were performed at a constant crosshead speed of 1 mm/mn. The analyss was made on dgtal mages contnuously acqured at every 0.5 s. The falure of the specmens was recorded at overall elongatons of 14% n case of the FSW jont, and 10.5% for the LSP treated ones (Fg. 4). Ths dfference of approxmate 3.5% reflects the LSP effect on the jont overall elongaton. The mages al-a5 (Fg. 4a), ndcate the locaton of maxmum stran along the tensle test of the FSW sample: n the WZ and advancng sde of TMAZ (al), n both sdes of TMAZ (a2), n the WZ and retreatng sde of TMAZ (a3), n the retreatng sde of TMAZ (a4), and (a5). The hghest stran durng the test was e mox = 0.23; t occurred just before tensle falure, n the retreatng sde of the TMAZ, ndcatng that ths zone of the jont s the weakest (Fg. 4c). These results are consstent wth the mcrohardness measurements and the macro/mcrostructure observatons whch are ndcatng that the orgnal structure of ths regon s over-aged. Therefore, ths area s relatvely neffectve n nhbtng dslocaton moton and the consequent stran localzaton here results nto the jont falure [18], In case of the tensle test of the LSP treated jont the locaton of maxmum stran s shown n Fg. 4, bl-b5: dspersed n dfferent jont areas (bl), n the retreatng sde of TMAZ (b2), n the WZ and retreatng sde of TMAZ (b3), and (b4) and n the retreatng sde of TMAZ (b5). The hghest stran value (e mo xsp = 0.18) durng the test occurred n the retreatng sde of TMAZ just before tensle falure (Fg. 4d). A I I I J I Stran Fg. 5. Tenson tests overall results: a) extensometers poston; b) engneerng stress-stran curves of: 1 FSW jont; 2 FSW jont wth LSP surface treatment; 3 - natve base metal AA2024-T351; 4 - AA2024-T351 wth LSP surface treatment

6 Engneerng stresses for a gven level of stran are lower n the welded jont than n the base materal (BM). Engneerng stress-stran curves of FSW jonts and base metal, both LSP treated and untreated, were obtaned from tensle tests carred out wth drect elongaton measurements by conventonal clpon extensometers. These curves are presented n Fg. 5. The falure of both types of welded specmens was located n/at TMAZ nterface wth the weld nugget (WZ), on the retreatng sde at a 45 angle wth respect to the plate surface. It results from the plastc stran concentraton on the RS of TMAZ due to the strength msmatch between the base metal and the jont regons. The welded jont s nhomogeneous (Fg. 2), and the conventonal tenson test provdes nformaton only on the overall stress-stran behavor, from whch t was found that the overall loss n tensle strength of the FSW sample s 10% wth respect to the BM. Samples superfcally treated wth LSP shown better tensle behavor, and only a 5% decrease n tensle strength vs. BM was encountered. As shown n Fg. 2, LSP treatment ncreases the overall ductlty of treated FSW jonts. The changes n the overall mechancal behavor of the welded jont due to LSP are nduced by superfcal hardenng of the jont top and bottom faces. VIC-2D dedcated software was used to smulate 4 vrtual extensometers on dfferent zones of the FSW jont (Fg. 6al). The strans were obtaned by averagng the dsplacement feld on the gauge length, whle the stresses were conventonally computed from the measured tenson loads. Thus, local stran-stress curves of dfferent jont zones and base metal were obtaned from a sngle tenson test (Fg. 6b). These curves are presentng nformaton on tensle behavor of the BM, WZ an AS regons up to the specmen falure n the RS of the FSW jont. Accordng to these curves, the materal of BM, WZ and AS s experencng some plastc deformaton, but, t does not reach the local tensle strength; VIC cannot provde nformaton beyond the specmens' falure n the RS. Fg. 6a2 and a3 shows the specmen at maxmum deformaton and falure, respectvely. The jont fals at the retreatng sde of TMAZ well before ts tensle nstablty, when the natve BM s qute far from t, and the WZ and the advancng sde of TMAZ have wdely surpassed t. The same type of analyss was made for the FSW jonts, LSP treated. Fg. 7a shows the ntal vrtual gauge lengths and the specmen mages at maxmum deformaton and falure newly occurred at the nterface of the weld nugget and the retreatng sde of TMAZ. Fg. 7b llustrates the stran-stress curves from dfferent regons of the FSW, LSP treated jont, provdng nformaton on tensle behavor of the BM, WZ an AS regons up to the specmen falure n the RS. It was found that LSP delays the jont falure beyond tensle nstablty of the retreatng sde of TMAZ, by ncreasng wth 30% the falure stran of ths zone (Fg. 8a). Fg. 8b shows the mechancal propertes of dfferent regons of the FSW jonts, natve or LSP treated obtaned usng VIC "vrtual extensometers" by assumng that the transversely loaded specmens are n so-stress confguraton. It was found that the yeld strength (YS) of the FSW jont decreases when comparng wth the natve BM, wth 16% n the AS, wth 20% n the WZ and wth 21% n the RS. Ths s due to the large varatons n resdual stress, hardness and mcrostructure as the weld lne s traversed [18-20]. The compressve stresses added by LSP are mnmzng the dfferences n YS between the 100 I \ : 1-BM-FSW -!"V 2-RS-FSW " ; 3-AS-FSW I 4-WZ-FSW o I 1! 1 : L ,15 02 Stran Fg. 6. VIC-2D overall tenson test results on FSW natve jont: a) speckle mage showng: the ntal gauge (vrtual extensometer) postons and lengths (al), jont maxmum elongaton (a2), falure poston (a3); b) engneerng stress-stran curves of: 1 natve base metal AA2024-T351; 2 retreatng sde of the FSW jont; 3 - advancng sde of the jont; 4 weld nugget. Fg. 7. VIC-2D overall tenson test results of the FSW jont wth LSP surface treatment: a) speckle mage showng: the ntal gauge (vrtual extensometer) postons and lengths (al), jont maxmum elongaton (a2), falure poston (a3); b) engneerng stress-stran curves of: 1 natve base metal AA2024-T351 wth LSP; 2 retreatng sde of the FSW jont wth LSP; 3 advancng sde of the jont wth LSP; 4 weld nugget wth LSP.

7 natve BM and the weld regons; the decrease n YS was of 10% n the AS, 17% n the WZ and 18% n the RS. LSP s ncreasng wth 6% the YS of the RS when comparng wth the as welded data. It results that the man beneft of LSP s the ncrease, of dfferent magntudes, of the YS of the weld dfferent regons. The jonts, natve FSW and LSP treated have to be understood as composte materals, resultng from the combnaton of 4 dstnct regons, where the overall stran/elongaton s the average of the correspondent elongatons at jont falure n tenson. Ther tensle falure s governed by the combnaton of these regons of dfferent strength, the weakest determnng the fracture load. LSP superfcal treatment appled on the whole FSW jont area produces a sgnfcant ncrease of the tensle loadng capacty, and also a presumable ncrease of fatgue and corroson resstance [18,20]. The compressve resdual stress feld resultng from LSP contrbutes to the structure servcelfe by delayng the growth of eventual surface flaw generated n the presence of specfc envronments [20-21], LSP on specmen top surface 3.4. Stress corroson crackng (SCC) susceptblty Slow stran rate tensle tests (SSRT) wth the jonts mmersed n a 3.5% NaCI soluton at room temperature were carred out at a stran rate of 1 x 10~ 6 s _1. The specmen geometry was that of Fg. 1. A sealed cell contanng the corrosve soluton and the welded zone of e z LSP-FSW 2-FSW fracture ntaton - ^ ^ J ^2r2kN : - fracture surface 23.2 W : 2 - : y \ / : I : A : : I : 1 : : 1 : : I: I : ; ! S / / 336% ; " Tme [s) RS (FSW) RS(FSWSLSP) stran Fg. 9. LSP nfluence on FSW jonts SSRT n a 3.5% NaCI soluton: a) Image captured durng the SSRT of the un-treated FSW jont; b) FSW jont, LSP treated durng SSRT; c) SEM mage showng the fracture ntaton of the FSW specmen, LSP treated; d) SEM mage showng the end of the fracture and the LSP top sde of the sample; e) SSRT results (Load vs. tme curves): 1 FSW jont wth LSP surface treatment; 2-FSW jont. jont falure natve LSP Base metal 4551 " 455 AS WZ RS FSW jont / FSW & LSP jont YS TS YS after LSP TSaRwLSP Fg. 8. LSP nfluence on the FSW jont propertes: a) stress-stran curves n the RS of the jont (1 as welded vs. 2 LSP treated); b) yeld strength (YS) and tensle strength (TS) propertes of the BM and FSW regons natve or LSP treated (advancng sde - AS, weld nugget WZ and retreatng sde RS). the specmens was placed n the testng machne, as shown nfg. 9a. The test results are presented n Fg. 9e. All tested specmens fractured at the nterface between the weld nugget and the TMAZ n the retreatng sde of the FSW jont; no sgn of stress corroson crackng was found on the specmen surfaces n contact wth the aggressve soluton (Fg. 9c and d). However, sgns of actve pttng corroson ntaton were vsble on the TMAZ of the FSW un-treated specmen after 48 h of testng (Fg. 9b). In spte of ths pttng attack ntaton, the results ndcate that the general corroson rates were very small for all tested samples. No sgns of pttng corroson were found on LSP treated samples. Ths s due to the compressve resdual stress nduced by LSP on the specmen surface and through ts thckness, as too [21], The only notable dfference between the LSP treated and untreated FSW jonts was the recorded load vs. tme curves. Falure loads slghtly dffer, but falure tme s 33% hgher for the LSP treated jont. Ths ndcates that the jont surface layers due to LSP treatment are delayng the damage mechansms nvolved n SCC.

8 4. Conclusons VIC method was proved effcent for assessng the mechancal behavor of local zones of an nhomogeneous materal, such as the FSW jont. VIC s a feasble method to expermentally analyze tensle behavor of local areas of reduced dmenson structural jonts. At jont scale, a surface hardenng effect s nduced by LSP affectng the overall mechancal behavor of the FSW jont. LSP s postvely nfluencng the FSW jont overall plastc deformaton n the unform elongaton zone and delayng ts falure beyond the ultmate tensle strength. The overall ductlty of the FSW jonts s ncreased by the LSP treatment. The plastc stran concentraton at the retreatng sde of TMAZ causes falure. Ths s due to the strength msmatch between the base metal and the jont regons. The man beneft of LSP s the ncrease, of dfferent magntudes, of the YS of the weld dfferent regons. LSP delays the jont falure beyond tensle nstablty n the RS of TMAZ, by ncreasng wth 30% the stran at falure. The low stran rate tensle testng of the FSW jonts n an aggressve medum shows that LSP treatment nhbts the pttng corroson ntaton observed n the un-treated FSW jonts. The compressve resdual stresses nduced by LSP are mtgatng the tensle resdual stress of FSW, delayng the acton of the damage mechansms nvolved n stress corroson crackng. Concludng, the overall effect of LSP s the ncrease of the tenson loadng capacty of the FSW jonts as well as a presumable mportant ncrease of fatgue and stress corroson resstance. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the partal fnancal support of the Spansh Mnstero de Cenca e Innovacon through the projects CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 CSD00C , BIA C02-01, and SHOCKLAS+/MAT /MAT. The authors acknowledge the essental contrbuton of Dr. Pedro Vlaca and Eng. Catarna Vdal, who were wth DEM-Insttuto Superor Tecnco, TULISBON, Lsbon and kndly provded the FSW welded jonts. References [7 [8 [9 [10 [11 [12 [13 [14 [15 [16 [17 [18 [19 [20 [21 P.S. De, R.S. Mshra, Sc. Technol. Weld. Jonng 16 (4) (2011) 343. RS. Mshra, Z.Y. Ma, Mater. Sc. Eng., R 50 (1-2) (2005) 1. K. Surekha, B.S. Murty, K. Prasad Rao, Surf. Coat. Technol. 202 (2008) O. Hatamleh, P.M. Sngh, H. Garmestan, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 18 (4) (2009) 406. M. Iordachescu, D. Iordachescu, M. Blasco, E. Scutelncu, Metal. Int 14 (7) (2009) 99. M.B. Uday, M.N. Ahmad Fanz, H. Zuhalawat, A.B. Ismal, Sc. Technol. Weld. Jonng 15 (7) (2010) 534. K. Collgan, Weld. J. 75 (7) (1999) 229s. O. Hatamleh, S. Forth, A.P. Reynolds, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 19 (1) (2010) 99. P. Staron, M. Kocak, S. Wllams, A. Wescott, Phys. B Condens. Matter 350 (1-3) (2004) e491. L. Fratn, B. Zuccarello, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 46 (6) (2006) 611. M.A. Sutton, A.P. Reynolds, D.-Q. Wang, CR. Hubbard, J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 124 (2002) 215. A. Al, M.W. Brown, CA. Rodopoulos, S. Gardner, J. Fal. Anal. Prev. 6 (4) (2006) 83. J.L Ocana, M. Morales, J.A. Porro, C. Molpeceres, D. Iordachescu, Metal. Int. 14 (3) (2009)113. M. Morales, J.L. Ocana, C Molpereces, J.A. Porro, A. Garca-Beltran, Surf. Coat. Technol. 202 (2008) S. Bagherfard, M. Gualano, Surf. Eng. 25 (11) (2009) 1. Desgnaton and Chemcal Composton Lmts for Wrought Alumnum and Alumnum Alloys. The Internatonal Alloy Desgnaton System (IADS), Alumnum Assocaton of the Unted States, USA, ASM Handbook Metallography & Mcrostructures, Vol. 9, 2004, p O. Hatamleh, A. DeWald, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 209 (2009) G. Bussu, P.E. Irvng, Int J. Fatgue 25 (2003) 77. O. Hatamleh, J. Lyons, R. Forman, Int. J. Fatgue 29 (2007) 421. O. Hatamleh, P.M. Sngh, H. Garmestan, Corros. Sc. 51 (2009) 135.

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