CROSS CONTAMINATION OF IN-SUITE MURB VENTILATION SYSTEMS
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1 CROSS CONTAMINATION OF IN-SUITE MURB VENTILATION SYSTEMS Presented By: Sandra Dedesko University of Toronto Contributing Authors: Caleb Parker Kim Pressnail Marianne Touchie Dave DeRose
2 Multi-Unit Residential Buildings (MURBs) Image Source: 2
3 Design and Performance Concerns Envelope Air leakage Water leakage and moisture problems Thermal bridging Heat loss Contaminants Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems Wind effects Stack pressures 3
4 Ventilation Strategies Exhaust-only system Pressurized corridor system Central shaft supply ventilation Suite-level balanced ventilation with heat recovery 4
5 ERVs and HRVs Adapted from buildingscience.com Image Source: 5
6 Motivation: Cross Contamination Transfer of odours and contaminants from one suite to the another via ERV intake and exhaust vents? 6
7 Design Standards Intake and exhaust separation distances: ASHRAE: 3 m (low-rise buildings and Class 2 air in high-rise buildings) Industry Practice: 1.8 m Recently constructed MURBs: m Other specifications: CAN/CSA: leakage from an exhaust air stream to a supply air stream cannot exceed 15% of the exhaust airflow. 7
8 Research Questions Could cross contamination occur under current ERV/HRV intake and exhaust vent separation distances? If so, how should vent design be altered to reduce the potential for cross contamination?
9 Approach Laboratory Tests Calibration of Computer Model Computer Simulations Design Recommendations 9
10 Laboratory Set Up Mock-up pair of MURB suites separated by an airtight floor Balanced ventilation with ERV Vent caps with 42º louvers 10
11 Laboratory Test: CO 2 Concentration CO2 at 2000 ppm in upper suite exhausted at 21.1 L/s CO2 sensors in lower suite 2.5 m vent separation Fresh air drawn from large volume (structural laboratory) Result: no cross contamination 11
12 Laboratory Test: Illuminated Plume 12
13 Computer Modelling ANSYS: computational fluid dynamics modelling Investigate different variables: Vent angle Exhaust speed Wind effects 13
14 Model Meshing
15 Air Flow Specifications Air flow parallel to Z-axis
16 Model Calibration Calibration: Simulate laboratory conditions 21.1 L/s exhaust rate 1% turbulence factor 50º vent cap louver angles Alter variables from base case conditions 16
17 Vent Angle 17
18 Exhaust Speed Exhaust vent height EXHAUST PATHS BY VENTILATION SPEED DISTANCE BELOW EXHAUST VENT (m) Original Vent Speed Plume m/s Increased Vent Speed Plume m/s Decreased Vent Speed Plume m/s DISTANCE FROM WALL FACE (m) 18
19 Wind Effects BROAD FACE 19
20 Wind Effects: CO 2 Concentrations 20
21 Wind Effects: Intake Vent Location 21
22 Summary of Results Laboratory tests: Exhausted contaminants can remain at a high concentration at certain locations on an exterior wall. Computer Modelling: Larger vent angles (from the vertical) are more effective at dispersing contaminants. Ventilation rate tested did not affect exhaust path. Higher ventilation rates may result in higher contaminant concentration near buildings. Wind effects (especially those from cross and head winds) can cause cross contamination, even at larger vent separation distances. 22
23 Conclusions Depending on wind effects, cross contamination may occur with vent design in the existing building stock, even when there is a separation distance of 1.8m. Vents should be designed to minimize the potential for cross contamination to occur 23
24 Recommendations Reducing the Incidence of Cross- Contamination: Vents should be positioned at 90º from the vertical. Slower ventilation rates when possible. Suitable for both existing building retrofits and new construction. 24
25 Further Research Investigation of other parameters that could influence cross contamination: Laboratory tests at higher ventilation rates. Further calibrate the computer model. Incorporate intake vents in model (% uptake). Analyse various ventilation rates and vent configurations (angle and number of louvers). Analyse various contaminants at different concentrations. Validation of laboratory tests and computer modelling through insitu tests (monitoring operating buildings). Need to support Industry Standard vent design: Vent Angle and separation distance. 25
26 Acknowledgements National Science and Engineering Research Council Industrial Postgraduate Scholarship program Halsall and Associates Neil B. Hutcheon Bequest (University of Toronto)
27 Questions and Contact Contact Caleb Parker OR Professor K.D. Pressnail Thank you! 27
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