Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Drag on Spheres

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Drag on Spheres"

Transcription

1 Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Drag on Spheres Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 29 September 2017 Name 1: Name 2: Name 3: [Name 4: ] Date: Section number: ME 325. Group # Score (For instructor or TA use only): Lab experiment and results, plots, tables, etc. - Procedure portion Discussion Neatness & grammar TOTAL / 50 / 10 / 10 / 70 Comments (For instructor or TA use only):

2 Procedure and Presentations of Results A. Calibration of the electronic pressure transducer The two most common devices for measuring small differences in pressure are liquid manometers and electronic pressure transducers. When a pitot-static probe is used to measure flow velocity, either of these devices can be used. The water manometer used in this experiment has an inclined portion which permits accurate positioning of the meniscus. When used properly, the inclined micromanometer in the Fluids Lab has an accuracy of ±0.001 inches of water. The water in the manometer is actually a colored mixture which has a specific gravity of 1.000, i.e. its density is kg/m 3. The electronic pressure transducer is a device that provides a voltage output directly proportional to the pressure difference. For velocity measurements with a pitot-static probe, the electronic transducer is preferred over a liquid manometer for several reasons. First, its response time is much faster. Second, its output can be read directly from a digital voltmeter display. Measurements are much easier because no adjustments are necessary once the unit is calibrated. Finally, since the output is a voltage, it can easily be connected to a computer-controlled data acquisition system. In this lab experiment, an electronic pressure transducer is used for all flow measurements. However, it is first necessary to calibrate the transducer. The Validyne transducer used in this experiment can be adjusted to any desired ratio of voltage output to inches of water. Normally, the unit is adjusted so that 1.0 Volts on the display corresponds to 1.0 inches of water column pressure. However, the pressure difference encountered by the pitot-static probe in our wind tunnel can exceed 5.0 inches of water column; meanwhile, the computerized data acquisition system is set up for inputs in the range of -5.0 to 5.0 Volts. (Voltages above or below these limits are clipped.) Therefore, in order to avoid clipping by the data acquisition system, we will calibrate the transducer such that 1.0 Volts corresponds to a pressure of 4.0 inches of water column. Use the following procedure to calibrate the electronic pressure transducer: 1. First, the manometer must be leveled. Inspect the two level bubbles on the base of the instrument. If the bubbles are not exactly within the hairline marks, use the leveling screws on the base to level the instrument. 2. Next, the manometer itself must be zeroed. With both sides of the manometer open (atmospheric pressure on both sides, meaning zero pressure difference, crank the large knob on the right side of the instrument until the ruler pointer on the manometer is at exactly zero, as illustrated in Figure 2. Do NOT raise the pointer above the zero mark (doing so will bend or break the pointer.) While viewing the Meniscus Zero mark Ruler (inches) Inclined manometer tube round fine-adjustment scale on the bottom of the manometer, rotate the crank slowly to ensure that the pointer is at exactly zero (the fine adjustment scale should also read zero.) Now, using the large wheel-knob on the back side of the manometer, adjust the water level so that it intersects the zero mark as also sketched in Figure 2. Note that there is a very slow time response for the system. Wait a minute or so for everything to stabilize. Ask for assistance from the instructor or TA if necessary. 2. Crank down the water manometer so that the pointer is at exactly 4.00 inches. Again use the round fineadjustment scale near the bottom of the manometer for greatest accuracy. Pointer Figure 2. Manometer at zero inches of head. 3. Connect the hand pump to the manometer and to the pressure transducer as sketched in Figure 3. To avoid leaks, make sure that the black rubber gaskets are in place in the hose connectors. 4. Make sure the wind tunnel is off, and the pressure release on the hand pump is open (pushed in). Under these conditions there is zero pressure difference across the manometer and across the transducer head (P = P atm at both ports). 5. With the Validyne transducer switched to the Lo range, adjust the Zero adjust potentiometer to achieve a zero reading. 6. Close (release) the pressure release valve on the hand pump, and pump slowly until the liquid level is again exactly at the zero mark on the inclined portion of the water manometer. The opposite side of the hand pump contains a knob which can be turned either clockwise or counterclockwise for fine adjustment. Sometimes the small black washer on the blue quick connect falls out and causes a leak. Check for leaks. At this point, there is exactly 4.00 inches of water pressure (head) on the high (+) side of the electronic pressure transducer head, with the low (-) side open to atmospheric pressure. 7. With the Validyne transducer still set on the Lo range, adjust the Span adjust potentiometer to achieve a reading of 1.00 volts. The electronic pressure transducer is now calibrated to read exactly 1.00 volts per 4.00 inches of differential water pressure. 0 1

3 8. Record the potentiometer readings on the Validyne display unit: Zero: Span: Tubing High P atm Low Tee Meriam inclined manometer Pressure transducer P atm Low - + High Quick connector Cable Hi Zero Lo Span Pressure transducer display Hand pump Figure 3. Schematic diagram of how to calibrate the pressure transducer using the inclined manometer. 9. Replace the tee connection on the high (+) side of the transducer head with the total pressure line from the pitotstatic tube. Also, make the connection between the low (-) side of the transducer and the static pressure line from the pitot tube. Measuring the difference between wind tunnel total and static pressures will enable you to monitor the wind tunnel speed. 10. Slowly crank the manometer back up to the zero level so that it is ready for the next group. The water manometer is no longer needed. Carefully return the hand pump to its resting place so that it does not get knocked off. B. Calibration of the drag balance The drag strain gage is not functioning. As such, the strain gage mount has been rotated 90 degrees such that the lift strain gage is oriented in the direction of flow such that it can measure the drag force. Use the lift stain gage setup and calibration created in the Lift on a Wing lab throughout this lab. C. Operation of the Wind Tunnel and the Pitot-Static Probe In this section, you will familiarize yourself with the operation of the wind tunnel, and will practice calculating the wind tunnel velocity from the differential pressure reading of the Pitot-static probe. The following procedure should be performed without a model mounted to the lift balance. Remove any spheres or other models that may be in the wind tunnel. Also be sure that no loose tools or other objects are in the test section. Close and secure the wind tunnel test section door. Before proceeding, make sure the pressure transducer has been calibrated to 1.0 volt per 4.0 inches of water, as described in the previous section. Adjust the zero potentiometer on the Validyne unit, if necessary, since the zero sometimes drifts with temperature.

4 1. Record the ambient (barometric) pressure from the gauge which is mounted on the wall of the wind tunnel. It is often necessary to lightly tap the casing of the barometer to get a good reading. Be sure to use the proper scale, which is cm of mercury. (Typically in State College, the barometric pressure is around 72 cm of mercury.) P atm = cm of mercury. 2. Record ambient temperature from the glass thermometer located under the barometer. Note: Temperature is also measured by a thermocouple, and is recorded by the digital data acquisition system see Channel 2 of the Techkor unit. To read the temperature, divide the number on the display by 10 this is T in o C (1 volt = 10 o C). Write down both temperatures below they should be close. T ambient, glass thermometer = C T ambient, thermocouple = C. (2) 3. Using the ideal gas law, and the thermocouple temperature, calculate the air density. Show your calculations below. Note: One centimeter of mercury is equivalent to N/m 2 of pressure. The gas constant, R, for air is 287. m 2 /(s 2 K). = kg/m 3. (2) 4. Calculate or look up the coefficient of viscosity,, of the air at the temperature indicated by the thermocouple. = N s/m The speed of the wind tunnel is controlled by a Toshiba Tosvert 130H1 Transistor Inverter. First make sure the remote control unit (mounted to the side of the wind tunnel) is turned to Stop. Turn on the main circuit for the 480 Volt power supply (located on the wall just to the left of the sink). Push in the Start button on the small electric box just below the Toshiba wall-mounted control box. The display should read OFF. From here on, you will use the dial on the remote control to control the wind tunnel speed. (The remote control is located on the wind tunnel below the test section) (5) 6. Flip the bottom switch of the remote control to Manual, set the dial setting to a reading of around 200, and turn on the wind tunnel by rotating the upper switch to Start. Slowly increase the wind tunnel speed, using the dial. As the fan frequency increases, so should the Pitot-static pressure. Make five manual calculations of wind tunnel speed, using Equations (4) and (5), and show your calculations below. The last case should be at maximum wind tunnel speed. Be careful to use the proper SI units, and remember that the Validyne display represents 4.00 inches of water column for every 1.00 volt. Motor frequency (Hz) Validyne display reading (Volts) Pitot-static pressure difference (inches of water column) Velocity (m/s) 7. The maximum wind tunnel speed is m/s. Note: The maximum wind tunnel speed should be in the range between 40 and 60 m/s. If it is not, check your calculations and electronic and pressure line connections. (Often the problem is a leak in one of the blue quick connects or in the pitot-static probe connectors) If the problem is not found, consult your instructor or TA for assistance. 8. Turn the remote control switch to Stop to turn off the wind tunnel. Leave the wall-mounted Toshiba inverter unit on, however, until you are finished with the lab.

5 D. Drag Measurement Spheres With the aid of the computerized data acquisition system, you will now measure the drag on various spheres, with and without surface roughness. 1. If not already in place, install the sting mount such that it protrudes horizontally from the top of the drag strut, as sketched in Figure 4. Consult your instructor or TA if necessary. 2. Install the smooth golf ball onto the sting mount. With the wind tunnel off, re-zero both the lift balance and the pressure transducer if necessary. 3. Start program ME325-Lift Measure from the Windows desktop. This program acquires the thermocouple temperature, the voltage from the lift balance, and the voltage from the pressure transducer, from which it calculates wind tunnel velocity, Reynolds number, drag force, and drag coefficient. Click on Enter Parameters, and enter the barometric pressure, along with a length scale for calculation of Reynolds number, and an area for calculation of drag coefficient. For the length scale, use the diameter of the sphere, which is given in the introductory portion of this lab (and also posted on the wind tunnel wall for your convenience). For the area, use the projected frontal area in square inches (also posted on the wind tunnel wall). Finally, enter the pressure transducer calibration constant (1.00 volt = 4.00 inches of water column). 4. Under Make File Selections, click on Calibration File and select the file generated previously. The program will perform a least-squares curve fit again. Verify that the intercept and span are the same as before. If they are not, something is wrong with your calibration data file, and you may need to re-do the balance calibration. 5. Create a new text file for the Save Results File by entering a file name of your choice (again it is suggested that you include a member s name in the file for uniqueness, such as Smith_groupC_smooth_golf_ball.txt. 6. Take many data points as you vary the wind tunnel speed from a moderate value up to full speed. After each adjustment of wind tunnel speed, wait until the wind tunnel blower has reached a constant frequency before taking a data point. The program is written such that it is not necessary to take data in ascending order. In other words, you can vary the wind tunnel speed in arbitrary fashion, going back to fill in some data points where there are gaps. Take as many data points as you feel necessary. Note: Due to zero drift of both the pressure transducer and the drag balance, it is advisable to stop the wind tunnel every so often (perhaps after every ten data points) to rezero the instruments. Make sure the wind tunnel fan has come to a complete stop before re-zeroing. (2) 7. When you are satisfied with the amount of data, exit the program, whereupon it will write all the data into the file that you created. Print out your data file when finished. See Table. (5) 8. Has a drag crisis been observed? In the space below, discuss why or why not. (2) 5. Repeat the drag measurements for the other smooth spheres (small brass, medium brass, and large brass). Each time you run the measurement program, enter a new file name; otherwise, your previous data may be lost! For each sphere, print out your data file, and make sure it is clearly labeled and numbered. See Tables through. (2) 6. Repeat the drag measurements for the roughened balls (one of the golf balls, baseball, and softball). See Tables through.

6 E. Presentation of the Data Now that you have acquired the data for all the spheres, you will generate plots from your data files so that the data can be analyzed. (10) 1. Plot drag force F D versus velocity V for all the smooth spheres on the same plot (use different symbols or colors to distinguish them, and be sure to include a legend). See Figure. (10) 2. Plot drag coefficient C D versus Reynolds number Re d for all the smooth spheres on the same plot (again be sure to distinguish and label each data set clearly). Include published data in your plot. See Figure. (5) 3. Plot drag coefficient C D versus Reynolds number Re d for all the rough spheres on the same plot (again be sure to distinguish and label each data set clearly). See Figure.

7 Discussion (5) 1. For which spheres (if any) were you able to observe a drag crisis? Discuss why or why not. Briefly discuss what you have learned about drag crisis, the effect of surface roughness, etc. on the flow over a sphere. (5) 2. Do the predictions of dimensional analysis really work? Specifically, do the smooth sphere data all collapse onto one curve when plotted nondimensionally? Why or why not? Do your data agree reasonably well with published data for spheres? If not, suggest some reasons for the discrepancy. How can this experiment be improved?

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Lift on a Wing

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Lift on a Wing Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Lift on a Wing Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 17 January 2017 Name 1: Name 2: Name 3: [Name 4: ] Date: Section number:

More information

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Pump Performance

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Pump Performance Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Pump Performance Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 02 March 2012 Name 1: Name 2: Name 3: [Name 4: ] Date: Section number:

More information

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Head Losses in Pipes

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Head Losses in Pipes Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Head Losses in Pipes Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 02 February 2012 Name 1: Name 2: Name 3: [Name 4: ] Date: Section

More information

AerE 343L: Aerodynamics Laboratory II. Lab Instructions

AerE 343L: Aerodynamics Laboratory II. Lab Instructions AerE 343L: Aerodynamics Laboratory II Lab Instructions Lab #2: Airfoil Pressure Distribution Measurements and Calibration of a Small Wind Tunnel Instructor: Dr. Hui Hu Department of Aerospace Engineering

More information

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Flow Visualization in a Water Channel

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Flow Visualization in a Water Channel Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Flow Visualization in a Water Channel Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 08 September 2017 Name 1: Name 2: Name 3: [Name

More information

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Boundary Layer Measurements

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Boundary Layer Measurements Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Boundary Layer Measurements Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 30 March 2012 Name 1: Name 2: Name 3: [Name 4: ] Date: Section

More information

Lab 1: Pressure and surface tension. Bubblers, gravity and the mighty paper clip.

Lab 1: Pressure and surface tension. Bubblers, gravity and the mighty paper clip. Lab 1: Pressure and surface tension. Bubblers, gravity and the mighty paper clip. CEE 3310 - Summer 2012 SAFETY The major safety hazard in this laboratory is a shock hazard. Given that you will be working

More information

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Compressible Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Compressible Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Compressible Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: 13 January 2012 Name 1: Name 2: Name

More information

Lab #1 Pressure: Bubblers and Water Balloons CEE 331 Fall 2003

Lab #1 Pressure: Bubblers and Water Balloons CEE 331 Fall 2003 CEE 331 Lab 1 Page 1 of 9 SAFETY Lab #1 Pressure: Bubblers and Water Balloons CEE 331 Fall 2003 Laboratory exercise based on an exercise developed by Dr. Monroe Weber-Shirk The major safety hazard in this

More information

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Compressible Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle

Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion. Compressible Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle Cover Page for Lab Report Group Portion Compressible Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle Prepared by Professor J. M. Cimbala, Penn State University Latest revision: Prof. Steve Lynch, 14 February 2017

More information

Lab 1c Isentropic Blow-down Process and Discharge Coefficient

Lab 1c Isentropic Blow-down Process and Discharge Coefficient 058:080 Experimental Engineering Lab 1c Isentropic Blow-down Process and Discharge Coefficient OBJECTIVES - To study the transient discharge of a rigid pressurized tank; To determine the discharge coefficients

More information

Armfield Distillation Column Operation Guidelines

Armfield Distillation Column Operation Guidelines Armfield Distillation Column Operation Guidelines 11-2016 R.Cox Safety SAFETY GLASSES ARE REQUIRED WHEN OPERATING THE DISTILLATION COLUMN Wear gloves when mixing alcohol feedstock The column will become

More information

P-5215 Differential Pressure Transmitter

P-5215 Differential Pressure Transmitter P-5215 Differential Pressure Transmitter Pneumatic Control Manual 717.1 Pressure Section Product Bulletin P-5215 Issue Date 0891 Features and Benefits Ultra Sensitive Feedback Circuit - Enhances System

More information

Exercise 2-2. Second-Order Interacting Processes EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. The actual setup DISCUSSION

Exercise 2-2. Second-Order Interacting Processes EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. The actual setup DISCUSSION Exercise 2-2 Second-Order Interacting Processes EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Familiarize yourself with second-order interacting processes and experiment with the finer points of controller tuning to gain a deeper

More information

Exercise 5-2. Bubblers EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Bubblers DISCUSSION. Learn to measure the level in a vessel using a bubbler.

Exercise 5-2. Bubblers EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Bubblers DISCUSSION. Learn to measure the level in a vessel using a bubbler. Exercise 5-2 Bubblers EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Learn to measure the level in a vessel using a bubbler. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Bubblers How to measure

More information

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Exercise 3-2 Orifice Plates EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will study how differential pressure flowmeters operate. You will describe the relationship between the flow rate and the pressure drop

More information

256 Pneumatic Pressure Indicator

256 Pneumatic Pressure Indicator 256 Pneumatic Pressure Indicator 51425699 Copyright 2002 Slope Indicator Company. All Rights Reserved. This equipment should be installed, maintained, and operated by technically qualified personnel. Any

More information

Exercise 4-2. Centrifugal Pumps EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. Pumps

Exercise 4-2. Centrifugal Pumps EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. Pumps Exercise 4-2 Centrifugal Pumps EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Familiarize yourself with the basics of liquid pumps, specifically with the basics of centrifugal pumps. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise

More information

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Exercise 5-3 Wet Reference Leg EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Learn to measure the level in a vessel using a wet reference leg. DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Measuring

More information

Model 130M Pneumatic Controller

Model 130M Pneumatic Controller Instruction MI 017-450 May 1978 Model 130M Pneumatic Controller Installation and Operation Manual Control Unit Controller Model 130M Controller is a pneumatic, shelf-mounted instrument with a separate

More information

LAB 13: FLUIDS OBJECTIVES

LAB 13: FLUIDS OBJECTIVES 217 Name Date Partners LAB 13: FLUIDS Fluids are an important part of our body OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW Fluid Properties To learn how some fundamental physical principles apply to fluids. To understand the

More information

Fluid Machinery Introduction to the laboratory measurements

Fluid Machinery Introduction to the laboratory measurements Fluid Machinery Introduction to the laboratory measurements Csaba H s (csaba.hos@hds.bme.hu) Ferenc Hegedus (hegedusf@hds.bme.hu) February 21, 2014 1 Requirements related to the measurement part of the

More information

LAB 13: FLUIDS OBJECTIVES

LAB 13: FLUIDS OBJECTIVES 205 Name Date Partners LAB 13: FLUIDS Fluids are an important part of our body OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW Fluid Properties To learn how some fundamental physical principles apply to fluids. To understand the

More information

LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES revised by Igor Bolotin 03/05/12

LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES revised by Igor Bolotin 03/05/12 LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES revised by Igor Bolotin 03/05/ This experiment will introduce you to the kinetic properties of low-pressure gases. You will make observations on the rates with which selected

More information

Instruction Manual. Pipe Friction Training Panel

Instruction Manual. Pipe Friction Training Panel Instruction Manual HL 102 Pipe Friction Training Panel 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 HL 102 Instruction Manual This manual must be kept by the unit. Before operating the unit: - Read this manual. - All

More information

3 1 PRESSURE. This is illustrated in Fig. 3 3.

3 1 PRESSURE. This is illustrated in Fig. 3 3. P = 3 psi 66 FLUID MECHANICS 150 pounds A feet = 50 in P = 6 psi P = s W 150 lbf n = = 50 in = 3 psi A feet FIGURE 3 1 The normal stress (or pressure ) on the feet of a chubby person is much greater than

More information

Applied Fluid Mechanics

Applied Fluid Mechanics Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and

More information

Experiment 11: The Ideal Gas Law

Experiment 11: The Ideal Gas Law Experiment 11: The Ideal Gas Law The behavior of an ideal gas is described by its equation of state, PV = nrt. You will look at two special cases of this. Part 1: Determination of Absolute Zero. You will

More information

AE2610 Introduction to Experimental Methods in Aerospace AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A WING IN A SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL

AE2610 Introduction to Experimental Methods in Aerospace AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A WING IN A SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL AE2610 Introduction to Experimental Methods in Aerospace AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A WING IN A SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL Objectives The primary objective of this experiment is to familiarize the student with measurement

More information

Long Win s Educational Facilities for Fluid Mechanics

Long Win s Educational Facilities for Fluid Mechanics Since 1985 F luid mechanics is a science to study how fluids flow and how fluids act on objects. T he wind tunnel is a comprehensive, complete and substantial system for students to study fundamental and

More information

Pressure Measurement

Pressure Measurement Pressure Measurement Absolute and Gage Pressure P abs = P gage + P atm where P abs = Absolute pressure P abs = Gage pressure P abs = atmospheric pressure A perfect vacuum is the lowest possible pressure.

More information

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Range with an elevated or suppressed zero Suppressed-zero range Elevated-zero range

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Range with an elevated or suppressed zero Suppressed-zero range Elevated-zero range Exercise 4-3 Zero Suppression and Zero Elevation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will learn the effect that mounting a pressure transmitter above or below the reference level has on the hydrostatic

More information

Operating instructions Pitot Static Tube

Operating instructions Pitot Static Tube Operating instructions Pitot Static Tube halstrup-walcher GmbH Stegener Straße 10 D-79199 Kirchzarten, Germany Phone: +49 (0) 76 61/39 63-0 Fax: +49 (0) 76 61/39 63-99 E-mail: info@halstrup-walcher.de

More information

Physics 1021 Experiment 4. Buoyancy

Physics 1021 Experiment 4. Buoyancy 1 Physics 1021 Buoyancy 2 Buoyancy Apparatus and Setup Materials Force probe 1000 ml beaker Vernier Calipers Plastic cylinder String or paper clips Assorted bars and clamps Water Attach the force probe

More information

CVEN 311 Fluid Dynamics Fall Semester 2011 Dr. Kelly Brumbelow, Texas A&M University. Final Exam

CVEN 311 Fluid Dynamics Fall Semester 2011 Dr. Kelly Brumbelow, Texas A&M University. Final Exam CVEN 311 Fluid Dynamics Fall Semester 2011 Dr. Kelly Brumbelow, Texas A&M University Final Exam 8 pages, front & back, not including reference sheets; 21 questions An excerpt from the NCEES Fundamentals

More information

LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES adapted by Luke Hanley and Mike Trenary

LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES adapted by Luke Hanley and Mike Trenary ADH 1/7/014 LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES adapted by Luke Hanley and Mike Trenary This experiment will introduce you to the kinetic properties of low-pressure gases. You will make observations on the

More information

Experiment Instructions. Circulating Pumps Training Panel

Experiment Instructions. Circulating Pumps Training Panel Experiment Instructions Circulating Pumps Training Panel Experiment Instructions This manual must be kept by the unit. Before operating the unit: - Read this manual. - All participants must be instructed

More information

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES. Andersen Instruments Federal Reference Method (FRM) Ambient Particulate (PM 10 /PM 2.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES. Andersen Instruments Federal Reference Method (FRM) Ambient Particulate (PM 10 /PM 2. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES Andersen Instruments Federal Reference Method (FRM) Ambient Particulate (PM 10 /PM 2.5 ) Sampler (RAAS) AMBIENT AIR MONITORING PROGRAM for the 130 LIBERTY STREET DECONSTRUCTION

More information

Lab 1. Adiabatic and reversible compression of a gas

Lab 1. Adiabatic and reversible compression of a gas Lab 1. Adiabatic and reversible compression of a gas Introduction The initial and final states of an adiabatic and reversible volume change of an ideal gas can be determined by the First Law of Thermodynamics

More information

Pressure Measurements

Pressure Measurements ME 22.302 Mechanical Lab I Pressure Measurements Dr. Peter Avitabile University of Massachusetts Lowell Pressure - 122601-1 Copyright 2001 A transducer is a device that converts some mechanical quantity

More information

ME 333 Fluid Mechanics. Lab Session VISCOUS LOSSES IN PIPES

ME 333 Fluid Mechanics. Lab Session VISCOUS LOSSES IN PIPES ME 333 Fluid Mechanics Lab Session VISCOUS LOSSES IN PIPES Introduction Flow in pipes, laminar or turbulent, is subject to pressure losses that result from the viscous stresses on the wall of the pipe.

More information

Subsonic Wind Tunnel 300 mm

Subsonic Wind Tunnel 300 mm aerodynamics AF1300 TecQuipment s AF1300 Subsonic Wind Tunnel. See also AF300S starter set that includes AF1300Z Basic Lift and Drag Balance and a set of AF1300J Three Dimensional Drag Models with the

More information

Physics Experiment 17 Ideal Gas Law Qualitative Study

Physics Experiment 17 Ideal Gas Law Qualitative Study Physics 210 17-1 Experiment 17 Ideal Gas Law Qualitative Study Note 1: Parts of this lab involve using a laptop computer and the PASCO ScienceWorkshop Interface to collect data. The lab also involves use

More information

PHYS 101 Previous Exam Problems

PHYS 101 Previous Exam Problems PHYS 101 Previous Exam Problems CHAPTER 14 Fluids Fluids at rest pressure vs. depth Pascal s principle Archimedes s principle Buoynat forces Fluids in motion: Continuity & Bernoulli equations 1. How deep

More information

Introductory Lab: Vacuum Methods

Introductory Lab: Vacuum Methods Introductory Lab: Vacuum Methods Experiments in Modern Physics (P451) In this lab you will become familiar with the various components of the lab vacuum system. There are many books on this topic one of

More information

FAN ENGINEERING. Field Testing of Fans FE-900. Introduction. Testing Equipment. Testing Standards. Prior to Testing

FAN ENGINEERING. Field Testing of Fans FE-900. Introduction. Testing Equipment. Testing Standards. Prior to Testing FAN ENGINEERING Information and Recommendations for the Engineer Introduction There are many reasons why a fan test may be performed. AMCA publications cover three categories of tests. 1. General Fan System

More information

Fluid Flow. Link. Flow» P 1 P 2 Figure 1. Flow Model

Fluid Flow. Link. Flow» P 1 P 2 Figure 1. Flow Model Fluid Flow Equipment: Water reservoir, output tubes of various dimensions (length, diameter), beaker, electronic scale for each table. Computer and Logger Pro software. Lots of ice.temperature probe on

More information

BAPI Pressure Line of Products - FAQs

BAPI Pressure Line of Products - FAQs Table of Contents 1. Several manufacturers produce pressure transmitters, why should I purchase from BAPI?... p. 2 2. BAPI makes several styles of pressure transmitters. What are the features of each?...

More information

GA-300 Gas Analyzer. Technical Note. Overview. Front Panel. iworx Systems, Inc. GA-300

GA-300 Gas Analyzer. Technical Note. Overview. Front Panel. iworx Systems, Inc. GA-300 Technical Note GA-300 Overview The GA-300 CO2 and O2 Gas Analyzer is easy to use, robust, and adaptable to human, animal, and plant applications. The GA-300 has two analog outputs to allow recording and

More information

Hydrostatics Physics Lab XI

Hydrostatics Physics Lab XI Hydrostatics Physics Lab XI Objective Students will discover the basic principles of buoyancy in a fluid. Students will also quantitatively demonstrate the variance of pressure with immersion depth in

More information

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Pumps Basic operation of a liquid pump Types of liquid pumps The centrifugal pump.

The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points: Pumps Basic operation of a liquid pump Types of liquid pumps The centrifugal pump. Exercise 2-3 Centrifugal Pumps EXERCISE OBJECTIVE In this exercise, you will become familiar with the operation of a centrifugal pump and read its performance chart. You will also observe the effect that

More information

Exercise 2-3. Flow Rate and Velocity EXERCISE OBJECTIVE C C C

Exercise 2-3. Flow Rate and Velocity EXERCISE OBJECTIVE C C C Exercise 2-3 EXERCISE OBJECTIVE C C C To describe the operation of a flow control valve; To establish the relationship between flow rate and velocity; To operate meter-in, meter-out, and bypass flow control

More information

INSTRUCTION MANUAL MP4AR Remote Convection Gauge Range: 1 x 10-3 Torr to 1 x 10+3 Torr

INSTRUCTION MANUAL MP4AR Remote Convection Gauge Range: 1 x 10-3 Torr to 1 x 10+3 Torr INSTRUCTION MANUAL MP4AR Remote Convection Gauge Range: 1 x 10-3 Torr to 1 x 10+3 Torr A DIVISION OF THE FREDERICKS COMPANY 2400 PHILMONT AVE. HUNTINGDONVALLEY, PA 19006 PARTS LIST 1 3 4 2 # QTY ITEM DESCRIPTION

More information

Measurement of Pressure. The aerofoil shape used in wing is to. Distribution and Lift for an Aerofoil. generate lift due to the difference

Measurement of Pressure. The aerofoil shape used in wing is to. Distribution and Lift for an Aerofoil. generate lift due to the difference Measurement of Pressure Distribution and Lift for an Aerofoil. Objective The objective of this experiment is to investigate the pressure distribution around the surface of aerofoil NACA 4415 and to determine

More information

Lab. Manual. Fluid Mechanics. The Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering

Lab. Manual. Fluid Mechanics. The Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering Lab. Manual of Fluid Mechanics The Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering General Safety rules to be followed in Fluid Mechanics Lab: 1. Always wear shoes before entering lab. 2. Do not touch

More information

Flow in a shock tube

Flow in a shock tube Flow in a shock tube April 30, 05 Summary In the lab the shock Mach number as well as the Mach number downstream the moving shock are determined for different pressure ratios between the high and low pressure

More information

Lab #4 Pipe Flow, Minor and Major Losses, and Walking in Osborne Reynolds Shoes CEE 331 Fall 2006

Lab #4 Pipe Flow, Minor and Major Losses, and Walking in Osborne Reynolds Shoes CEE 331 Fall 2006 CEE 331 Lab 4 Page 1 of 5 Lab #4 Pipe Flow, Minor and Major Losses, and Walking in Osborne Reynolds Shoes CEE 331 Fall 2006 Safety The major safety hazard in this laboratory is a shock hazard. Given that

More information

Experiment. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE, i.e.,charles Law. By Dale A. Hammond, PhD, Brigham Young University Hawaii

Experiment. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE, i.e.,charles Law. By Dale A. Hammond, PhD, Brigham Young University Hawaii Experiment THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE, i.e.,charles Law By Dale A. Hammond, PhD, Brigham Young University Hawaii The objectives of this experiment are to... LEARNING OBJECTIVES introduce

More information

Module 2, Add on Lesson Depth Sensor. Teacher. 90 minutes

Module 2, Add on Lesson Depth Sensor. Teacher. 90 minutes Module 2, Add on Lesson Depth Sensor 90 minutes Teacher Purpose of this lesson Investigate the relationship between pressure and depth Construct a sensor to measure the depth of water Graph data and reason

More information

! Warning, refer to accompanying documents.

! Warning, refer to accompanying documents. About this Manual To the best of our knowledge and at the time written, the information contained in this document is technically correct and the procedures accurate and adequate to operate this instrument

More information

AF100. Subsonic Wind Tunnel AERODYNAMICS. Open-circuit subsonic wind tunnel for a wide range of investigations into aerodynamics

AF100. Subsonic Wind Tunnel AERODYNAMICS. Open-circuit subsonic wind tunnel for a wide range of investigations into aerodynamics Open-circuit subsonic wind tunnel for a wide range of investigations into aerodynamics Page 1 of 4 Works with Computer, chair and work table shown for photographic purposes only (not included) Screenshot

More information

Pressure Measurement

Pressure Measurement Pressure Measurement Manometers Sensors, Transducers Ashish J. Modi Lecturer, Dept. of Mech.Engg., Shri S.V.M. inst. Of Technology, Bharuch Pressure Pressure is a force per unit area exerted by a fluid

More information

The Gas Laws: Boyle's Law and Charles Law

The Gas Laws: Boyle's Law and Charles Law Exercise 6 Page 1 Illinois Central College CHEMISTRY 130 Name The Gas Laws: Boyle's Law and Charles Law Objective The simple laws governing the properties of gases can be readily demonstrated experimentally.

More information

Exercise 3. Power Versus Wind Speed EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Air density DISCUSSION

Exercise 3. Power Versus Wind Speed EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE. Air density DISCUSSION Exercise 3 Power Versus Wind Speed EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will know how to calculate the power contained in the wind, and how wind power varies with wind speed. You

More information

L 100. Bubble-Tube Level System. Installation, Operation and Maintenance Instructions

L 100. Bubble-Tube Level System. Installation, Operation and Maintenance Instructions L 100 Bubble-Tube Level System Installation, Operation and Maintenance Instructions Figure 1 Contents Section Description Page 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Specifications 3 3.0 Installation 3 4.0 Warranty 6

More information

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY CHEG 239W. Control of a Steam-Heated Mixing Tank with a Pneumatic Process Controller

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY CHEG 239W. Control of a Steam-Heated Mixing Tank with a Pneumatic Process Controller CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY CHEG 239W Control of a Steam-Heated Mixing Tank with a Pneumatic Process Controller Objective The experiment involves tuning a commercial process controller for temperature

More information

Third measurement MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE

Third measurement MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE 1. Pressure gauges using liquids Third measurement MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE U tube manometers are the simplest instruments to measure pressure with. In Fig.22 there can be seen three kinds of U tube manometers

More information

Installation and Operation Manual

Installation and Operation Manual Manual Static pressure transducer with controller Differential static pressure transducer with analog output and optional PI control mode Large diaphragm element with differential transformer Transducer

More information

Lab Problems. Lab Problems for Chapter Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer L-1

Lab Problems. Lab Problems for Chapter Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer L-1 Lab Problems This section contains end-of-the-chapter problems that involve data obtained from various simple laboratory experiments. These lab problems for any chapter can be obtained by clicking on the

More information

1. The principle of fluid pressure that is used in hydraulic brakes or lifts is that:

1. The principle of fluid pressure that is used in hydraulic brakes or lifts is that: University Physics (Prof. David Flory) Chapt_15 Thursday, November 15, 2007 Page 1 Name: Date: 1. The principle of fluid pressure that is used in hydraulic brakes or lifts is that: A) pressure is the same

More information

CDS-2000 CO 2 Sensor Verification, Calibration, and Troubleshooting Bulletin

CDS-2000 CO 2 Sensor Verification, Calibration, and Troubleshooting Bulletin Electronic Control Manual 216 Sensors and Stats Section S Technical Bulletin CDS-2000 Issue Date 0393 CDS-2000 CO 2 Sensor Verification, Calibration, and Troubleshooting Bulletin Introduction 3 Pre-Verification

More information

icon i150 / i350 Installation / Operation Manual

icon i150 / i350 Installation / Operation Manual i150 Concentrator i350 Concentrator icon i150 / i350 Installation / Operation Manual www.iconcentrator.com What You Will Need to Install Your icon In order to install your icon you will have to consider

More information

DPC-30 DPC-100. Reference Manual

DPC-30 DPC-100. Reference Manual DPC-30 DPC-100 Reference Manual 1. Introduction 1.1 Description The Martel DPC Digital Pneumatic Calibrator improves upon traditional dial gauge pneumatic calibrators. The Martel DPC improves accuracy,

More information

Pump Performance Testing

Pump Performance Testing Pump Performance Testing SAFETY Keep water away from all electrical equipment except the pump, and do your best to keep the pump motor dry. Don t handle the power supply or multimeter(s) with wet hands

More information

Technique Sheet 16. Using the Metric Ruler

Technique Sheet 16. Using the Metric Ruler Technique Sheet 16 Using the Metric Ruler The standard unit for length in the metric system is the meter. The meter can be divided into smaller parts and multiplied into larger units. When measuring with

More information

AC : A LABORATORY EXERCISE TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TO EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINE THE OPERATING POINT FOR A FAN

AC : A LABORATORY EXERCISE TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TO EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINE THE OPERATING POINT FOR A FAN AC 2007-206: A LABORATORY EXERCISE TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TO EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINE THE OPERATING POINT FOR A FAN Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University-Erie Robert Edwards is currently a Lecturer

More information

Heat Engine. Reading: Appropriate sections for first, second law of thermodynamics, and PV diagrams.

Heat Engine. Reading: Appropriate sections for first, second law of thermodynamics, and PV diagrams. Heat Engine Equipment: Capstone, 2 large glass beakers (one for ice water, the other for boiling water), temperature sensor, pressure sensor, rotary motion sensor, meter stick, calipers, set of weights,

More information

Unit A-2: List of Subjects

Unit A-2: List of Subjects ES312 Energy Transfer Fundamentals Unit A: Fundamental Concepts ROAD MAP... A-1: Introduction to Thermodynamics A-2: Engineering Properties Unit A-2: List of Subjects Basic Properties and Temperature Pressure

More information

Vortex Flow Meter Wafer or Flange Connection. - Steam - Liquid - Gas

Vortex Flow Meter Wafer or Flange Connection. - Steam - Liquid - Gas Vortex Flow Meter Wafer or Flange Connection - Steam - Liquid - Gas Working Principle & Circuit Diagram Working Principle When a column body placed in flowing fluids in pipe, a series of vortices will

More information

Comments on Homework. Class 4 - Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure. Gauge vs. Absolute Pressure. 2. Gauge vs. Absolute Pressure. 1.

Comments on Homework. Class 4 - Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure. Gauge vs. Absolute Pressure. 2. Gauge vs. Absolute Pressure. 1. Class 4 - Pressure 1. Definitions 2. Gauge Pressure 3. Pressure and Height of Liquid Column (Head) 4. Pressure Measurement and Manometers Please don t forget the special problem for the next HW assignment

More information

Assistant Lecturer Anees Kadhum AL Saadi

Assistant Lecturer Anees Kadhum AL Saadi Pressure Variation with Depth Pressure in a static fluid does not change in the horizontal direction as the horizontal forces balance each other out. However, pressure in a static fluid does change with

More information

1)! DO NOT PROCEED BEYOND THIS MARK

1)! DO NOT PROCEED BEYOND THIS MARK Operating Instructions for X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer: Physical Electronics Model 555 XPS/AES (John H. Thomas, III, Ph.D., Electron Spectroscopy) Sample Insertion: figure 1. Sample insertion rod

More information

product manual HM-4140, HM-4150, HM-4160 HM-4160A HM-4150 Humboldt FlexPanels

product manual HM-4140, HM-4150, HM-4160 HM-4160A HM-4150 Humboldt FlexPanels 12.09 product manual HM-4140, HM-4150, HM-4160 HM-4160A HM-4150 Humboldt FlexPanels Introduction: This manual covers the installation and operation of Humboldt FlexPanels for Triaxial and Permeability

More information

Boyle s Law VC 09. Experiment 9: Gas Laws. Abstract

Boyle s Law VC 09. Experiment 9: Gas Laws. Abstract Experiment 9: Gas Laws VC 09 Abstract In this laboratory activity, you will experimentally confirm Boyle s Law, determine absolute zero from Gay-Lussac's Law, and determine the molecular weight of acetone,

More information

Powers Controls RC 195 Multiple Input Receiver- Controller

Powers Controls RC 195 Multiple Input Receiver- Controller Powers Controls RC 195 Multiple Input Receiver- Controller Document No. 155-036P25 RC 195-1 Description Features Application The RC 195 Multiple lnput Receiver-Controller is a pneumatic instrument which

More information

Comments on Homework. Quiz. Class 3 - Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure. 2. Gauge vs. Absolute Pressure. 1. Definitions. Temperature conversion

Comments on Homework. Quiz. Class 3 - Pressure. Atmospheric Pressure. 2. Gauge vs. Absolute Pressure. 1. Definitions. Temperature conversion Comments on Homework Quiz Temperature conversion T ( R) = T (K) 1.8 T ( C) = T(K) - 273.15 T ( F) = T( R) - 460 However, difference in temperature is: T ( C) = T (K) T ( F) = T ( R) T ( R) = 1.8 T ( C)

More information

A & AE 520 Background Information, Adapted from AAE334L, last revised 10-Feb-14 Page 1 1. SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL

A & AE 520 Background Information, Adapted from AAE334L, last revised 10-Feb-14 Page 1 1. SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL A & AE 50 Background Information, Adapted from AAE334L, last revised 10-Feb-14 Page 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1. SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL 1.1.1 Objectives: This handout is adapted from the one once used in AAE334L

More information

Installation, operating and maintenance Instructions for Seemag bypass level indicator

Installation, operating and maintenance Instructions for Seemag bypass level indicator Issue: S Date: 05-09-14 Type G35 General information The Seetru bypass magnetic level indicator, abbreviate SEEMAG, serves to show the filling level of fluids in tanks, basins, tubes etc. The Seemag operates

More information

EXPERIMENT 1 BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND TREATMENT OF DATA MEASUREMENTS

EXPERIMENT 1 BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND TREATMENT OF DATA MEASUREMENTS EXPERIMENT 1 BASIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND TREATMENT OF DATA MEASUREMENTS Introduction In the following experiment you will be required to use a Bunsen burner, balance, a pipet, graduated cylinder, flask,

More information

H16 Losses in Piping Systems

H16 Losses in Piping Systems H16 Losses in Piping Systems The equipment described in this manual is manufactured and distributed by TECQUIPMENT LIMITED Suppliers of technological laboratory equipment designed for teaching. BONSALL

More information

Low Speed Wind Tunnel Wing Performance

Low Speed Wind Tunnel Wing Performance Low Speed Wind Tunnel Wing Performance ARO 101L Introduction to Aeronautics Section 01 Group 13 20 November 2015 Aerospace Engineering Department California Polytechnic University, Pomona Team Leader:

More information

Static Fluids. **All simulations and videos required for this package can be found on my website, here:

Static Fluids. **All simulations and videos required for this package can be found on my website, here: DP Physics HL Static Fluids **All simulations and videos required for this package can be found on my website, here: http://ismackinsey.weebly.com/fluids-hl.html Fluids are substances that can flow, so

More information

Chapter 13 Fluids. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 13 Fluids. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 13 Fluids Phases of Matter Density and Specific Gravity Pressure in Fluids Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure Pascal s Principle Units of Chapter 13 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the

More information

Transpiration. DataQuest OBJECTIVES MATERIALS

Transpiration. DataQuest OBJECTIVES MATERIALS Transpiration DataQuest 13 Water is transported in plants, from the roots to the leaves, following a decreasing water potential gradient. Transpiration, or loss of water from the leaves, helps to create

More information

Exercise 8. Closed-Loop Pressure Control, Proportional-Plus-Integral Mode EXERCISE OBJECTIVE

Exercise 8. Closed-Loop Pressure Control, Proportional-Plus-Integral Mode EXERCISE OBJECTIVE Exercise 8 Closed-Loop Pressure Control, EXERCISE OBJECTIVE To understand open and closed-loop pressure control; To learn how to sense the pressure in a pneumatic circuit; To control the pressure in a

More information

MS.RAJA ELGADY/PRESSURE PAPER 3

MS.RAJA ELGADY/PRESSURE PAPER 3 1- (a) A water tank has a rectangular base of dimensions 1.5m by 1.2m and contains 1440 kg of water. Calculate (i) the weight of the water, weight =...... [1] (ii) the pressure exerted by the water on

More information

CHM 100 / Introductory Laboratory Experiment (r10) 1/11

CHM 100 / Introductory Laboratory Experiment (r10) 1/11 CHM 100 / 110 - Introductory Laboratory Experiment (r10) 1/11 Purpose This introductory exercise will familiarize you with a few of the measurements we make in the chemistry laboratory and the level of

More information

Liquid Level Measurement

Liquid Level Measurement Technical Article Liquid Level Measurement A pressure transmitter can be used to determine the liquid level in a tank, well, river or other body of liquid. The pressure at the bottom of a liquid filled

More information

SHORT COMMUNICATION A SIMPLE, SENSITIVE AND VERSATILE SOLID-STATE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

SHORT COMMUNICATION A SIMPLE, SENSITIVE AND VERSATILE SOLID-STATE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER J. exp. Biol 134, 429-433 (1988) 429 Printed in Great Britain The Company of Biologists Limited 1988 SHORT COMMUNICATION A SIMPLE, SENSITIVE AND VERSATILE SOLID-STATE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER BY JOHN R. B.

More information

BOYLE S / CHARLES LAW APPARATUS - 1m long

BOYLE S / CHARLES LAW APPARATUS - 1m long BOYLE S / CHARLES LAW APPARATUS - 1m long Cat: MF0340-101 (combination Boyle s and Charles without mercury) DESCRIPTION: The IEC Boyle's & Charles Law apparatus is a high quality instrument designed to

More information