Adjustable Depth Air Sparging for
|
|
- Calvin McKinney
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 em feature U.S. Naval Facilities Test Adjustable Depth Air Sparging for Groundwater Remediation Groundwater remediation at the Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant, McGregor, TX. Photo by Erica Becvar, AFCEE/TDE. by Andrew Drucker Andrew S. Drucker, P.E., is an environmental engineer with the Weapons Acquisition Support and Environmental Quality Technology Transfer Branch at the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) in Port Hueneme, CA. Disclaimer: The views presented in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Navy or NFESC. Air sparging is an effective groundwater remediation technology commonly deployed at sites contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or halogenated volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) as a result of leaking underground storage tanks, pipelines, or other accidental releases. The technology relies on two basic mechanisms volatilization and biodegradation working alone or in tandem. Volatilization occurs as pressurized air is injected into a groundwater zone where it proceeds to come in contact with the VOCs. The air strips the contaminants from the liquid, converting them to a vapor, and transports them via air channels to the unsaturated zone. While in the unsaturated zone, the stripped contaminants are biodegraded or removed via soil vapor extraction (SVE). The quality of air distribution is paramount to the successful application of an air sparge system. Air Distribution The application of air sparging to remove VOCs from groundwater has been proven successful to varying degrees. In many cases, air sparging is the most cost-effective remediation alternative. As with any in situ technology, however, a well-engineered design followed by proper installation and operation are essential to achieve success. There are several design criteria, most of which are site-specific, that need to be properly addressed to ensure the successful application of an air sparge system. The quality of air distribution is paramount to an air sparging site s successful application. The extent of air distribution within the saturated region is manipulated by 14 em october 2007 adjusting the design criteria. It is highly desirable to promote the greatest level of air distribution within the contaminated area, both in terms of air channel density and the reduction or elimination of dead airflow zones. In other words, the greater the extent of air distribution within the remedial zone, the greater the opportunity for air to come in contact with the target contaminants, resulting in their removal. This is true whether air sparging is being used to facilitate volatilization, biodegradation, or a combination of the two. The primary components of a conventional air sparging system include an air sparge/injection well, an air compressor or blower, monitoring points/wells, and an SVE system (optional). Most of these components are adjusted for size, quantity, and location, with the primary objective to achieve a well-developed distribution of airflow. For instance, an air compressor or blower is typically sized to deliver air at a flow rate set between 5 and 20 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm). However, greater air distribution is typically realized when setting the airflow rate at the high end of the scale, at or near 20 cfm. Air distribution may also be improved by reducing the spacing between the individual sparge wells. This lowers the risk of airflow dead zones and contributes to flow overlap from adjacent wells, thereby increasing channel density at the overlap regions. Nested or staggered wells are another design consideration that may improve air distribution by taking advantage of the less permeable subsurface layers within the saturated zone. This is accomplished by setting individual well depths to provide airflow Copyright 2007 Air & Waste Management Association
2 above and below these less permeable layers. However, in most instances, well spacing of less than 15 feet and use of nested or staggered wells are cost-prohibitive options that can quickly drive up capital expense. These costs are greatly magnified as the square footage and depth of the treatment zone increase in size and distance, respectively. Generally speaking, significant increases in costs are realized at sites that are greater than 5000 square feet and deeper than 40 feet below ground surface. 1 Even if one approaches the sparge well design by using rules of thumb, such as placing the sparge wells 15 feet apart and setting a discrete injection depth of between 10 and 15 feet below the water table, an operator runs the risk of not being able to deliver air to where it is needed most due to subsurface heterogeneities. This risk increases as the subsurface s semi-impermeable and impermeable layers and lenses reach a higher level of complexity throughout the remedial zone. A comprehensive site characterization, along with air sparge pilot testing, will help the operator identify the appropriate location and depth to sparge. Adjustable Depth Air Sparging Comprehensive site characterization and testing may not necessarily identify the point of injection that will result in the optimal rate of contaminant removal what is often referred to as the sweet spot for each and every air sparge well installed at a site. The question then arises: How does one remove the guesswork with respect to finding the sweet spot for each air sparge well installed at a site? One answer Figure 1. Schematic of an ADAS well installed at a site with impermeable subsurface layers. Figure 2. Schematic of an ADAS well s flow-through packer while in operation. is to install a set of adjustable depth air sparge (ADAS) wells. ADAS wells offer improved performance capabilities, in many cases better than staggered groupings or nested sparge wells, without the added expense of more conventional well system designs. ADAS wells allow an operator to manually adjust the depths of air injection by inserting a flow-through packer into a single elongated screened well. Figure 1 illustrates how the ADAS system is intended to be used in saturated subsurface zones, containing semi-impermeable and impermeable layers that alter the upward mobility of injected air. For illustration purposes only, the packer in Figure 1 is shaded blue to represent the packer position above the impermeable layer at injection depth 1 and shaded black to represent the packer position below the same impermeable layer at injection depth 2. The wandering black lines represent air channel flow that corresponds to the black color of the packer at injection depth 2. Likewise, the blue lines represent air channel flow that corresponds to the blue color of the packer at injection depth 1. By injecting at depth 2, the impermeable layers cause the air to travel at a wider distribution, bypassing a potentially highly contaminated region above the impermeable layer. It is therefore advantageous to also inject air above the impermeable layer at depth 1 to prevent airflow from bypassing the contamination at shallower depths. Subsurface heterogeneities vary by site and may be more complex than is shown in Figure 1. The ADAS system would be of even more value at sites with injection depth flexibility. Copyright 2007 Air & Waste Management Association october 2007 em 15
3 Figure 3. Flow-through packer prior to being lowered into an Flow-through packer prior to being lowered into an ADAS well. Figure 4. ADAS well installed at the demonstration site. The inflatable flow-through packer is designed to seal off the interior of the well so that injection air flowing out from the bottom of the packer does not travel back up into the interior of the well (see Figures 2 and 3). The same pressurized air that is injected (or sparged) into the groundwater is also used to inflate the flow-through packer. A pressure regulator mounted to the bottom of the flow-through packer provides backpressure to inflate the packer. Once airflow Figure 5. Air bubbling observed at nearby monitoring wells, as air injection depth below the water table was varied. stops, the packer deflates, allowing the operator to readjust the packer to inject air at a new depth. The packer system consists of 1-, 2.5-, and 5-foot sections, allowing the operator to adjust packer length to meet site-specific requirements. Simple to use, the ADAS system allows the operator to manually raise and lower the packer to any depth within the well without the need for specialized equipment beyond what is employed at a typical air sparge site. The well design of the ADAS system is similar to a fully screened well used for groundwater monitoring purposes. The full screen length allows for injection adjustability throughout the portion of the well submerged within the groundwater zone. To prevent the possible short circuiting of airflow along a well s exterior packing material (typically associated with the well being installed by drill rig), direct push well installation methods are used that eliminate the need for exterior packing material through which short circuiting occurs. The ADAS system is capable of locating the sweet spot(s) within a single well. It allows 16 em october 2007 Copyright 2007 Air & Waste Management Association
4 Figure 6. FID readings taken at the previously measured depth. Each bar represents a separate period of operation within a single day. Figure 7. FID readings taken at 4- and 5-foot depths from the water table within a period of one day. the operator to perform a pilot test at each well without the added cost of mobilizing a drill rig more than once (i.e., once for pilot testing and once for complete well installation) and without the need to perform a costly comprehensive site characterization. By being able to adjust the air injection depth, ADAS users are able to characterize impermeable layers within the subsurface. DEMONSTRATION A demonstration of the ADAS system was recently performed in an area of active groundwater remediation at a Superfund site in New Jersey. Air bubbling was rapid at these two wells, to the point where foam was forming in the well. Pressures at these wells were approximately 25 30% of the air sparging well head pressure, indicating potential air pocket formation in this zone. Additional pressure measurements made at a third observation well during the 6-foot depth test were approximately 30 35% of the air sparging well head pressure. The data indicate some impediment to Site Description At the time of demonstration, remediation systems were operating at the site to remove VOCs in groundwater. Installation of the ADAS system (see Figure 4) was completed alongside existing conventional air sparge wells, thereby allowing a performance comparison between ADAS wells and conventional discrete depth sparge wells. Objectives Testing was designed to evaluate the ADAS system s performance in two areas: subsurface and overall operability. Subsurface performance was evaluated by changes in contaminant removal rates, air distribution, and water table levels. Because mass removal (stripping) is a key parameter for evaluating ADAS, testing was performed using air sparging and SVE. Operability, adjustability, and overall ease of use were evaluated under field conditions, and modifications were made as needed to improve the system. Results The influence data presented in Figure 5 show evidence of lateral migration and potential air pocket formation. Subsurface air pressures were measured at several well locations within 20 feet of the air sparging test well during the 5-foot depth test. The highest pressures during sparging were measured at observation wells 8.6 feet and 17.6 feet from the air sparging test well and within the main airflow pathway. Copyright 2007 Air & Waste Management Association october 2007 em 17
5 vertical airflow (e.g., silty layers) approximately 3- to 4-feet below the water table in the test area. Flame ionization detector (FID) and photo ionization detector (PID) readings were made from vapor samples at the SVE well to measure VOC concentrations recovered during ADAS testing. The FID readings were higher than the PID readings, but changes in both readings were similar on a percentage basis. Some increase in FID/PID readings was observed during all tests. The rates of increase were generally slow, indicating sparging airflow paths to the unsaturated zone were indirect and/or not in close proximity to the SVE well. The greatest increases in FID readings were observed during the 5-foot depth test (76 parts per minute [ppm], or 68% increase) (see Figures 6 and 7). Smaller increases were observed during the 6-foot depth test (38 ppm, or 36% increase), 4-foot depth test (23 ppm, or 27% increase), and open well test (27 ppm, or 40% increase). Normalizing for test duration, the estimated VOC mass stripped from the saturated zone during the 5- and 6-foot depth tests accounts for approximately 60% of the total VOC mass stripped from the saturated zone by air sparging during testing at six depth intervals. Elevated levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were measured, shortly after shutting down the oxygen biosparging system. Oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations decreased during testing as these gases were flushed from the unsaturated zone. Oxygen concentrations rose one day after the biosparging system was again set into operation. SUMMARY The vertical adjustments to air sparging depth clearly influenced the achievable VOC mass removal rate, as indicated by the increases in FID readings at the SVE well compared to sparge depth. VOC stripping is a key design criterion for air sparging systems. However, the depth of sparging that maximizes VOC stripping is sometimes not determined during pilot testing or full-scale operations when using set-depth wells. Certain unknowns, such as the vertical distribution of VOCs and fine grained subsurface layers at each sparging well location, can limit the effectiveness of some wells in a full-scale system designed using set-depth wells, resulting in the need for additional sparging wells or other modifications later in the project. Use of ADAS wells during pilot testing could significantly improve the understanding of subsurface air distribution and VOC mass removal, thereby improving full-scale operations. em REFERENCES 1. Final Air Sparging Guidance Document. Prepared by Battelle for the Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Washington, DC, Final Pilot Testing Report Adjustable Depth Air Sparging System. Prepared by Xpert Design and Diagnostics, Allentown, PA, Aerosol & Atmospheric Optics Conference Get an In-Depth Look at Air Pollution Modeling Published by A&WMA and The EnviroComp Institute! Call For Abstracts April 28 through May 2, 2008 Moab, Utah The Aerosol & Atmospheric Optics: Visual Air Quality and Radiation conference will provide a technical forum on the effects of aerosols on regional, continental and global scale haze and radiation balance. Abstracts will be accepted for the conference until Nov. 17, For more information on submitting an abstract, visit Looking for a better understanding of the evolving field of air quality modeling? This great book series has the answers you need. Edited by Paolo Zannetti, Air Quality Modeling: Theories, Methodologies, Computational Techniques, and Available Databases and Software, takes an in-depth look at advanced topics of air pollution modeling. Following up on the well-received Volume 1 (Fundamentals), this 600-page volume features individual chapters written by a wide range of experts and gives environmental professionals a solid foundation on advanced modeling techniques. For more information or to order your copy, visit the Online Library at 18 em october 2007 Copyright 2007 Air & Waste Management Association
Chapter 8: Reservoir Mechanics
PTRT 1472: Petroleum Data Management II Chapter 8: Reservoir Mechanics - Reservoir drives Types of Natural Gas Reservoir Fluids Natural gas is petroleum in a gaseous state, so it is always accompanied
More informationCTB3365x Introduction to Water Treatment
CTB3365x Introduction to Water Treatment D4b Aeration Doris van Halem Did you know that there are not just gasses in your glass of sparkling coke, but also in the tap water you drink? Welcome to the water
More informationVAV SYSTEM INDOOR AIR QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFICE SPACES
Proceedings: Indoor Air 005 A SYSTEM INDOOR AIR QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS FOR OFFICE SPACES PH Zhang * Jacobs Civil, Inc. 60 Madison Avenue, 1 th Floor, NYC, NY10016, USA ABSTRACT This paper discusses indoor
More informationSWI NAPL Recovery. Cemcor Environmental Services. represented by. Contact: Craig Marlow Phone Cell
SWI NAPL Recovery represented by Cemcor Environmental Services Contact: Craig Marlow Phone 419.867.8966 Cell 419.349.7970 Email cemarlow@att.net Physical mechanisms of SWI Injection in the saturated zone
More informationMethods for Measuring Groundwater Elevation and Vacuum Pressure During Soil Vapor Extraction
Technical Note Methods for Measuring Groundwater Elevation and Vacuum Pressure During Soil Vapor Extraction Introduction Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is an easy and low-cost remediation method for removing
More informationMETHOD 25A - DETERMINATION OF TOTAL GASEOUS ORGANIC CONCENTRATION USING A FLAME IONIZATION ANALYZER
1250 METHOD 25A - DETERMINATION OF TOTAL GASEOUS ORGANIC CONCENTRATION USING A FLAME IONIZATION ANALYZER 1.0 Scope and Application. 1.1 Analytes. Analyte CAS No. Sensitivity Total Organic Compounds N/A
More informationFocus on VOC Emissions Reduction Using an Oxygen Based Inerting Control System For Inert Gas Blanketing of Chemical Process Vessels
Inerting Control Systems by NTRON PROCESS ANALYZER DIVISION of NEUTRONICS INC. EXTON. PA. 19341 RJN Rev. A June 2001 Focus on VOC Emissions Reduction Using an Oxygen Based Inerting Control System For Inert
More informationAn Improved Understanding of LNAPL Behavior in the Subsurface LNAPL - Part 1
An Improved Understanding of LNAPL Behavior in the Subsurface LNAPL - Part 1 Dave Thomas Copyright 2011 Chevron Corporation All Rights Reserved Copyright claimed throughout, except where owned by others
More informationA Conceptual Understanding of Leakage During Soil-Gas Sampling
A Conceptual Understanding of Leakage During Soil-Gas Sampling Dominic C. DiGiulio, Ph.D. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development National Risk Management Research Laboratory
More information1. UPDATE 12/12/2014: What wells are regulated under the MIA Program? Must they be drilled, stimulated, and completed? Must they be in production?
PLEASE NOTE THAT ALL USES OF THE WORD OPERATOR IN THIS DOCUMENT REFER TO THE ACT 13 DEFINITION OF WELL OPERATOR AND THUS, REFERENCE THE PERMIT HOLDER (PERMITEE) FOR THE WELL. ANY ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS UNDER
More informationmaintaining storage tank dissolved oxygen levels utilizing gas transfer membranes
Water Technologies & Solutions technical paper maintaining storage tank dissolved oxygen levels utilizing gas transfer membranes Authors: W.E. Haas, SUEZ, J. Helmrich, Florida Power and Light and J.E.
More informationSimplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor
Simplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor By Charlie D. McCoy and Mark Lancaster Abstract: Vapor Recovery Units are often expensive, complicated to operate and unable to deal with High H2S and liquids.
More informationThe activated sludge process
The activated sludge process Most wastewater treatment plants are using the activated sludge process. The heart of such a process mainly consists of an aeration tank, a sedimentation tank or clarifier
More informationBROWNFIELD ASSESSMENT, REDEVELOPMENT & REMEDIATION
BROWNFIELD ASSESSMENT, REDEVELOPMENT & REMEDIATION 1 HOW ENVIRONMENTAL SITE ASSESSMENTS (PHASE I) AFFECT THE PURCHASE OR TRANSFER OF ANY PROPERTY 1 Standard 1 Sunshine State Standards: SS.A.1.4.4, SS.C.1.4
More informationUNITY 2 TM. Air Server Series 2 Operators Manual. Version 1.0. February 2008
UNITY 2 TM Air Server Series 2 Operators Manual Version 1.0 February 2008 1. Introduction to the Air Server Accessory for UNITY 2...2 1.1. Summary of Operation...2 2. Developing a UNITY 2-Air Server method
More information(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,748,931 B2. Drucker (45) Date of Patent: *Jul. 6, 2010
USOO7748931B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: Drucker (45) Date of Patent: *Jul. 6, 2010 (54) CHEMICAL INJECTION USING AN (56) References Cited ADJUSTABLE DEPTH AIR SPARGING SYSTEM U.S. PATENT
More informationInflatable Packers for Grouting 11/10/00
Introduction Inflatable Packers for Grouting 11/10/00 Inflatable packers are frequently used for grout injection in geotechnical applications for structural reinforcement and/or water-proofing of foundations,
More informationCOMPRESSED AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Series COMPRESSED AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 18 DESIGNING AN EFFICIENT COMPRESSED AIR DISTRIBUTION The main source of inefficiencies and problems affecting compressed air distribution systems is often the
More informationA New Leak Detection System for Long-Distance Pipelines Utilizing Soil-Gas Techniques
A New Leak Detection System for Long-Distance Pipelines Utilizing Soil-Gas Techniques by K.F. Liang and M.C. Tom Kuo Abstract This paper presents a new leak detection system for a long-distance pipeline
More informationDegassing ERC KK Saitama, Japan
Degassing Degassing Solutions IDEX Health & Science degassers improve fluidic instrument precision and reliability by removing dissolved gases from fluids before they outgas and form problem-causing bubbles
More informationPressure on Demand. Air Pressure Amplifiers
Pressure on Demand Air Pressure Amplifiers Introduction Haskel air pressure amplifiers offer the most comprehensive range in the industry combining simple principles of operation with rugged construction
More informationZIN Technologies PHi Engineering Support. PHi-RPT CFD Analysis of Large Bubble Mixing. June 26, 2006
ZIN Technologies PHi Engineering Support PHi-RPT-0002 CFD Analysis of Large Bubble Mixing Proprietary ZIN Technologies, Inc. For nearly five decades, ZIN Technologies has provided integrated products and
More informationACFM vs. SCFM vs. ICFM Series of Technical White Papers from Squire-Cogswell
ACFM vs. SCFM vs. ICFM Series of Technical White Papers from Squire-Cogswell Squire Cogswell / Aeros Instruments, Inc. 1111 Lakeside Drive Gurnee, IL 60031 Phone: (800) 448-0770 Fax: (847) 855-6304 info@squire-cogswell.com
More informationInstruction Guide for using Dive Tables (draft)
Instruction Guide for using Dive Tables (draft) Revision 1.0 US Navy Tables Rev 6 December 2009 Landis Bullock This guide is intended to supplement the instruction of a qualified SCUBA Instructor, not
More information2600T Series Pressure Transmitters Plugged Impulse Line Detection Diagnostic. Pressure Measurement Engineered solutions for all applications
Application Description AG/266PILD-EN Rev. C 2600T Series Pressure Transmitters Plugged Impulse Line Detection Diagnostic Pressure Measurement Engineered solutions for all applications Increase plant productivity
More informationTechnical Bulletin 161. How Deep Can I Design my Aeration Tanks? by:
Technical Bulletin 161 How Deep Can I Design my Aeration Tanks? by: Environmental Dynamics International Published: 01/2017 BULLETIN BRIEF In the water and wastewater treatment field there are many needs
More informationReduce Turnaround Duration by Eliminating H 2 S from Flare Gas Utilizing VaporLock Scrubber Technology
Reduce Turnaround Duration by Eliminating H 2 S from Flare Gas Utilizing VaporLock Scrubber Technology Jim Woodard Vice President of Sales Bryant Woods Lead Project Engineer 4/3/18 Page 1 Objectives Impact
More informationT.I. Mayes and A.D.S Gillies. A Review of Current Australian Longwall Mine Ventilation Practice, Proceedings, First Mine Environment and Ventilation
Published as: T.I. Mayes and A.D.S Gillies. A Review of Current Australian Longwall Mine Ventilation Practice, Proceedings, First Mine Environment and Ventilation Symposium, Dhanbad, India, Oxford and
More informationWell Control Modeling Software Comparisons with Single Bubble Techniques in a Vertical Well
Well Control Modeling Software Comparisons with Single Bubble Techniques in a Vertical Well Jace R. Larrison, P.E. Blowout Engineers, LLC Recent advances in well control modeling simulators have incorporated
More informationConstruction Dewatering
Construction Dewatering Introduction The control of groundwater is one of the most common and complicated problems encountered on a construction site. Construction dewatering can become a costly issue
More informationTechnical Bulletin 160. Maximum Air Pressure for Diffusers. by:
Technical Bulletin 160 Maximum Air Pressure for Diffusers by: Environmental Dynamics International Published: 11/2016 BULLETIN BRIEF In the design and application of diffuser systems, it is important to
More informationRegulatory Concerns for Leakage Testing of Packagings with Three 0-Ring Closure Seals
Regulatory Concerns for Leakage Testing of Packagings with Three 0-Ring Closure Seals John J. Oras Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, II 60439-4825 Robert H. Towell Eagle Research Group, Inc. Germantown,
More informationCircular Turning Space. 8 Significant Changes to the ICC A
8 Significant Changes to the ICC A117.1 2017 304.3.1 Circular Turning Space CHANGE TYPE: Modification CHANGE SUMMARY: Within new buildings, the size of a circular turning space has been increased from
More informationDetector Carrier Gas Comments Detector anode purge or reference gas. Electron Capture Nitrogen Maximum sensitivity Nitrogen Argon/Methane
Gas requirements Gases for packed columns The carrier gas you use depends upon the type of detector and the performance requirements. Table 520-1 lists gas recommendations for packed column use. In general,
More informationFast. Efficient. Precise control. 3M Liqui-Cel Membrane Contactors. Dissolved gas control solutions for the beverage industry
2 3M Liqui-Cel Membrane Contactors for the beverage industry Membrane Contactors Fast. Efficient. Precise control. 3M Liqui-Cel Membrane Contactors Dissolved gas control solutions for the beverage industry
More informationClean-Up by the CRV. Narrator: August 20, The Chemical Control Corporation of Elizabeth, New
Clean-Up by the CRV Narrator: August 20, 1980. The Chemical Control Corporation of Elizabeth, New Jersey catches fire. Fueled by 35,000 chemical containers, the fire burns for 10 hours. The flames ignite
More informationW I L D W E L L C O N T R O L FLUIDS
FLUIDS Fluids Learning Objectives You will learn about different fluids that can be used in well control. You will become familiar with the characteristics and limitations of fluids. You will learn general
More informationBrent Sleep, Magdalena Krol, University of Toronto Kevin Mumford, Queen s University Richard Johnson, Oregon Health and Science University
Brent Sleep, Magdalena Krol, University of Toronto Kevin Mumford, Queen s University Richard Johnson, Oregon Health and Science University Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) Power Control System Vapour
More informationAscent to Altitude After Diving
Ascent to Altitude After Diving On many occasions, divers have a need to ascend to a higher altitude after diving, and they need guidance on how long they need to wait before doing so. The reason they
More informationVeriforce TG CCT 609OP. Training Guide
Training Guide Directions: This training guide is to be used by a Veriforce Authorized Evaluator/Trainer and Trainee during on-thejob training (OJT) or prior to an evaluation as a resource. (S) Indicates
More informationControl of Nuclear Gloveboxes and Enclosures Using the No- Moving-Part Vortex Amplifier (VXA)
Control of Nuclear Gloveboxes and Enclosures Using the No- Moving-Part Vortex Amplifier (VXA) ABSTRACT M.J. Crossley AEA Technology ES. Inc. 1100 Jadwin Ave, Richland, WA 99352, USA This paper describes
More informationThe latest automotive systems require innovative leak test methods and fixturing.
Leak Testing Auto Parts The latest automotive systems require innovative leak test methods and fixturing. In the past, automobile manufacturers only required basic forms of leak testing to check standard
More informationLab # 03: Visualization of Shock Waves by using Schlieren Technique
AerE545 Lab # 03: Visualization of Shock Waves by using Schlieren Technique Objectives: 1. To get hands-on experiences about Schlieren technique for flow visualization. 2. To learn how to do the optics
More informationConfined Space July 2014
Confined Space July 2014 How Are We Doing? LTI s 0 in last 12 months Period Location Oil & Gas Base AFR Oil & Gas Sites AFR Total AFR May 0 0 0 12 Month Rolling 0 2.14 1.35 Statistics presented one month
More informationOBJECTIVE 22: EMERGENCY WORKERS, EQUIPMENT, AND VEHICLES - MONITORING AND DECONTAMINATION
OBJECTIVE Demonstrate the adequacy of procedures for the monitoring and decontamination of emergency workers, equipment, and vehicles. INTENT This objective is derived from NUREG-0654 which provides that
More informationThe Original Simply The Best. Dredging Technology with Körting Ejectors
Dredging Technology with Körting Ejectors Ejectors on Assembly- and Drilling Platforms The English terms ejector, jet pump or eductor all describe the same ejector technology, as does the standard term
More informationCLOSED LOOP SOLVENT EMISSIONS CONTROL. David C.H. Grant
CLOSED LOOP SOLVENT EMISSIONS CONTROL David C.H. Grant Abstract: An approach to closed loop solvent emissions control systems, useful for all conventional solvent processes and solvents is presented. The
More informationAIR DRIVEN. Gas Boosters & SYSTEMS. Accepting VISA, MasterCard and American Express
AIR DRIVEN Gas Boosters & SYSTEMS Accepting VISA, MasterCard and American Express Gas Boosters AIR DRIVEN FROM 30 PSI TO 21,750 PSI MAXIMATOR Maximator gas boosters are an excellent alternative to high
More informationCHAPTER 16 %UHDWKLQJ*DV0L[LQJ3URFHGXUHV
CHAPTER 16 %UHDWKLQJ*DV0L[LQJ3URFHGXUHV 16-1 INTRODUCTION 16-1.1 Purpose. The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize divers with the techniques used to mix divers breathing gas. 16-1.2 Scope. This chapter
More informationSmoke and gas tightness of Hilti Firestop products
Smoke and gas tightness Smoke and gas tightness of Hilti Firestop products The enclosed pages are taken from the Brochure Smoke and gas tightness Edition 2006 Please note the tables in this extract may
More informationSubparts AA and BB - The Other RCRA Air Rules. Beginners aabb
Subparts AA and BB - The Other RCRA Air Rules Beginners aabb 1 Background Subpart AA - Process vents Subpart BB - Equipment leaks Subpart CC - Tanks, surface impoundments, containers. Also includes Subpart
More informationInstrumentation & Data Acquisition Systems
Instrumentation & Data Acquisition Systems Section 3 -Level Robert W. Harrison, PE Bob@TheHarrisonHouse.com Made in USA 1 Level Section Question Which level measuring technology is the best solution when
More informationOPERATION MANUAL NTF-15
OPERATION MANUAL NTF-15 Nitrogen Tire Filling Valve Stem Caps (Qty=200) Order P/N 436075 RTI Technologies, Inc 10 Innovation Drive York, PA 17402 800-468-2321 www.rtitech.com 035-81235-00 (Rev B) TABLE
More informationOIL AND GAS PROCESSES AND EMISSIONS
OIL AND GAS PROCESSES AND EMISSIONS This document provides a brief description of oil and gas activities, equipment and expected pollutants from those equipment types. The emissions processes are discussed
More informationANNEX AMENDMENTS TO THE INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS (FSS CODE) CHAPTER 15 INERT GAS SYSTEMS
Annex 3, page 2 ANNEX AMENDMENTS TO THE INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR FIRE SAFETY SYSTEMS (FSS CODE) CHAPTER 15 INERT GAS SYSTEMS The text of existing chapter 15 is replaced by the following: "1 Application This
More informationEnbridge G & P (East Texas) LP EXAMINER S REPORT AND PROPOSAL FOR DECISION STATEMENT OF THE CASE
OIL AND GAS DOCKET NO. 05-0263914 THE APPLICATION OF ENBRIDGE G & P (EAST TEXAS) LP FOR AUTHORITY PURSUANT TO STATEWIDE RULES 9 AND 36 TO DISPOSE OF OIL AND GAS WASTE CONTAINING HYDROGEN SULFIDE INTO ITS
More informationTEMPLE UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND RADIATION SAFETY
Purpose In accordance with applicable regulations and Temple University, this policy was developed to minimize exposure to glutaraldehyde. Applicability This policy is applicable to all Temple University
More informationMETHOD 21 - DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND LEAKS. 1.2 Scope. This method is applicable for the
1151 METHOD 21 - DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND LEAKS 1.0 Scope and Application. 1.1 Analytes. Analyte Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) CAS No. No CAS number assigned 1.2 Scope. This method
More informationFlow meter. bellow vaporizer. APL valve. Scavenging system
Introductory Lecture Series: The Anesthesia Machine PORNSIRI WANNADILOK Objectives Anesthesia Machine Ventilators Scavenging Systems System Checkout 1 Flow meter ventilator bellow vaporizer Corrugated
More information2 Sentry MCL Installation, Operation & Maintenance
Gas Liquid & Slurry Solid & Powder Steam & Water Installation, Operation & Maintenance Manual Original Instructions Liquid Sampling Manual Low-Emission Samplers S-GA-IOM-00249-7 11-17 Sentry MCL 966 Blue
More informationWater Treatment: Fundamentals and Practical Implications of Bubble Formation
Water Treatment: Fundamentals and Practical Implications of Bubble Formation Paolo Scardina Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment
More informationFROG-4000 TM Chemical Analysis System
FROG-4000 TM Chemical Analysis System User s Manual Defiant Technologies, Inc. 2015 Vol.5 This page is intentionally left blank. FROG-4000 TM Chemical Analysis System User s Manual Defiant Technologies,
More informationNew power in production logging
New power in production logging Locating the zones where fluids enter the wellbore in a producing or injecting well is an important aspect of production logging. It is relatively straightforward to establish
More informationSTANDARDS FOR COMPRESSED GAS TESTING
STANDARDS FOR COMPRESSED GAS TESTING APPLICATION NOTE HPD-002 (US) Introduction This publication provides excerpts from some of the many guidelines and standards that pertain to compressed gases in cleanrooms.
More informationSiting classification for Surface. Michel Leroy, Météo-France
Siting classification for Surface Observing Stations ti on Land Michel Leroy, Météo-France Content of the presentation Quality factors of a measurement Site representativeness Siting classification Experience
More informationEFFECTS OF LASER WINDOW DEGREDATION ON LASER POWER AND DISTRIBUTION IN LASER SINTERING. Ben Fulcher, David K. Leigh
EFFECTS OF LASER WINDOW DEGREDATION ON LASER POWER AND DISTRIBUTION IN LASER SINTERING Ben Fulcher, David K. Leigh Harvest Technologies Belton, Tx 76513 Abstract Laser power is a key parameter in the laser
More informationKinetic-Molecular Theory
GASES Chapter Eleven Kinetic-Molecular Theory! Recall that our only previous description of gases stated that gases completely fill and take the shape of their containers.! The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
More informationEffect of Profile Uniformity on Coating Performance
November Problem Solving Forum Effect of Profile Uniformity on Coating Performance This Month s Question Is it necessary to control the uniformity of the surface profile for coating performance (i.e.,
More informationGerald D. Anderson. Education Technical Specialist
Gerald D. Anderson Education Technical Specialist The factors which influence selection of equipment for a liquid level control loop interact significantly. Analyses of these factors and their interactions
More informationGases&Technology. Measurement of Impurities in Helium Using the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Helium Ionization Detector. FEATURE.
Gases&Technology FEATURE Measurement of Impurities in Helium Using the Dielectric Barrier Discharge Helium Ionization Detector. B Y M A T T H E W M O N A G L E Abstract Bulk gases are often delivered to
More informationMarschalk Model # 94000
Marschalk Model # 94000 12-volt DC Portable oil-less Air Compressor Operation Manual 27250006 REV 1 9/13/05 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: SYSTEM DESCRIPTION... 5 FUNCTION AND THEORY... 5 SYSTEM COMPONENTS...
More informationUNIT 2 Chapter 3. Elodea and Photosynthesis. The Origins of Life. Learning Outcomes: Chapter 3 Lab/Activity #2. Introduction: Safety Issues:
The Origins of Life UNIT 2 Chapter 3 Name: Section: Date: Chapter 3 Lab/Activity #2 Elodea and Photosynthesis Introduction: Photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria) first evolved about 3.5 billion years
More informationEnbridge Pipelines (NE Texas) LP EXAMINER S REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION STATEMENT OF THE CASE
OIL AND GAS DOCKET NO. 06-0262611 THE APPLICATION OF ENBRIDGE PIPELINES (NE TEXAS) LP FOR A PERMIT TO INJECT ACID GAS INTO ITS PITTSBURG GAS INJECTION LEASE WELL NO. 1 IN THE PROPOSED PITTSBURG (PALUXY
More informationTEMPLE UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND RADIATION SAFETY
Page 1 of 9 ISSUED: 5/00 REVISED: 08/06 Introduction Purpose: In accordance with applicable regulations and Temple University, this policy was developed to minimize exposure to Ethylene Oxide. Applicability
More informationMedical Instruments in the Developing World
2.2 Ventilators 2.2.1 Clinical Use and Principles of Operation Many patients in an intensive care and the operating room require the mechanical ventilation of their lungs. All thoracic surgery patients,
More informationW I L D W E L L C O N T R O L PRESSURE BASICS AND CONCEPTS
PRESSURE BASICS AND CONCEPTS Pressure Basics and Concepts Learning Objectives You will be familiarized with the following basic pressure concepts: Defining pressure Hydrostatic pressure Pressure gradient
More informationLINEAR TRANSFORMATION APPLIED TO THE CALIBRATION OF ANALYTES IN VARIOUS MATRICES USING A TOTAL HYDROCARBON (THC) ANALYZER
LINEAR TRANSFORMATION APPLIED TO THE CALIBRATION OF ANALYTES IN VARIOUS MATRICES USING A TOTAL HYDROCARBON (THC) ANALYZER Michael T Tang, Ph.D. Grace Feng Greg Merideth Rui Huang Matheson Gas Applied Lab
More informationLecture 8&9: Construction Dewatering
Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport Colleague of Engineering & Technology Construction & Building Engineering CB 523 Methods and Equipment for Construction 1 Lecture 8&9: Construction
More information1.2 Example 1: A simple hydraulic system
Note: It is possible to use more than one fluid in the Hydraulic library. This is important because you can model combined cooling and lubrication systems of a library. The hydraulic library assumes a
More informationBENCH-SCALE INVESTIGATIONS ON VIBRATORY MOBILIZATION OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUID GANGLIA
BENCH-SCALE INVESTIGATIONS ON VIBRATORY MOBILIZATION OF IMMISCIBLE LIQUID GANGLIA L.N. Reddi *, H. Wu, and J. Nichols, Department of Civil Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, Phone:
More informationThis test shall be carried out on all vehicles equipped with open type traction batteries.
5.4. Determination of hydrogen emissions page 1 RESS-6-15 5.4.1. This test shall be carried out on all vehicles equipped with open type traction batteries. 5.4.2. The test shall be conducted following
More informationA LIFE OF THE WELL ARTIFICIAL LIFT STRATEGY FOR UNCONVENTIONAL WELLS
A LIFE OF THE WELL ARTIFICIAL LIFT STRATEGY FOR UNCONVENTIONAL WELLS Jay Miller Sales Manager Production Lift Companies Inc. Artificial Lift & Production Congress January 29, 2019 Unconventional Wells
More informationApplied Technology and Best Practices in CEE. Conference
Geoinform Applied Technology and Best Practices in CEE Conference THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUD GAS LOGGING SYSTEMS AND THEIR ROLE IN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION Sándor Pugner GEOINFORM Ltd. Budapest, 17 November
More informationCoal Bed Methane (CBM) Permeability Testing
Coal Bed Methane (CBM) Permeability Testing WTN Network Meeting April 28-29, 2011 ExxonMobil Exploration / Well Testing Team CBM Flow Characteristics Flow mechanism Gas desorbs when pressure drops below
More informationPENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Page 1 of 9 PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COMPLIANCE DEMONSTRATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CATEGORY NO. 38 AIR QUALITY PERMIT EXEMPTION CRITERIA The Category No. 38 exemption criteria
More informationInvestigation of Thermal Effects of CO 2 on Earth-Atmosphere System
Investigation of Thermal Effects of CO 2 on Earth-Atmosphere System Design Team Michel Beguin, Tim Bevins Dan Jakiela, Frank Kuchinski Design Advisor Prof. Yiannis Levendis Abstract This Capstone Project
More informationCONSIDERATION OF DENSITY VARIATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF A VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR ROAD TUNNELS
- 56 - CONSIDERATION OF DENSITY VARIATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF A VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR ROAD TUNNELS Gloth O., Rudolf A. ILF Consulting Engineers Zürich, Switzerland ABSTRACT This article investigates the
More informationthe annulus between the second casing string and the surface casing [must be] open to the atmosphere in the manner described in subsection (2).
Bulletin 2011-35 December 20, 2011 Surface Casing Vent Requirements for Wells This bulletin clarifies Section 6.100(4) of the Oil and Gas Conservation Regulations (OGCR) and provide additional surface
More informationDetermination of Dissolved Gases in Ground Waters. By Ray Martrano Laboratory Director Seewald Laboratories Inc.
Determination of Dissolved Gases in Ground Waters By Ray Martrano Laboratory Director Seewald Laboratories Inc. Overview of Presentation What is a dissolved gas? Why do we want to study dissolved gases?
More informationInstruction Manual VCG-6
Specifications Amps / Volts requirements 400 ma @ 24 VDC Propane pressure (VCG-6LP) 11 WC / 2.8 kpa Natural Gas pressure (VCG-6NG) 4.5 WC / 1.15 kpa Cu ft per hour / CO2 3-6 SCFH BTU Rating (Variable)
More informationFROG-4000 TM Chemical Analysis System
FROG-4000 TM Chemical Analysis System User s Manual Defiant Technologies, Inc. 2014 Vol.4 This page is intentionally left blank. FROG-4000 TM Chemical Analysis System User s Manual Defiant Technologies,
More informationMETHOD 2E - DETERMINATION OF LANDFILL GAS PRODUCTION FLOW RATE. NOTE: This method does not include all of the
287 METHOD 2E - DETERMINATION OF LANDFILL GAS PRODUCTION FLOW RATE NOTE: This method does not include all of the specifications (e.g., equipment and supplies) and procedures (e.g., sampling and analytical)
More informationRon Gibson, Senior Engineer Gary McCargar, Senior Engineer ONEOK Partners
New Developments to Improve Natural Gas Custody Transfer Applications with Coriolis Meters Including Application of Multi-Point Piecewise Linear Interpolation (PWL) Marc Buttler, Midstream O&G Marketing
More informationAMENDMENTS TO THE IMSBC CODE AND SUPPLEMENTS
E SUB-COMMITTEE ON CARRIAGE OF CARGOES AND CONTAINERS 4th session Agenda item 5 CCC 4/5/6 6 July 2017 Original: ENGLISH AMENDMENTS TO THE IMSBC CODE AND SUPPLEMENTS Review of the test methods given in
More informationLaboratory Hardware. Custom Gas Chromatography Solutions WASSON - ECE INSTRUMENTATION. Custom solutions for your analytical needs.
Laboratory Hardware Custom Gas Chromatography Solutions Custom solutions for your analytical needs. Laboratory Hardware Wasson-ECE Instrumentation offers hardware-only solutions for advanced chromatography
More informationAn Introduction to Deep Foundations
An Introduction to Deep Foundations J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A. Paul Guyer is a registered mechanical engineer, civil engineer, fire protection engineer and architect with over 35 years experience in the
More informationSPE Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers
SPE 159645 Successful Application of Venturi Orifice Gas Lift Valve in Kaji-Semoga Field, South Sumatra: A Case Study Nova Arthur Rilian, SPE, Adam Fatchur Rohman, SPE, Kamal Hamzah, SPE, Yoseph Itok Arseto,
More informationWP2 Fire test for toxicity of fire effluents
Pagina 3 di 89 TRA SFEU VTT 22.6.2009 v.2 WP2 Fire test for toxicity of fire effluents Task 2.1.2 Development of small-scale test method for fire effluents Step 1: Use of modeling Plans according to DoW:
More informationIMPROVING PLANT AERATION USING GAS INFUSION TECHNOLOGY
IMPROVING PLANT AERATION USING GAS INFUSION TECHNOLOGY AERATION IN WASTEWATER Municipal sewer collection systems-odor Mgmt. Lift and transfer stations Lagoons / Retention Ponds BOD / COD treatment Enhanced
More informationKansas State University Fume Hood Operation
FUME HOODS 2009, PAGE 1 FUME HOODS Kansas State University Fume Hood Operation One of the primary safety devices in a laboratory is a chemical fume hood. A well-designed hood, when properly installed and
More information