H.M.S. VERNON No. 1 Vol cz) DIVING APPARATUS OF ALL TYPES Original Designers and Manufacturers of " Self- Contain

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1 H.M.S. VERNON No. 1 Vol. 6 cz) DIVING APPARATUS OF ALL TYPES Original Designers and Manufacurers of " Self- Conained " Apparaus on which all ypes are based. 'ESSJEE' AQUALU NGS Marconi Siebe, Gormari Underwaer Television Equipmen Cuing and Welding Equipmen Diver's Loudspeaking Telephones Underwaer Lamps, ec. Davis Submarine Escape Apparaus Davis Submersible Decompression Chambers Dovis Submarine Escape Chambers including one-man ype CONTRACTORS TO THE ADMIRALTY FOR OVER A CENTURY SIEBE L Gpi r i m Ai f i,co..151 EVERYTHING FOR SAFETY EVERYWHERE -I DAVIS RD. CHESSINGTON SURREY 6 SO11IMNln.

2 m U m m co m z C z - N O0Hd),1 HURRICANE JANTZEN R. G. LEWIS WE STOCK EVERYTHING FOR THE UNDERWATER SPORTSMAN including every design of AQUALUNG & DIVING SUIT FULL PROTECTION FROM COLD- THE DIVER'S ENEMY We hold a complee range of he foremos manufacurers' swimming gear POST FREE! NEW 1958 PRICE LIST FROM 126 HANWORTH ROAD, HOUNSLOW MIDDLESEX Telephone HOUnslow 6722 DEFERRED TERMS ARRANGED Le) U) w U U THE ONLY PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WHO MANUFACTURE A FULL RANGE OF DIVING EQUIPMENT IN THEIR OWN FACTORY Sandard and -Harbour- Type I)iving 1:41114 'id Diving Diving Mr... 1)01111 Dry 111)411.1 NA Al, MVVI Ing Mull. In eill!win fyulll4 III I 11414,1, Ilrnuurd %like 1(41;111101w High Air :liarging Unis for (;y1iii(lers lump Gear of all ypes Moor Compressors Hand Pumps Diver Phone Ses Knives, Compasses, Gloves, Weigh-bels, ec. C. E. HEINKE & CO. LTD. 87 Grange Rd., Bermondsey, S.E.I Tel. Bermondsey 4461 i...m

3 R.N. Diving Magazine EDITORIAL STAFF 1, CONTENTS Page 3 Chief Pey Officer R. L. BENFIELD, Edior. Sub-Lieuenan E. SMITH, Treasurer. Insrucor Lieuenan F. J. D. KELLY, B.Sc., R.N., Secreary. Able Seaman A. LYDEN and I./Sea. M. J. BRASSINGTON, Carooniss. Ti '1 ' \..1!, HOW I )i I I I!, YDUR WATER 4 MEDITERRANEAN FLEET CLEARANCE DIVING TEAM 5 MEDITERRANEAN TEMPORARY MEMORANDA 8 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WELDING UNDERWATER 9 "CHATS" 20 THE SILENT ENEMY 21 THE LAND 0' BURNS THE ROYAL NAVY'S UNDERWATER SET 24 H.M.S. `VERNON' NOTES 33 How DEEP CAN You Go?" 35 DIVING IN NEW ZEALAND 37 3 Vol. 6 March, 1958 No. 1 EDITOR'S NOTES The success of our Chrismas 'bumper' issue is apparen from he number of complimenary leers we have received from subscribers. May I ake his opporuniy o hank you for hem. I is our inenion o mainain his sandard by increasing he number of aricles of general ineres o divers. This is why we appreciae Sub-Aqua Clubs' repors on heir aciviies. These obviously benefi Naval readers and i is hoped our experiences prove helpful o hem. The cover for he Magazine is under review. Here is an opporuniy for any ariss o see heir work in prin and we welcome all ideas. DIVER'S X-WORD No NEWS FROM THE FAR EAST 41 DIVERS' EMPLOYMENT BUREAU 43 2 TREASURER'S NOTES A presen we are holding our own as regards coss of prining and posing of magazines, bu we mus be able o sell all our copies a full price o be able o improve he qualiy of he magazine. Alhough we are no a profi making concern, we mus make a small profi in order o be able o inser more caroons and picures which cos beween 0 o 0 10s. Od. each o produce. Also we wish o change he design of he fron cover every so ofen and he iniial oulay o ge he priners blocks made again is raher expensive. The answer o all his would be for you o enrol all your friends as yearly subscribers on forms obainable from he Edior or myself. All cheques or Posal Orders shouldbe crossed and made payable o The Treasurer, R.N. Diving Magazine. 3

4 HOW DEEP IS YOUR WATER? This aricle was wrien by an Officer who recenly compleed a shor diving course a II.M.S. Vernon I was perhaps appropria 1 e I ha he Long T.A.S. Course should be he firs o complee he new supervising officers course; i was cerainly an ineresing exercise in insrucional echnique when one considers he variey of alen a vail;1111e, l)iii ranged from a gallan diving Hui, el hum lieneii I II he ',nu; hem I loss, hrough several semi-qualified \ hose who,,onsidered a he ouse ha man was ;Wove he miler ;11111 ha diving was an aciviy ha should 1,, 'Iii I I\ i i \ l h,r he fishes. \\,1 I ha a diving sui is a grea leveller. Pleased I was 1,, 11,,i, I I I, II III, ki looked no more porly han he hin, he fla-fooed no mule him,\ heir nimble maes, and even he disinguished bearded officer 1 mile a raher woe-begone rubberised walrus. Bu far more imporan was our immediae appreciaion ha no maer how many sripes on one's arm or how self confiden one may feel on he deck of a ship, once below he surface one can only rely on one's wis and he inelligence of he man a he oher end of he life-line. Our own experiences showed us how imporan i is ha he supervising officer should undersand he diver's problems and ac accordingly in a ricky siuaion. Our own experiences! Imagine he deligh in he mind of he enhusiasic long T.A.S. man who finds a lobser on he keel during a dive a nigh and immediaely srikes ou owards he surface cluching i as a baby would a new rale. 'Look wha I've go' he hinks as his head pops above waer. Bu alas he was on he wrong side of he ship and as he swam owards he sern he go a mask full of waer and ore i off. A he same insan his chum on he oher side, having wice had no response from his signals began o heave in on he life-line. The prospecs of being keel-hauled was enough o produce an ear-spliing cry for help and a nasy acciden was jus avered in ime. The lesson learn is obvious. On anoher occasion one of us diched his se when his facemask glass was knocked ou during an exploraion of he ship's keel. This unforunae also surfaced on he wrong side of he ship, and found ha he had joined up wih anoher class. Meanwhile his own class insrucor had pulled up he vacaed breahing apparaus and was urning a delicae shade of grey, wondering wha he had happened o his pupil. These wo experiences and many ohers less serious augh us more han any amoun of lecures could ever hope o do. Wha a charming place Horsey Lake is, we hough, as we splashed along on our backs like so many lovelies a an aqua show. The casual observer migh remark ha a his sage we had obviously no go he word abou he mud. He would be quie righ. Those of us who were able o speak afer he delighful experience of squirming afer our course officer as he sped gazelle-like over he slime were probably graeful ha he had a, sense of humour. Bu in all ruh we enjoyed our course and grealy appreciaed he paience and ineres of our insrucors. Our impression was ha he divers have go hings prey well organised. Afer our descen o 180 f. in he po we realised ha his i he only branch of he Navy where one is paid for geing drunk. And who can complain if afer a real hang-over one can have en minues on 0 2 for free? MEDITERRANEAN FLEET CLEARANCE DIVING TEAM Do you wake up feeling ired in he morning and have an unaccounable feeling ha all is no well? Then perhaps you oo have been working wih a film company! We apologise for he absence of maerial laely, bu during he pas few monhs we have been slighly busy wih one hing and anoher; from moving picures underwaer o flying o a far removed por on he Norh African coas for he serious duy of mine disposal. In case you haven' had he experience of working wih a film company don'! I is he easies way of going righ up he wall we know. You don' have o be round he bend in film business bu i helps. The Romulus Film Company, having decided o make `The Silen Enemy', he sory of Cdr. Crabb's warime explois a Gib., when he had a privae war wih he Ialians working from he inerned ship Olerra a Algeciras, came o Mala o shoo he underwaer sequences. Admiraly approval having been obained, all he Team were deailed o do a bi of underwaer acing. This ranged from driving 'Charios' (wo men orpedoes) o having a splendid figh in and around a sunken bomber in 30 f. of waer. Filming can be ineresing, i can also be exremely hard work. Imagine he following siuaion a he end of he Blue Lagoon are hree, hard o handle 'charios', in he middle, four swimmers., and a he end, he camera. All are on he boom. Wihou alking or signals we all had o arrive over he camera a he same ime and give each oher he `humbs up' signal. This ook all forenoon o do and hen he Direcor said, 'Very good, very good indeed Now le's do i all over again!' The average daily rouine of Lieu. Honour, who ook over Officer Commanding 'Charios' afer he deparure of Lieu. Cdr. Brooks, was somehing like his :-0630 board H.M.S. Forh o supervise he loading of he hree 'charios' onboard an M.F.V. which ook wo hours o reach he locaion a Blue Lagoon. Afer a day's diving and filming he `charios' which weigh almos a on each were reurned by hand on board he M.F.V. Anoher rip lasing wo hours brough us back o Forh where he 'charios' were serviced for he following day. This normally finished a The film was wrien and direced by Lieu. Cdr. William Fairchild, R.N. (Red.). The acors and acresses you probably know are: Lawrence Harvey, Dawn Adams, Valli, Michael Craig and a hos of Ialian Genlemen.

5 Whaever he pleasure Player's complee i Three 'charios' were specially made for he film under he exper supervision of Lieu. Cdr. Joe' Brooks, who brough hem ou by air o Mala, and augh us how o drive hem. Two 'charios' were made of fibreglass and he hird was a convered Mk. II orpedo. When he company depared o Gibralar, hey were accompanied by A.B. 'Yorky' Wilkinson who aced-as "WaVal Diving Advisor'. His relief, Jock' Adam had arrived before shooing commenced. Wilkinson also wen o he Sudios in London. We would like o say ha he did a responsible job exremely well. We hope AI Mess, H.M.S. Vernon is as comforable as he Rock Hoel, Gibralar! We say welcome his week o Lieu. George Wookey, Q.D.D. who has aken over he Diving School nex door o Lieu.. Foser. There is a buzz ha all Shallow Waer Divers qualifying, are now going o do a 600 f. dip in heir hird week! Lieu. Foser will of course be remembered here, for his effors in erecing he new Diving School o replace he shaky nissen hus. Recenly, Mala was honoured by he visi of he Firs Sea Lord, Admiral of he Flee, Earl Mounbaen of Burma. We are pleased o relae ha one of he prioriies on his very full programme was o go aqualunging in his old hauns along he Mala coas. As his safey number, who accompanied him (and had a hard job keeping up) I can repor ha he Firs Sea Lord is quie an underwaer man. There has been a healhy crop of babies in he Team of lae. Bray and Graham produced boys, and he Audoire family, a wee girl. Mesdames Carer and Clark expec happy evens a Chrismas. Are wo weddings and six babies in a Team in one year a record? Ten shillings will be paid o he wrier wih he bes reply. Adam and Audoire are waiing o ake he nex Seamanship Board for L.S.; Bray, Carer, Graham and Wilkinson have all passed for Leading Seaman. L.S. Cook and Clark have passed for Pey Officer. Should Adam, and Audoire pass (and hey had beer) all he Team excep wo, will have passed for his nex higher rae. Some weeks ago he Team did a repaymen boom survey, for he `Shell' Company a Benghazi. A new underwaer oil pipe-line is o be laid here nex year. We found a few oddmens, including wo German Type 'C' Magneic Accousic Mines. One was counermined, because i was ouside he harbour lovely bang. The oher, as i was agains he harbour wall in some 18 f. of wa r and near he 'Shell' insallaions, quie obviously had o be rendered safe where i lay. The Lybian Governmen asked he Commander-in-Chief, Medierranean if we migh reurn and remove he monser, which weighed nearly a on and was 10 f. long. A secion of he Team consising of Lieu. P. A. Whie, Lieu. S. R. Honour, P.O: E. Counsins (U.W.I.), L.S. A. Whion and A.B.'s R. M. Adam and R. P. Shore reurned by air hree weeks laer, and he mine was duly rendered safe. The mine was in perfec condiion. Every screw excep wo was removed wih comparaive ease. Pieces of he mine which were removed primer, primer placer gear, deonaor, 7

6 bomb fuze and bomb fuze primer were as new as when he mine was laid. This confounds hose who are of he opinion ha missiles immersed for some 16 years, are now safe. And friends, i all comes o bis jus like i says in he book hank goodness! P.A.W. 3. Thoughou all he operaions underaken by he Team here has run a spiri of cheerful endeavour, which, combined wih courage, skill and careful planning, has enabled is officers and men o mainain he very high sandard of effiency which we have come o expec of he Flee Clearance Diving Team. Their work has been in keeping wih he highes radiions of he Service. CHARLES E. LAMBE, Admiral. OFFICE OF THE 'COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, MEDITERRANEAN, MALTA. 17h January, Med. 828/41. Lieuenans Whie, Honour and he mine MEDITERRANEAN TEMPORARY MEMORANDA NOTICE BOARD ISSUE Medierranean Flee Clearance Diving Team. I wish o draw he aenion of he Flee o he work carried ou during he pas year by he Medierranean Flee Clearance Diving Team, which has involved some 50 separae operaions o render safe, ofen underwaer, and dispose of, over 900 missiles of various kinds. These have included he disposal of a live magneic-acousic mine conaining 1,536 lbs. of high explosive, and a bomb conaining 2,120 lbs. of high explosive. 18 bombs have been found o conain a paricularly sensiive rembler ype ani-disurbance fuze. 2. The operaion concerning he mine menioned above was probably he highligh of he year's endeavours. The mine, a German ype C, which was found lodged agains a jey in Benghazi harbour, was rendered safe afer 2 hours work underwaer, and subsequenly lifed and diched in deep waer. Examinaion of pars removed from his mine showed ha, despie 16 years immersion, i was sill in working and lehal condiion. Expressions of graiude for his operaiori have been received from consular and local governmen auhoriies a Benghazi, 8 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WELDING UNDERWATER by VINCENT R. FOSTER. (Copyrigh Reserved) The welding circui, underwaer, is exacly he same as ha used in air. The facors ha conrol welding are, arc lengh, speed of ravel, machine seings and elecrode angle, experience will be found o have he same relaive imporance as in above waer welding: When he arc is sruck below he surface, he waer immediaely around i is forced away in all direcions, creaing a bubble in which he arc sream flows o he work. This bubble is formed around he arc, and originaes in wo ways. Firsly, we mus consider he elecrode coaing. In surface welding, wih coaed elecrodes, he seel core mels inside he coaing, forming a shor ube around he arc. This coaing evolves gases, which rush ouward a a very rapid speed and hu; shield he arc and molen meal from an inrush of air. The gases formed are hydrogen and carbon-monoxide, which are harmless o seel. This same acion akes place underwaer, only here,.he gases are required o also nold idle waer away from he arc. Secondly, here are gases formed by he waer being in conac wih he high emperaure of he arc. This inense hea urns he waer ino seam and hen disassociaes i ino oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygenhydrogen burns, which accouns for he small flame seen a he end of he elecrode and explosive bubbles which appear on he surface. The chemical acion of he arc produces he inense hea on he maerial you are welding. The finished bead has a very brigh, clean appearance and is relaively free of slag due o lack of oxygen a he arc. The gases caused by he acion of he inense hea and he elecrode coaing are wha make i pcissible o weld underwaer. Sriking he Arc. The firs hing he suden mus learn in underwaer welding is how o properly srike an arc and wha akes place as his is done. To begin wih, he elecrode is held a an angle of abou hiry-five degrees o hc

7 surface of he plae and poised above he poin where he weld is o sar. The elecrode end is hen sruck agains he plae wih a hard and sharp jabbing moion, sill mainaining he same elecrode angle. This complees he circui, saring he arc and weld. The jabbing moion is especially necessary if he elecrode has been parially burned, as he coaing forms an excessively long ube of coaing when used underwaer and if i were only ouched o he plae he elecrode iself would no be near enough o complee he circui, so i is necessary o jab he elecrode agains he work o ge he arc sared. Afer he arc is sared, he elecrode is allowed o remain on he plae and a pressure exered o keep i here. This crumbles he coaing around he elecrode end and forces he welder o hold he proper arc lengh. The suden mus remember, and rain himself no o raise he elecrode afer he makes conac wih he plae, as he arc will break and canno be mainained if he elecrode is lifed from he plae. Difficulies Encounered in he Fla Posiion. Hea seings for underwaer welding are a source of rouble o he suden as hey mus be accurae o do good work. In general hey will be higher han for surface welding of he same kind. This is caused by he conduciviy of he hea in he waer, he increase in pressure a which he weld is aking place, and by he cooling effec of he waer on he meal being welded. Usually an increase of up o weny-five vols and weny per cen on amps will be sufficien. I is impossible o sae exacly wha seings should be used for a given job, as he deph of he waer, he hickness of he plae, he size of elecrodes, he echnique of he welder, he loss of curren hrough leaks in he equipmen and he amoun of elecrolysis all have o be considered. The laer is he greaes source of hea loss, caused by meallic pars of he cuer or cable coming in conac wih he waer. The welder should remember ha even hough he arc has a higher emperaure under waer, his emperaure does no change as he seings on he machine. Changes in machine seings give more, or less, hea volume wih lile or no acual emperaure change. The greaer he deph, he higher mus be he seings on he machine, no only because of he added pressure on he arc, bu also due o addiional curren losses hrough he added lengh of lead. A horough knowledge of proper hea seings for any given job, as in surface welding, is gained mosly hrough experience. Elecrode angle, as sae above, is one of he mos imporan facors in welding underwaer and is ofen an imporan source of rouble. This angle is referred o in wo ways. Angle in relaion o he line of weld, and angle in relaion o a line a righ angles o he weld. The firs in relaion o he line of weld, conrols arc lengh, peneraion and buildup. The lower his angle is he longer he arc, he less he build-up and he poorer he peneraion. Increasing his angle will have he opposie effec in proporion o he amoun i is raised. The suden welder's 10 I greaes faul in his respec is leing his angle increase as he elecrode burns down, which means he is consanly changing he physical characerisics of his weld deposi. The oher angle, a righ angles o he weld, conrols he_shape of he bead boh as o peneraion and build-up. In a rue fla posiion his angle should be niney degrees o he work. If he plae is slighly caned one way or he oher, he elecrode mus be caned slighly more han he plae. This holds rue for any posiion and works on he principle ha he arc should play evenly on boh plae edges being welded a all imes. Failure o do his causes an uneven disribuion of boh build-up and peneraion as well as undercuing on he leas favoured side. In his respec, he suden usually has a endency o pull he elecrode oward he side he welds from. I is a faul easily correced. The posiion of he diver in relaion o he work is a hird source of rouble for he suden. Wearing a full rigged diving sui a any grea deph is no he mos comforable way o do a job, bu by he use of forehough and common sense, a diver may increase his efficiency o a marked degree. The diver should firs picure o himself he welding job a hand. He should hen place himself, hrough he use of saging if necessary, in such a posiion ha he is afforded he maximum amoun of ease and freedom of movemen for ha paricular weld. This posiion may have o be changed for each elecrode ha is run, alhough his will no usually be he case. A any rae, he mus realize ha he canno weld from a cramped or swaying perch and ha no maer how much ime is spen in securing he proper posiion, he will be ahead in he long run. Visibiliy may also be increased hrough his medium and in many cases his will be he difference beween doing, and no being able o do a job. Bu Welds, Fla Posiion. The fusing of wo meals ogeher underwaer is carried ou in he same manner as he applicaion of beads o a plae. Many differen ypes of joins may be used o accomplish his, in all he various welding posiions, and he firs join he suden mus learn o do is he plain bu weld in he fla posiion. In learning his he will learn he principles of all fusion welding used underwaer. In preparing he job for welding, he suden should ry o obain as good a fi as he circumsances governing he,job will permi. In many cases his will be enirely ou of he suden's hands, bu when possible, he edges o be welded should be rough ground o a fi, and all pain and scale removed as far as is possible. The removal of foreign maer from he weld area is ofen negleced by he underwaer welder. Unless he surfaces are perfecly clean i will be almos impossible o apply he weld, as he pain or scale will burn and form explosive bubbles ha will blow ou he molen meal as fas as i is applied. When he job has been cleaned and aligned, he weld may be sared. The diver should posiion himself in such a way ha he work is on a level wih his chin, and should weld oward himself as much as possible. This 11

8 I I I I I I I and Branches 12 PORTLAND 13 places he elecrodes beween he diver and he arc sream, which enables him o see he groove he is welding in by refleced ligh. This also uilizes he elecrode as a shield, prevening he arc iself from prevening good vision of he welder, The elecrode angle should be slighly higher han for running beads, around 35 o 40 degrees. This causes he arc o shoren, prevens i going ou when bumped and also enables he welder o ge beer peneraion. The elecrode should no be ipped or poined o eiher side, as his will cause a lack of fusion on he side being favoured. The hea seing for his ype of welding should be slighly lower han for running beads on a single plae. This is necessiaed by he gap beween he plaes and if i is no lowered he welder will have rouble burning hrough he plae. No oscillaion, or washing of he elecrode should be used in welding seams wih sring beads. If a wider bead, or more build up is desired, a weave bead may be applied as a second pass, bu small solid beads are preferred unil horough experience is gained. Mainaining he Arc. There are hree imporan hings ha mus be wached in order o mainain he arc. They are arc lengh, elecrode angle and he pressure being exered on he elecrode by he welder. The proper lengh of he arc will be abou he same as for surface welding, approximaely half he diameer of he elecrode, bu he exended coaing will always ouch he plae. The cooling effec of he waer will cause an exra long exension on he elecrode coaing. The elecrode end mus be kep much closer o he work han when surface welding. To do his, i mus be pressed enough agains he plae o crumble par of he coaing away and allow he elecrode end o ake is proper disance from he work. Elecrode angle mus be considered wih arc lengh, because along wih he pressure being exered on he elecrode by he welder, i is wha conrols his weld. The higher he elecrode angle, he shorer he arc. The lower he angle, he longer i is drawn ou. Any change of angle on he elecrode will change he arc lengh and in doing so change he characerisics of he weld. In he beginning he waer is clear bu afer a few minues i is no always possible o see clearly underwaer, and oher means han sigh mus be used o deermine wheher he weld is progressing correcly. This is done by feel, and by experience you will ge also hearing, i.e. he sound from he elecrode. A correc arc lengh will cause he welder o hear a low, even, rumbling sound, o see a whiish glow wih a few sparks a he elecrode end, and o feel a seady vibraion in he elecrode holder. A long arc will increase he rumble o a roar, will cause excessive sparking a he arc, and will increase he vibraion o a grea exen and cause a break-off of he arc. A shor arc brings he noise down o a gurgle, will eliminae he sparks a he arc, change he whiish glow o a dull red, and will pracically sop he vibraion and sick he elecrode. If he suden will seek his low rumbling noise, he seady vibraion and he whiish glow wih few sparks, he will find ha he can mainain an arc wih ease. Sring Bead, Horizonal Fille. Running sring beads in a horizonal fille requires some variaions o he echnique used for fla beading. The diver will find ha he should rivs ,s1,1, ,111.41, Ṡ111,\ WO,S ,..11,14111 SHIRTS FOR ALL OCCASIONS We will be pleased o show you our exensive range of COLLAR ATTACHED SHIRTS in Poplin from 27/6 and Nylon from 57/6 ogeher wih he laes designs in FANCY TERYLENE TIES $11)8 C CO J.Baker eco.ld QUEEN STREET, PORTSMOUTH 12 Tavisock Road, Soke 22 Railway Sree DEVONPORT CHATHAM 1415 Casleown

9 Sring Beads, Verical Posiion, The underwaer welding suden will find he verical posiion similar o maser. In his posiion he welder has a maximum range of vision as well as freedon of movemen, and he meal flows ino he plae much more readily han i did in downhand welding. This is mosly due o he welding hea being carried slighly upward as he bubble sars o he surface, and as verical welding proceeds from op o boom, his allows he molen meal more ime o flow in and fill he undercu. A wider, flaer, bead may be deposied as his hea effec, plus he arc and waer pressure, allows he molen meal o spread ou o some exen. In running sring beads he elecrode is held a abou a hiry-five degree angle off he plae, poining up. The angle across he inended weld should be he same as for fla welding, niney degrees. Afer he arc is sruck, a sligh pressure is exered on he elecrode holder sraigh in owards he plae, and a he same ime he elecrode is allowed o feed slighly up ino he puddle. If his is done properly, here will be a red glow, exending on each side and abou I" above he elecrode end, which indicaes ha he arc lengh is righ. The flux will be burned evenly and here will be a low, even, rumbling sound given off. If his pressure is oo much he coaing will burn unevenly, or fall off in pieces, he puddle will be hard o conrol, and he red glow will almos vanish. As in fla welding, he elecrode angle mus be correc o insure good welds. If he angle in relaion o he line of weld is increased oo much, he elecrode will slip ino he puddle and sick. This will also cause he bead o be uneven. If he angle is decreased oo much, here will be very lile, if any, peneraion, a small, narrow bead, and he arc will be hard o hold. The angle across he line of weld should always be a righ angles o he plae. This angle is changed by poining he elecrode o one end or he oher. This will cause he red glow o vanish on he side he elecrode poins away from and gives an undercu and misplaced bead. When running in his posiion he welder is afforded a good view of he weld operaion and if he will wach for he glow on each side and above his puddle, as well as assure himself he flux is burning off evenly, he will do good work. Weave Beads Verical. Weave beads in he verical posiion are accomplished in much he same way as sring beads as far as elecrode angle and machine seings are concerned. Afer he arc has been sruck he elecrode should be moved back and forh across he line of weld, o esablish he size of he inended weld deposi. As in fla weaving, his movemen is fas across he cenre o eliminae excessive build-up and has a pause a each side o fill undercu. If he welding is being done properly, here will be a reddish glow around he elecrode and signifying he puddle. If his, glow exends more han a couple of elecrode diameers up from he elecrode end, oo much hea is being used, or he speed of ravel is oo slow. When hea seings and speed of ravel are correc, he red glow will be wider han i is long. I will exend compleely across he puddle, consanly showing he righ bead widh. This can also be used as an indicaion of where o make successive cross-overs. 10 be in such a posiion ha he is behind he arc, and hen should weld away from himself. This will give him almos his bes view of he arc in operaion, and will allow him o observe how his bead is building up during he weld. On his ype of sring bead a sligh oscillaion of he elecrode is used. This oscillaion, or movemen, is abou of an inch down he line of weld and slighly away from he plae. I should be undersood by he welder ha an oscillaion differs from acual welding inasmuch as no meal is deposied. No maer wha he movemen of he elecrode is, if meal is being deposied, i is welding. I hen follows ha o osculae, he elecrode end mus be slighly raised from he plae, lenghening he arc, and i also mus be moved faser han when welding. This oscillaion gives more conrol over he puddle, by reducing is fluidiy, and also grealy assiss he welder in giving he deposied weld a final concave shape. The elecrode angle in relaion o he line of weld should be abou en degrees off he verical, poining forward in he direcion of ravel. The elecrode angle across he line of weld should be abou fifeen degrees up from he lower leg of he fille. This means ha he elecrode will poin slighly up and forward in he direcion of ravel, which is he elecrode posiion found bes for he oscillaion movemen. The speed of ravel will be in accordance wih he build-up, and can be deermined by he diver by waching he shape of his deposied meal as i is shown by he glare of he arc. The machine seings are he same as for fla welding excep ha in mos cases he volage should be raised o allow he arc o be lenghened wihou exinguishing i. To summarize, i mus be sressed ha he welder's posiion in relaion o his work is all imporan. If his one hing is no righ, i is almos impossible-o perform he echnique, or o see wha is aking place in regard o he weld being deposied. Oher Effecs of he Welding Circui Underwaer. Wherever a welding circui is in use here is a danger of shock, and his danger is grealy increased if he circui is o be handled underwaer. If proper precauions are aken and preveniive measures carried ou, his hazard becomes negligible bu any carelessness or houghlessness on he par of any person conneced wih an underwaer job migh easily resul in a casualy. The welding circui should be urned off a all imes ha welding is no in acual progress. If lef on, and he diver was o ouch he holder o his helme, he would blow a hole in i ha could be faal. If he is working off he boom on saging and merely ouches he holder wih his hand, he will be jarred enough o lose his balance and fall, which, if far enough, will squeeze him faally. A shallow waer oufi should never be used for welding, as he operaor's body is in direc conac wih he waer, which being a conducor, will assis in giving a violen shock. Also on A.C. a shock ends o make a person cling o he circui, where in D.C. i ends o release him. If he welding circui is properly insulaed and he operaor properly equipped and rained, here is no more danger o underwaer welding han any oher kind. 14

10 Anaesheic qualiy Sofnol Soda-lime is used in over 30 counries for Anaesheic apparaus, respiraors, oxygen adminisraion, air purificaion in confined spaces ec., and is available in 3 grades Whie (nonindicaing), Green and Viole (self-indicaing), in granule sizes IV o 40 B.S.S. Analyic qualiy Sofnolie is a special self-indicaing soda-lime for gravimeric CO2 deerminaion. NON-HYGROSCOPIC SODA-LIME SOFNOL LTD., WESTCOMBE HILL, GREENWICH, LONDON, S.E.IO Each rip across he weld should lap half over he one before i, or half ino he red glow. This crossing movemen should be made wih he wris alone, allowing he upper arm o be held agains he body for suppor. This will give beer conrol han if he moion is aemped wih he enire arm. If he elcrode arm is riding he boom edge of he puddle, and he elecrode angles are rigidly mainained a 35 degrees and 90 degrees, he welder should experience lile rouble wih his echnique. The over-lapping beads assure ha here will be no porosiy. Difficulies in he Verical Posiion Welding. Among he difficulies he diver will encouner in he verical posiion, is he endency of he puddle o ge oo fluid. Faser welding alone is very seldom he answer o his problem, as i will usually leave a scrimpy ou of proporion bead. When a grea amoun of verical work is o be done, he welder should use reverse polariy, which keeps mos of he welding hea in he elecrode. He should also be sure ha he does no allow his progress down he line of weld o sop, in his eagerness o fill in he seam. This faul of slowing down will cause more burned welds and hang-downs, han any oher single facor. I is someimes caused by high machine seings bu oo ofen he suden will blame hese seings and lower hem, when i is really his slowness of advance ha is o blame. The suden mus always remember ha he hea, in emperaure of he arc, does no change much, no maer wheher he seings are high or low, If he arc is held in one spo oo long, he meal will be burned and will also run, due o he arc being abou five housand degrees hoer han he emperaure needed o mel he meal. Raher han lower he seings, hey should be raised, giving a greaer hea volume, and enabling he welder o move faser ye deposi he same amoun of weld. Anoher faul he diver may develop is sanding o one side of his weld and allowing his o pull his elecrode off a niney degree angle across he line of ravel in order o shield his eyes from he arc. To avoid his he diver should ake a posiion direcly behind, or facing, he inended line of weld, for in his way he may uilize he elecrode as a shield from he arc and also be in posiion o see ha his elecrode angle does no fall o he side. From his posiion, as long as he arc glow is he same on each side of he elecrode, he angle is correc. Anoher faul in regard o he elecrode, is allowing he angle in line wih he weld o change, as he elcrode burns down. This is usually caused by he diver being unable o change he posiion of his hands as he weld progresses. He mus place himself in such a way ha his hands and arms move freely down he line of weld, far enough o use he enire elecrode. By leing he hands move down wih he elecrode holder, he elecrode angle in his respec may be held consan. Mos of he difficulies arising in any posiion can be raced o improper elecrode angle, eiher across he weld, or in line wih i. If he diver will learn he proper angles and always be sure hey are correc and unchanging he majoriy of his roubles will be eliminaed, 17

11 Difficulies Encounered in Fille Welding. All welds, surface or underwaer, can be divided ino wo caegories : bu welds and fille welds. The one used mos by he diver will be he fille, unforunaely he more difficul of he wo. To be able o accomplish proper fille welds, he diver mus undersand he basic difference beween hese weld ypes. In bu welding, he meals being joined are in he same plane no maer wha he posiion of he welding. If he elecrode angle across he line of weld remains such ha he elecrode is he same disance from eiher plae, he deposied weld meal will be equally disribued beween he wo plae edges. In fille welding his does no hold rue. In all filles, he plaes being joined are in differen planes which mus.be compensaed for by a change in elecrode angles. No maer wha posiion he fille is in, he elecrode mus be poined owards he higher side. The easies way of explaining his is o consider a fille join. If he wo plaes form an uprigh vee and he weld is o be deposied ino he boom, he elecrode angle across he line of weld is he same as foil a bu join, wih he elecrode sraigh up and down. If he vee were o be placed in he verical, posiion, he angle beween he, elecrode and he op plae, would poin he elecrode oward he op of he join. As he fille is moved up ino he overhead posiion, he elecrode angles would begin o equalize again and when he vee became exacly upside down, he elecrode would again be sraigh up and down. This is a very imporan poin and mus be remembered, as i is he cause of a large per cenage of he rouble in fille work, boh above and below he surface. In underwaer welding only, here is one oher very disinc difference beween bu and fille welds and i will cause he diver rouble if he doesn' undersand i. Underwaer fille welds almos always require an oscillaion, where underwaer bu welds very seldom uilize i. The reason for his is ha due o he difference in he join, fille welding requires more conrol and a higher hea seing. To perform his oscillaion, he diver mus poin his elecrode owards he direcion of ravel, or direcly opposie o he convenional surface mehod. This mus be wached very carefully, for if he elecrode is allowed o slan in he oher direcion, ha is o poin a he weld, he elecrode will freeze ou each ime he diver ries o make he oscillaion movemen. In summarising he difficulies of fille welding, he suden should read back over his lecure. If he will analyse wha he has jus gone over, he will find ha he conrolling feaure is he elecrode angle. All ha seems o be necessary is o learn he proper angles for each ype join and he job is easy. This is absoluely righ, no only for filles, bu for all underwaer welding. If he elecrode angles across he line of weld and in line wih he weld axe mainained correcly, he diver will experience lile rouble. If hey are no righ, a good job canno be done. Elecrodes for Underwaer Welding. In general, elecrodes used for underwaer welding are he same as used on he surface. Some funcion beer han ohers and some require differen echnique for heir applicaion. 1,8 All D.C. elecrodes can be divided ino sraigh and reverse polariy ypes, alhough some can be used in boh, and each polariy has is good and bad poins in relaion o underwaer work. Where he welder has eiher one o choose from, he should use sraigh polariy elecrodes for fla work, and all posiion filles. In his polariy his work is he posiive pole, which means ha he will have sixy-five o seveny-five per cen. of his hea in he meal being welded. This makes he puddle easier o handle and gives i enough fluidiy o fill in undercu o a grea exen. I also causes he elecrolysis o form on he work and sui, raher han he elecrode holder, allowing he diver o conrol i wih a zinc plae as previously explained. Reverse polariy elecrodes should be used for bu welding or crack welding, in he verical and overhead posiions. In his polariy he elecrode holder will be he posiive pole, and alhough rouble from elecrolysis will be experienced, he fac ha he majoriy of he hea will be in he elecrode, will make he puddle much easier o conrol. Concerning choice of elecrodes, he welder should remember ha eiher ype will do a saisfacory job in any posiion. Differen job condiions merely make he choice of one or he oher advanageous as far as he case of welding is concerned. Elecrodes, oher han he shielded ype, such as bare, washed, and ligh coaed, may no be used for underwaer work. Due o he absence of a sufficien flux coaing, hey will no creae a gas pressure sufficien o hold he waer away from he arc. There are oher explanaions of a more echnical naure, bu he fac remains ha hey will no work. Acion of he Elecrode Coaing. As he manufacurers' coaing on he elecrodes makes underwaer welding possible, is acions should be horoughly undersood by he welder. The firs, and mos imporan, is ha i acs as a shield beween he waer and he arc. In surface welding gases are envolved as he coaing burns, and hese gases rush ouward from he arc a high speed in such a way ha oxygen canno ener eiher he deposied or paren meal. Time and Moion Sudy : Surface Decompression? lo

12 "CHATS" For a few fleeing momens we have aken our ease, bu now wih Chrismas asern, and he New Year sreching ahead i is ime o prepare for he rials and ribulaions of anoher raining session. On reviewing our, forces a Chaham we find we are lef wih a raher unbalanced eam and his calls for some re-organising. C.P.O.s. and P.O.s are sreaming in from all quarers of he globe including o dae : P.O. Ellard (our dear `Sinky'), who has been ransferred from he jewel of he Wes Counry `Guz', and P.O. Kerr who has reurned from his exended `Leave' in New Zealand. In addiion some of he Kingfisher's eam C.P.O. Hall and P.O's Nicholls and O'Connor are expeced in he near fuure o ake up emporary residence pending a decision on he fuure of heir ship. Of hose who are shorly o leave, special noe mus be made of P.O. `Nuy' Carr. (Special Noe o Mala Lock away your `o' boles.) Also on he move are L.S. Spooner and A.B. Narris of B. and M.D. eam. Unforunaely, he rend is he oher way wih Junior raes. Wih drafs going ou and no reliefs provided, we shall be somewha depleed in his respec. Those affeced by his are A.B's Owers, Curry, Cripps and Langley. Here's a sad noe for some of he old sagers soon o be los o he fraerniy is he inimiable `Cribson,W., A.B.' who is unhappily forced o relinquish his diving saus due o he afer effecs of an old back injury. Bad luck, `Gibbo'. We hope Souh Africa will give you some measure of relief. November 28h saw he Diving School Saff embarking on heir Chrismas `run' `The Green Man' a Leyonsone. I was a nigh filled wih frolic and fun, in which we were joined by ex-p.o. `Nobby' Foreman. I is he cusom a Chaham o presen all members of he Saff wih a Tankard when hey leave he service, bu, due o he grea speed a which `Nobby' achieved his Valhalla of all serving members, he ceremony was no performed in his case. Happily, we were able o recify he maer a `The Green Man', and he Tankard was filled and refilled wih whisky hroughou he evening. The evening ended, as one migh expec, in a sligh rio. Srangely, we are sill persona graa a `The Green Man' despie he removal of cerain signs when we were leaving. On his score alone he evening mus be accouned a success. Apar from he ligh relief afforded by our ouing he dying days of he old year were also enlivened by a very ineresing case of `bends'. A civilian from he Belvedere Power Saion, was brough o he School suffering from acue pain and wih a definie shorness of breah. The Surgeon Commander who aended he case saed `His appearance would no have caused any commen in a Pos-Morem room, bu forunaely he was more alive han his appearance suggesed'. 20 Afer 38 hours and 17 minues of re-compression, many gallons of ea, much loss of sleep and a near birh of kiens by he Diving Officer (Q.D.D.), he was brough o he surface a much fier and wiser man. Jus o help hings along, one of he rainees decided o work much harder under waer han was good for him, and his, while we were sill rying o recover from he shock occasioned by he `Orrible Body' we had jus loaded ino he `po'. The ne resul of his was a combined case of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide poisoning which added considerably o our joy Such is life! Though i does make a change from he usual monoony of foul screws and raining classes. BADGER. THE SILENT ENEMY By LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER J. BROOKS, R.N. The successful underwaer saboeur is a conemplaive man, no prone o impassioned ouburss, naionalisic pride or delusions of grandeur and bravado, bu seadfas in his pursui of he 'underwaer cause'. I is o be hoped ha hose who filmed his subjec have porrayed he Silen Enemy in his rue ligh. The film is based on he Ialian aacks on our shipping in he Medierranean during he las war and on he Briish effors a couner measures. The Ialian aacks were highly skilled and mos successful. The effors of Commander Crabb and his eam o reduce he number of casualies we suffered from he aacks a Gibralar are well demonsraed in he film. The uni carried ou his paricularly dangerous duy magnificenly wihou suiable equipmen and unforunaely wihou much suppor. A cerain amoun of hearical licence may well be applied in shooing his par of he film, as he Briish public mus be convinced ha, in underwaer warfare, we were much beer han he Ialians. The Navy have ensured ha heir conribuion o he film will be a success. Mos of he underwaer sequences were sho a Mala where he Medierranean Flee Clearance Diving Team did all he acing. The film rushes of hese sequences looked, very promising. They had o figh underwaer, cu each oher o pieces and generally do he mos alarming hings. In he course of his many ineresing facs of diving life were discovered. A very good mehod of geing over a. proo Cockail is o change over o a diched se underwaer, spiing ou he residue en roue. One' day i was raining diched ses and cameras so hard ha he `charios' were used o pick hem up. And hose poor dear cameramen were always in. rouble. 'You can' imagine some of he hings hose deadful divers did o, us. Why hey filled poor Charlie wih weighs as.a joke, and, do you know, he wen o he boom like a sone.' In providing he faciliies and equipmen for making he film, i was necessary o consruc hree operable 'charios'. The firs wo of fibre glass 21

13 THE LAND 0' BURNS Greeings Genlemen and Clearance Divers from hese Norhern laiudes where we are sill fairly busy, he work being evenly divided beween disposal and diving jobs. We have had he pleasure of he company of he wo "B's" H.M.S. Brenchley and H.M.S. Brearley recenly, and i is cerainly good o have heir 'smiling' faces around. The former Clearance Diving Ship, H.M.S. Dipper has recenly been sold o a privae company a Milford Haven and has been re-named Pembria. I is wih feelings of nosalgia ha I shall wach he deparure of his lile ship which in my 'humble' and perhaps old fashioned opinion was one of he bes Clearance Diving Vessels I have every dived from. Ths ile of his aricle is 'Land 0' Burns' which is usually aken o mean he hisoric Couny of Ayrshire. Our eam frequenly visis Caimryan, a miliary por near Sranraer, where we inspec Underwaer Demoliions, and o ge here we pass hrough Ayrshire. Rober Burns or Rabbie Bums as hey say in Scoland was born on 25h January, 1759, a a small village called Alloway, wo miles Souh of Ayr. Nex year here are o be exra celebraions hroughou Scoland and he World o commemorae he 200h Anniversary of his birh. I was hoped o prin a special samp for he occasion bu permission for his has no been obained, alhough in Russia where he is said o be widely read hey have acually prined special Bums' Samps. One of Burns' mos famous poems is Tam 0' Shaner and i is from his poem ha he famous sailing ship Cuy Sark go her name. A Tufy Sark' is Scoish for a 'Shor Shir' which Nannie he wich was wearing when she chased Tam over he Auld Brig 0' Doon. The Souh par of Ayrshire or Carrick which is he old name is seeped in hisory. This is he counry of he. famous Kennedy Family whose head is he Marquis of Ailsa. The ancesral home of he Kennedy's is Culzean Casle (pronounced Cullane) which sands ou on a rocky promonory abou 10 miles Souh of Ayr. I is now owned by he Naional Trus, bu a suie of rooms in his hisoric Casle was given o Presiden Eisenhower in appreciaion of his services o he Allied cause in World War 2. Near o Culzean Casle here are many caves, and in hese caves in he eigheenh cenury lived a wild man and his large family all closely iner-married. This wild characer was called Sauny Bean and he and his family were acually cannibals, and used o kill and ea unwary ravellers. Sauny Bean and his family were evenually caugh and brough o jusice, hese facs being recorded in a book called he 'Grey Man'. There is also a famous hill in Souh Ayrshire called 'Croy Brae' or he 'Elecric Brae'. On his hill if riding a bicycle you can free wheel going up bu you mus pedal when going down, and waer acually runs up he hill. I is said o be an opical illusion caused by he lay of he surrounding counry. 23 were buil in wo monhs from scrach which should make he blue prin merchans si up and hink. The only mishap occurred when he firs boa collapsed wih a delighful 'Guff', a 30 f., much o he grief of he makers and he amusemen of he divers. Bu his faul was quickly recified in he oher wo boas by he simple use of more jibs. The hird boa was made of seel from he hull of an old orpedo. This one proved o be a honey even hrough i was knocked up in under a fornigh. All hree craf ran beauifully in he Medierranean wih only minor defecs. The Clearance Divers ook o hem wih comparaive ease and i speaks well for heir raining when one remembers ha he Ialians called hem pigs because hey are pigs o handle. The crowning even of his Medierranean inerlude was he official commissioning ceremony of he hree 'charios' Nellie 3, 4 and 5, which ook place alongside H.M. Submarine Tudor. In accordance wih he bes radiions of he service he senior officer of he squadron addressed his Commanding Officers and Ship's Company on he occasion of he recen arrival of he squadron o his saion. 'Well now I've go you all ogeher so ha you can see me and I can see you. Now I expec every 'chario' o be clean because a clean 'chario' is a happy 'chario' and rhubarb! rhubarb! rhubarb! This was done so well ha he assembled audience on he casing of Tudor were falling ino he oggin wih mirh. Le us hope he film will be a success wS11.11 E S T Phone 6' BAUN & CO 172 QUEEN STREET, PORTSMOUTH Tailors and Oufiers o he Royal Navy in Six Reigns Civilian Clohing, Spors Wear and Fancy Goods Deparmens Specialiss in Blazer Badges for all branches of he Armed Forces ORDERS BY POST WELCOME 22 6:4

14 Well folks, my haggis will be geing cold, so. I'd beer sign off. Bes wishes o all, and remember he words of he immoral bard. Whene'er o drink you are inclined Or Cuy Sark's run in your mind Think; you may buy he joys owre dear Remember Tam 0' Shaner's Mare. Yours aye, MAC. The Navy se will give he diver 35 lires of air per minue when working hard. Civilian ses give 28 lires per minue. From his i is quie apparen ha he S.A.B.A. is designed for safe diving in medium dephs. THE ROYAL NAVY'S UNDERWATER AIR SET by RONALD FLANAGAN A long las, he Royal Navy is abou o bring ino service he air breahing se. Our new equipmen will be named he S.A.B.A. an abbreviaion for Swimmers Air Breahing Apparaus. A grea deal of work has gone ino perfecing he se by he scienis, manufacurers and he divers hemselves. Alhough he S.A.B.A. will work a all dephs safe for air i was designed for specific use beween 30 and 50 f. This is because he endurance mus be considered. I has wo cylinders, one on main flow and one, which can refill he main one by pulling down on a spring-loaded equaliser handle, as a reserve. I akes abou 10 seconds o equalise he wo cylinders. H.P. air is supplied from Ligh Alloy Cylinders, esed, o 3,600 lbs. per sq. in. and charged o 2,400 lbs. per sq. in. by opening a CONTROL VALVE beween he wo cylinders. From here i goes o a high flow, single sage REDUCING VALVE (fied wih a double compensaing diaphragm and relief valve) which supplies air a 60 o 65 lbs per sq. in. ino a il acivaed DEMAND VALVE and hence by breahing ubes o he diver. The breahing ubes conain wo non-reurn valves which give lile resricion o breahing, aid in cuing down dead space and help he diver when changing apparaus (clearing ubes rouine) under-waer. The weighs on he se are carried in a quick release ejecor box locaed beween he cylinders which is operaed by a bowden cable similar o he one on he This is in a convenien posiion in he shoulder hook on he fron of he se. Anoher weigh pocke is carried on he fron beween he wo shoulder hooks. This is an inegral par of he harness and can be released compleely by a oggle-slip acion. 1 lb. slab weighs are used. The breahing on he S.A.B.A. is easier han on mos ses. This i largely due o he il acion DEMAND VALVE and he fac ha i is backed up by a separae REDUCING VALVE. The demand valve breahing cycle works beween in. and 3 in. waer-gauge as opposed o commercial ses whose acion is 2 in. o 5 in. waer-gauge and a any ime during inhalaion he reducer pressure is no o be less han 50 lbs. per sq. in. Also he manomeer mus no exceed 3 in. waer gauge during any par of he cycle-inhalaion or exhalaion. 24 Laes Twin Cyiinder

15 Divers' Air Breahing Apparaus b 27 The endurance depends on how much compressed air is conained in he cylinders iniially and how quickly his is used by he diver. The cylinders have an uncharged capaciy of 8.5 lires each. When charged o 2,400 lbs. sq. in., he air hen available in each cylinder is 1,400 lires, Id which gives 2,800 lires in all. Wih his in mind and he fac ha each man's breahing cycle is differen, i is necessary o work ou an answer for he average diver's consumpion. The following graph shows how he endurance varies wih deph for ligh work and normal swimming. The endurance is aken from he commencemen of he dive o he SECOND equalisaion of he cylinders. Hence enough air remains in he reserve cylinder o allow he diver o surface. Time in mins. -e.egualispt ENDURNNCE (LIGHT ORN rl \\ \ DE COMPRESSION TIME. 35 \z/ 26 2, EOUALI SAT 10 N ENDURANCE. NORMAL SWiriNNa 35 L/M Ns, Deph in fee IZ 0 Graphs showing endurance I may be of use o know ha a resricion o breahing is fel each ime he pressure in he main cylinder falls below 100 lbs. per sq. in. 26

16 ,..._..._..._......, Sarorial Saga I I, HOW MANY STITCHES? i No his is no he 64 Dollar Quesion. Jus an illusraion of i some of he work which goes ino A GARMENT. Care and i i precision are he keywords in he Facory making suis for our i.i. Cusomers. g. i.e. i Good Clohes are made by i I i i i i FLE INGS or PORTSMOUTH i Naval and Civilian Tailors and Oufiers i i Local Branches: i Royal Sailors' Home 11 EDINBURGH RD. Trafalgar Services Club i, I f Queen Sree PORTSMOUTH Edinburgh Road! i i Head Offices: HAY STREET & PORTLAND STREET, PORTSMOUTH i i Phone: Porsmouh (2 lines) Grams: 'Nayserge' Porsmouh Branches a Devonpor, Chaham, Weymouh, Dunfermline, Mala Members of he Inerpor Naval Traders' Associaion 2f i i This necessiaes he use of he reserve cylinder by operaing he equalising handle which allows he compressed air o flow ino he main cylinder. When he pressure again falls o 100 lbs. per sq. in., a second equalisaion is made, which gives he diver mos of he remaining air from he reserve ank. Every diver is aware ha as he air anks in any self-conained under-waer breahing apparaus are empied more buoyancy in proporion o he weigh of air in he cylinders is experienced. To help he diver o work ou he weigh he may require on he S.A.B.A. a few figures on hese anks seem necessary. When he anks or cylinders, which ever you prefer o call hem, are fully charged, heir weigh is 23 lbs each. Uncharged one cylinder weigh is 19/ lbs. This means ha our se is 7/ lbs. ligher when i is empy. Depending on he duraion of he dive also he diver's specific waer displacemen, he mus commence o weigh his se accordingly. When using a nose-clip wih hese air ses, he operaor mus ensure ha he can equalise he pressure in he mask-space via he nose so ha, a all imes, he pressure in he lungs, mouh and face-mask are he same as he ambien waer pressure a he working deph. If his is no done and he mask pressure is less han ha pressing on he face-plae or ha being aken in a he mouh, he higher pressure in he mouh and lungs will aemp o force is ways owards he lesser pressure zone via he eyes. The air may also ake blood wih i, producing blood-sho eyes and grea pain. Throughou he ime we were visiing our French diving colleagues, no once did we see a nose-clip used when dives were aking place using face-masks and compressed air ses. We also noed ha no one case of `Red-eye' was presen in any of heir eams. The echnical erm for `Red-eye' is chorodic barorauma. A difference beween he normal ype of Aqua-Lung and he Navy se is ha he demand valve. ec. need no be removed when charging. The S.A.B.A. fis on a special sand of aluminium, which cans he se a abou 15 degrees o verical: The back res pad on he se is opened and he charging line aached o he charging connecion which carries a nonreurn valve. When he charging line gauge shows he se is fully charged he nu on he connecion is replaced, he se is esed for leaks, and once he back pad is pu ino posiion he se is ready for use. Operaion of Demand Valve and Reducer. When he demand valve and reducer are assembled in he breahing apparaus and submerged, he local waer pressure acs on he compensaing diaphragm, he relief valve of he reducer and wihin he exhaus chamber adjacen o he diaphragm of he demand valve. A he momen beween exhaling and inhaling, he exhaus valve is closed by waer pressure acing on i, and, similarly, he il valve is held closed by air pressure from he reducer. As he resul of inhaling, he pressure wihin he inle chamber falls and he ensuing pressure differenial allows he waer pressure o ac as he diaphragm and move i owards he back of he chamber. This 29

17 COMPENSAT I NG DIAPHRAGM OULE O DEMAND VALVE DIAPHRAGM SEAT BLOW OFF SEAT PLUNGER CHEESE HEAD SCREWS RELIEF VALVE BELLOWS RETAINING RING MAIN SPRING BL OW OFF PLUG NL ET VALVE STEM INLET VALVE SEAT Y SEAL SEALS -BELLOWS ADJUSTER INLET VALVE APR ING COVER PLATE BELLOWS END CAP Fig. 3. Valve Reducer INLET FROM CYLINDERS The compensaing diaphragm is sensiive o exernal waer pressure which forces in on i progressively wih increasing deph. As his akes place, an increasing load is imposed on he bellows end cap. This augmens he main spring load and produces a higher differenial and consequenly a corresponding increase in oule pressure. The effecive area of he compensaing diaphragm upon which he waer operaes is double ha of he bellows end cap upon which he air operaes. The reducer is, herefore, said o be double compensaed. 31 causes he diaphragm o move he il valve away from is rubber sea, hus releasing compressed air from he reducer o he demand valve inle chamber. Throughou he duraion of he inhaling cycle, he il valve remains open. The laer closes again a he commencemen of exhalaion when he pressure differenial is reversed. Fig. 2. Arrangemen of Demand Valve The exhaled air, a a pressure in excess of he waer pressure, eners he ouer chamber, forces he mushroom exhaus valve off is seaing and is discharged ino he waer comparmen. See fig. 2. The reducer auomaically conrols he delivery pressure and is illusraed in fig. 3 which shows he inernal componens in heir relaive posiions prior o he inroducion of he H.P. supply. The inle valve is held open by he bellows end cap which is hrus owards i by he main spring. When air from he H.P. supply is inroduced, i passes hrough he open inle valve o he reducer oule and so o he demand valve. Assuming he il valve o be free, he pressure from he reducer acs on he back of he il valve and forces i agains is sealing ring o produce a leak proof condiion. The pressure wihin he reducer coninues o rise agains he compression of he main spring. In so doing, he bellows end cap moves away from he head of he inle valve guide and allows he inle valve spring o close he inle valve, hus isolaing he H.P. supply. Opening he il valve permis flow and desroys his sae of balance; he reducion of he oule pressure acing on he bellows allows he main spring o reexend he bellows and open he inle valve. The reducer componens remain in his condiion unil he pressure is supplemened and he sae of balance resored. 39

18 Similarly, he blow-off relief valve is sensiive o exernal waer pressure, which in concer wih he spring, acs on he exernal area of he valve. If for reasons of inernal leakage (e.g. due o embedded foreign maer on he inle valve, ec.), he oule pressure wihin he reducer coninues o rise, i overcomes he exernal loading on he relief valve and discharges ino he waer. The relief valve is se o funcion beween 240 and 270 lbs. per sq. in. Oher equipmen supplied is a bel which fis round he diver's wais hen over one of his shoulders where he operaor secures his life-line o a meal ring a he s. blade apex. Snorkels are also supplied o help conserve he air when searching on he surface in clear waer or, if he se is empy on surfacing, as he weigh of he se ends_o keep he swimmer's head low in he waer. In my closing paragraph I would like o hank he Boffins and saff a A.E.D.U. for heir kind co-operaion. H.M.S. 'VERNON' NOTES The falling axe will make a grea difference o he diving fraerniy in ha we will lose a few old faces over he nex hree years. Before Sepember 1958, we will be saying farewell o Lieu.-Cdr's. Wardle and Border, Lieu. Donaghue and Sub.-Lieu. Rock, and afer Sepember 1958 o Lieu.-Cdr. Franklin, Lieus. Healey and Mappley and Sub.-Lieu. Gould. We wish hem for you every success in he cold, hard world ouside. We welcome wo new faces, however, Lieus. Fucher and Lermie. They have recenly compleed he C.D.O.'s course and are aking up appoinmens as below. A presen we are winessing a shuffle round of appoinmens, Lieu.- Cdr. Franklin, who has worked exremely hard, ofen agains remendous odds, o build he diving branch up o somehing in which we can be jusly proud, is going o Mala. In his place we welcome Lieu.-Cdr. Wilson from Dingley and he H.S.C.D.T. Oher appoinmens recenly are : Lieu. Whie o general service. Lieu Checksfield o Far Eas vice Lieu.-Cdr. Warner. Lieu.-Cdr. Warner o Vernon Trials vice Lieu.-Cdr. Filer. Lieu.-Cdr. Filer o Vernon Assisan S.O.D. vice Lieu.-Cdr. Wardle. Lieu. Fucher o Dingley and H.S.C.D.T. vice Lieu.-Cdr. Wilson. Lieu. Lermie o Vernon vice Lieu Checksfield. Sub.-Lieu. Grace from Reclaim o Safeguard vice Lieu. Dodd. Lieu. Dodd o Chaham vice Sub.-Lieu. Oley. Sub.-Lieu. Oley o Vernon vice Sub.-Lieu. Smih. Sub.-Lieu. Smih o Reclaim vice Sub.-Lieu. Grace. Sub.Lieu. Walker from Kingfisher o Defiance vice Sub.-Lieu. Rock. C.P.O. MacKinley from Vernon o Far Eas C.D.T. vice C.P.O. Hopewell. 33 S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

19 `HOW DEEP CAN YOU CO?' Is a quesion ha mos free divers are asked a some ime or oher, and is boh an ineresing and inelligen one. Anyone who has used an Aqua-lung, or one of is counerpars has a some ime asked himself he same quesion, and he answers ha come up are varied indeed. I is, herefore, ineresing o go ino he hisory, shor as i is, of free diving and see from pracical resuls jus wha he real answer is o 'how deep can you go?' The Couseau Gagnan apparaus was firs ried in he waer in early June, Is firs rial was no he success i had promised o be, bu he second rial, afer suiable modificaion proved wihou doub he value of such an apparaus. I was Couseau himself who wen down wih he apparaus a Bandol, on he Riviera, and wihin minues of enering he waer had reached 60f. By Sepember, 1943, all he Couseau eam had reached 115 f. and laer he same year 140 f. On Ocober 17h, 1943, off Maire Island, a he enrance o Marseilles Roads, Frederic Dumas, a member of he famous eam dived o 203 f. I was no an easy dive for him, and he re-surfaced soon afer enering he waer for a shor res, bu on he second aemp aached his bel o he sho rope a he 203 f. marker. Oher members of he eam were saisfied wih his deph, as Dumas admied sympoms of nirogen narcosis, or 'rapure of he deep' as Couseau called i. By July, 1947 all he eam, now called he Underwaer Research and Sudy Group, had gone deeper han 203 f. bu only o a maximum of 213 f. Couseau hen decided ha he equipmen could be used o achieve much deeper dephs, and aimed a 295 f. He dived off he coas of Provence, and, a he previous deph of 213 f., he firs sympoms of nirogen narcosis appeared as a meallic ase in he mouh and hallucinaions, bu he coninued down and reached 295 f. Every member of he eam aemped he same dive and all made he boom and back wihou mishap. Sepember 17h, 1947 saw eigh divers from he eam onboard he Elie-Mornier off Toulon, ready o aemp a dive o 393 f. On his occasion each diver was o wear a life-line, and Maurice Farques was o make he firs aemp having fel he leas effecs of narcosis on he previous dive of 295 f. For hree minues afer enering he waer signals were received on he life-line, bu hese suddenly ceased. The sand-by diver wen down and a 160 f. me he body of Farques ha he aendans were hauling up. I was laer found ha he had achieved his aim as his signaure was found on he 395 f. marker ag when he sho was hauled up. Couseau decided he lesson was clear, all he eam had achieved 295 f. easily, bu when he sronges member gave his life o achieve 395 f. hen he limi lay beween 300 and 400 f. There was lile objec in risking lives o prove he exac limi, and o his day 300 f. is considered he maximum limi for an Aqua-lung dive breahing compressed air, 04 C.P.O. Hopewell o Vernon. C.P.O. Foggin o Mala vice C.P.O. Fawce. C.P.O. Fawce o Vernon. C.P.O. Allen o Vernon. P.O. Williams o Newfoundland. P.O. Gordon o Tyne. P.O. Racke o Kingfisher vice P.O. Nichol. P.O. Nichol o Chaham. P.O. O'Conner o Adaman vice P.O. Black P.O. Black o Vernon. P.O. Clark o Mala vice C.P.O. Allen. P.O. Morris o Vicorious. We congraulae P.O's. Holland, Bolon, Ashon, Sco, Wheeler and King on qualifying Diver Firs Class. L.S. McGrah and A.B's. Birrell, Turner, Jackson and Huner, we welcome ino he Diving Branch. Now ha he submarine branch has rejeced he rescue bell as a means of escape, we wai wih speculaion as o he fuure life of he Kingfisher as a deep diving vessel. I is graifying o see he enhusiasm shown by he Sub-Aqua clubs which visi H.M.S. Vernon every weekend o see our equipmen. Those auhorised o dive are given a dip in he ank and we do no discriminae beween he sexes. I is good o see ha he ladies are jus as keen as he men. Bowler Ha Brigade 34

20 QUALITY COUNTS `There is hardly anyhing in he world ha some man canno make a lile worse and sell a lile cheaper, and he people who consider price alone are his man's lawful prey' John Ruskin. And i is as rue oday perhaps even more rue. Bernards believe ha heir cusomers wan o buy clohes ha are going o look well righ from he sar and ha will reain heir smar and serviceable appearance hroughou heir reasonable life-ime. This means ha cloh, linings, inerlinings and canvases mus all be of good qualiy, ha he Cuing and Tailoring mus be firs class and he syling up o he minue. Bernards aim is o aain perfecion in crafsmanship a all imes and by diligen aenion o all hese poins believe ha hey are successful. Bernards will be delighed o ailor your spring clohing requiremens and offer a wide choice of paerns and a promp delivery of orders. There is also a comprehensive selecion of Ready o Wear clohes a Bernards Branches for he cusomer requiring an 'off he peg' fiing. Where i is no desired o pay Cash he cos of orders may be charged o a Credi Accoun for selemen by Admiraly Allomen or Banker's Order and full deails of his faciliy and of he comprehensive Bernard service will gladly be supplied on reques. Remember You really do buy beer a Bernards C. H. BERNARD & SONS LTD. Royal Naval Tailors and Oufiers 6-9 QUEEN STREET, PORTSMOUTH Tel Branches a: Devonpor, Chaham, Deal, Dunfermline, Falmouh, Gibralar, Vallea and Sliema, Mala, Helensburgh, Grimsby, Harwich, Invergordon, Londonderry, Milford Haven, Newcasle-under-Lyme, Weymouh, Porland, Rosyh, Rohesay, Skegness, Weherby, and a Lossiemouh, Arbroah, Abbosinch, Eglinon, Kee, Brawdy, Helson, Corsham and Worhy Down. Head Office: HARWICH, ESSEX Members of he I.N.T.A. 36 If one wishes o argue as o he holder of he. deepes dive, in free diving, hen i mus go o Frederic Dumas, who dived o 305 f. in 1948, no as a record aemp bu o clear he fouled cables of a minesweeper. Aemps a free diving records coninue of course, and an ineresing dive was made by an American in Dr. Hope Roo, a lawyer from Miami, a he age of fify-wo, dived he full lengh cf a 400 f. long sho rope. His progress was wached, and phoographed on an echo sounder by boh officials and he press, bu he was no saisfied wih 400 f. and coninued on owards he sea-bed. As he dived even deeper, he echo on he sounder weakened and faded away as Hope Roo plunged o his deah. Considerable disurbance was caused in France on he 2nd Sepember, 1954, when a French denis by he name of Dr. Henri Chenevee announced ha he wen down in he Bay of Sain-Floren o a deph of 426 f., duly winessed and recorded by officials from Corsica. The French Club de la Mer looked ino he claim, and, alhough were far oo polie o say so, virually accused him of enering he waer and afer a shallow dive hauling up he sho rope and geing he 426 f. ag ha way. Apparenly he sho was only weighed wih a weny pound weigh, so i could have been he answer. Anyway, a furher aemp o repea he claim, brough Dr. Chenevee o he surface afer hireen minues, pale and spiing blood wihou even he firs of he deph markers, se a 265 f. Perhaps he fac ha he sho his ime weighed 200 lbs. had some bearing on hings. Furher amusing records have been claimed from ime o ime. One from a French expediion saed hey had sen free divers 1,350 f. below sea-level in he Dead Sea. I jus so happens ha he surface of he Dead Sea is 1,350 f. below sea-level anyway. Andre Galerno has made he world's highes dive namely, in a hydro elecric dam in he French Alps. Various Americans have claimed records for saying under waer for periods over weny-four hours, recharged lungs being sen down o hem; and disance swims of seven and eigh miles have been made underwaer. So here i is, he record for free diving sill sands a 305 f. alhough he holder Frederic Dumas, doesn' hink of i as a record and o quoe his own words `Doesn' give a damn anyway,' and considers record dives such as hese 'imbecile'. C.P.O. R. LARN. DIVING IN NEW ZEALAND I expec by his ime he sories of Chrismas Island have been old and re-old by Lieu. Barringon, C.P.O. Lock, P.O. Collar and of course, P.O. Coleman, who were here in H.M.S. Sa/vicor when we arrived. I would be superfluous for me o enlarge on heir ales of his epic so I will pass on o he sequel, which concerned me very much. On compleion of he job a Chrismas Isle i was announced ha a Diver I was required o go o New Zealand o assis on a deep diving projec here and yours ruly was shipped aboard H.M.A.S. Rooii, which was due o reurn o New Zealand abou ha ime. 17