RESPIRATION OF MUSCLE. By W. M. FLETCHER, M.A., M.B., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambrtidge. (Three Figures
|
|
- Ethan Garrison
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN UPON THE SURVIVAL RESPIRATION OF MUSCLE. By W. M. FLETCHER, M.A., M.B., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambrtidge. (Three Figures in Text.) (From the Physiologial Laboratory, Cambridge.) IN a former paper' I gave an account of the survival respiration of amphibian muscle based upon determinations of the CO. discharge from the excised muscle at short intervals of time during various conditions of rest and activity. This account included some preliminary observations upon the influence of atmospheric oxygen in determininig the course of the survival discharge of CO2, which have been more recently extended by the use of the same methods of estimation. SURVIVAL RESPIRATION IN AN ATMOSPHERE FREE FROM OXYGEN. In the experiments already given under tlis head, the changing rate of CO, discharge fronm a muscle exposed to nitrogen for the whole or part of the survival period, was observed simultaneously with that from a similar 'control' muscle supplied with air. The nitrogen supplied to the chamber containing the excised muscle was prepared by passing air over red-hot copper-filings in a long combustion tube, but this cumbrous method in practice forbad a long series of observations and none were made in continuity beyond the 14th hour from excision. To confirm the results already obtained and in particular to extend them in the direction of the later periods, another method was used. Pure nitrogen, prepared beforehand from urea, was supplied from a reservoir at a rate exactly corresponding with the rate of flow from the aspirators of the estimation apparatus. Between the reservoir and the experiment chamber were placed, first, a tower filled with pumice blocks automatically moistened with an alkaline pyrogallate solution for the removal of last traces of oxygen and CO, and, second, a low-pressure I This Joumnal, xxiii. p
2 RESPIRATION OF MUSCLE. 355 escape valve by which the nitrogen current remained at atmospheric pressure within the experiment chamber. By means of this apparatus it was possible to make continuous observations of the CO2 discharge from a muscle supplied only with nitrogen, and for an indefinitely long time. The results obtained on this plan were in agreement with those already published, and for this reason a fuller account of the apparatus used and of the curves of 002 discharge given by the estimations appears to be unnecessary. These later, as well as the earlier, series of comparisons between the frog's excised muscle exposed only to nitrogen, and the similar ' control' preparation in air, supported the following general account. 1. The CO2 output from the excised muscle during the first five or six hours declines in rate, at first rapidly, then more slowly, from the initial maximum. This output appears to be due, for its largest part, to the escape of CO2 already present as such in the muscle at or just after excision, and is found to be independent of the presence of oxygen. 2. Part of this early output, about a fifth part in the earliest period, and becoming progressively less, can be abolished by the removal of oxygen from the atmosphere, and is probably due to a respiration of the muscle substance continuing that of normal life but disappearing gradually as the changes occur which accoumpany loss of irritability and inaugurate rigor. In the later series of estimations, as in the earlier, two curves of discharge were simultaneously obtained from the muscle in nitrogen,- with a lower rate of output giving a lower curve,-and from the control muscle in air. As before, the initial difference always diminished, giving a convergence of the two curves towards the 6th hour, yet this convergence did not in most of the experiments lead to actual equality of output, as one of the earlier published diagrams shows. The actual meeting of the curves appears dependent on the time relations of the beginning of rigor and the early'diffusion' effect, in particular preparations at particular temperatures. 3. The steadily maintained rate of CO2 output, shown from near the 6th hour onwards, which accompanies the earliest stages of rigor (Zeitstarre) in various parts of the muscle substance, was found to be diminished by kth-ird, in the absence of oxygen. It wa-s found however that shbstituting nitrogen for air in the case of a muscle in which the C0O discharge due to rigor was already well established, did not reduce the discharge to the same degree, and sometimes did not reduce it at all.
3 356 W. M. FLETCHER. In the later observations these results were extended to the whole period of the development of rigor. The 300/0 reauction of CO2 discharge, due to the absence of oxygen, was found for the later, as previously for the earlier hours. So that the reduction of output already shown in previous diagrams cannot be explained as marking simply a delay in the development of rigor, but must be taken to show that the processes of rigor which result in the discharge of CO2 are partially incomplete throughout the whole survival history of a muscle supplied only with nitrogen. This diminution of the normal survival output is not made good at any stage later, unless it be during bacterial putrefaction. 4. The traces of CO2 which continue to leave a muscle in which natural rigor is complete, or artificial rigor has been produced, are unaffected by the absence of oxygen, and no constant differences were found between the times at which bacterial putrefaction, with its enormous rates of CO2 discharge, showed itself in the cases of the muscles in air and in nitrogen respectively. SURVIVAL RESPIRATION IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF PURE OXYGEN. It has been shown in the previous section that, in respect of one chemical accompanitnent, natural rigor is imperfectly exhibited in a muscle deprived of oxygen. In a similar way it has been found that the development of rigor-in respect again only of the CO2 output Reservaerchambers * Afu1de ckambers * a egaax/ing In waler baleh Fig. 1. Arrangement for the supply of oxygen.
4 RESPIRATION OF MUSCLE. 357 marking it,-becomes exaggerated in a muscle surrounded by an atmosphere of oxygen. Crossed pairs of legs, prepared as in previous experiments from the frog, were arranged in simple chambers put side by side in a waterbath. One chamber containing the muscle preparation for 'control' was supplied in the ordinary way with air freed from CO2, drawn throuah it at constant rate and at atmospheric pressure by an aspirator. Through the other was drawn at the same rate by a similar aspirator a current of pure oxygen, supplied from a reservoir to which, falling from the aspirator, constantly flowed a bulk of water very nearly equal in volume per unit of time to the bulk of gas removed. The arrangement is shown in Fig. 1. Air is dissolved in the drops which fall from the aspirator, but the amount of contamination suffered by the oxygen store through the (liffusion of air from the quietly incoming water at the bottom of the reservoir was found to be negligible. The temperature of the oxygen reservoir was kept as constant as possible by means of thick non-conducting jackets packed with sawdust. With this precaution it was fouind in practice that a constant rate of flow (120 c.c. per hour) couild be maintained at atmospheric pressure through the experiment chamnber, and its constancy easily checked at any moment by timning the rate of dropping from the aspirator siphon. The hydrodynamic system is such that constancy of rate of flow marks a position of unstable equilibrium, and the necessary balancing must be effected by addition or subtraction of water at the regulating tap shown in the figure. Two typical experiments may be described. Exp. I. Two freshly caught frogs were killed at a.m. and bled. A '"crossed' pair of the skinned legs was arranged to hang free in each of the experimental chambers. The chambers were plunged side by side in water maintained throughout at 20O5'-21' C. The volume of each chamber was 30 c,c. A current of air free from 00 was started through each at a.m. Pure oxygen was substituted for air in the case of one chamber at a.m. and both currents were maintained at the same rate (120 c.c. per hour) throughout the whole experiment. The number of CO2 estimations made, the period of each, and its result are shown graphically in Fig. 2-the diagram being constructed on the same plan and scale as those in the previous paper already referred to. The first CO2reading began at a.m., when the preparations, both in air, showed identical outputs of *13 c.c. CO2 per half-hour. It may be taken PH. XXVIII. 23
5 358 W. M. FLETCHER. for granted that the ouitput of each during the preceding quarter of an hour had been at the rate of *17-*20 c.c. per hour..30 in air in oxygen 265 beginning of oxygen 'L3 1 ~ L Hours I ' after excision. Fig. 2. Survival discharge from 'crossed' pairs of legs, one in air, the other in oxygen. The second reading, begun at 12 noon, a quarter of an hour after oxygen alone had been sent to one preparation, showed an increased rate for that preparation, and a normally falling rate for the 'control' in air. The rate of output from the former continued to increase from this point, while the latter entered upon the normal 'plateau' of CO2 production. Eleven hours after excision the muscle in oxygen was found to be discharging CO2 at more than three times the normal rate. After the 22nd hour its rate of discharge began to sink as the completion of the rigor period approached, while that of the muscle in air gave a positive indication of early bacterial putrefaction by rising. At the 26th hour the chambers were opened. The 'control' muscle in air gave a distinct smell of putrefaction, while the muscle in oxygen gave none. Exp. II. With similar arrangements, 'crossed' legs, from a large frog, excised at 5.8 p.m., were placed in chambers maintained at throughout and the air current started through each at 5.20 p.m. At-the 16th hour oxygen was sent to one as before. The results are given in Fig. 3. Here the preparations showed normal and nearly identical rates of 002 output up to the 16th hour, when pure oxygen was supplied to one. Immediately the rate in this case rose until it was nearly double that of the control in air. In this experiment bacterial putrefaction began in both preparations at nearly the same time (after the 24th hour) but is not shown in the figure. From these and other similar experiments it is clear that the supply of oxygen to an excised muscle enormously increases the output of CO2 which accompanies the early stages of rigor, and this is true whether
6 RESPIRATION OF MUSCLE. the extra supply of oxygen is brought to the muscle before the beginning of the rigor stages or later in their development. I in air 30 - in ox)gen oxygen i,,25 to one W '. ' after Fig. 3. Hiours excision Oxygen supplied to one muscle preparation after the 16th hour. It may be noted in passing that bacterial putrefaction, as demonstrated by a rise of 002 discharge, was delayed in the case of the muscle exposed to the oxygen current, in four out of five experiments in which the observations were carried on long enough to reach that stage. SUMMARY. 1. A former account of the survival respiration of Amphibian muscle in an atmosphere of nitrogen has been confirmed and extended, by the use of a more convenient method. In particular it has beer shown that the introductory processes of rigor which are marked b.y a steady output of 002 are partially incomplete in the absence of oxygen. The rate of 002 output characteristic of the gradual development of rigor in air is diminished by about 30 p/pian atmosphere of nitrogen. 2. It has been found that the normal rate of co2 discharge during the rigor periods for a muscle in air is always largely increased in an atmosphere of oxygen, the increase ranging from n/. 23-2
A Hare-Lynx Simulation Model
1 A Hare- Simulation Model What happens to the numbers of hares and lynx when the core of the system is like this? Hares O Balance? S H_Births Hares H_Fertility Area KillsPerHead Fertility Births Figure
More informationDouglas and Haldane(2) has shown that the oxygen determinations. since it forms the basis of the "Coefficient of Utilisation" (Krrogh) and
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE MIXED VENOUS BLOOD, AND OF THE VOLUME OF BLOOD CIRCULATING PER MINUTE. BY J. BARCROFT, F. J. W. ROUGHTON AND R. SHOJI. (From the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge.)
More informationAPPENDIX. working blood volume was also rather large; Evans, Grande, and. equilibrated to the new mixture is partially dependent upon the rate
612.172-5 APPENDIX A SIMPLIFIED HEART OXYGENATOR CIRCUIT FOR BLOOD- FED HEARTS. By J. YULE BOG-UE and R. A. GREGORY.' SINCE 1934 studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of the blood-fed heart without lungs
More informationthat, as a means of progression, walking is suitable for lower speeds
2 6I2 744.22 ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN WALKING AND RUNNING. BY M. OGASAWARA. (From the Department of Industrial Physiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.) (Received February 28, 1934.) IT
More information(Botanical Laboratory, Utrecht).
287 Oxygen as Limiting Factor of the Protoplasmic streaming in Avena Coleoptiles of different Ages by H.P. Bottelier (Botanical Laboratory, Utrecht). In the course of the investigations of the influence
More informationOxygen convulsions are believed by many workers to be caused by an accumulation
272 J. Physiol. (I949) I09, 272-280 6I2.223.II:6I2.26I THE ROLE OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN OXYGEN POISONING BY H. J. TAYLOR From the Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory, Alverstoke, Hants (Received 26 March
More informationplethysmographic methods that when the subject was pinched on the upper
24 J. Physiol. (I95I) II2, 24-2I 6I2.I5.6II.976 THE DECREASE IN HAND BLOOD FLOW FOLLOWING INFLATION OF AN ARTERIAL OCCLUSION CUFF ON THE OPPOSITE ARM BY IAN C. RODDIE From the Department of Physiology,
More informationThe over-ventilated cat shows a similar adjustment to diminished. being over-ventilated, and he considered that on that account there was
6I2.235:6I2.26I THE SOURCE OF COa EXPIRED AND THE SITE OF ITS RETENTION. BY LAURENCE IRVING, J. K. W. FERGUSON AND F. B. PLEWES. (From the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto.) AFTER evisceration
More information(fig. 3) must be at the same temperature as the water in this chamber CALORIMETRIC STUDIES OF THE EXTREMITIES
CALORIMETRIC STUDIES OF THE EXTREMITIES II. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES' By ROY KEGERREIS (Received for publication July 1, 1926) The calorimeter used in these experiments is a modification of
More information(From the Physiological and Biochemical Laboratories, Cambridge.)
CREATINE FORMATION DURING TONIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION. BY K. UYENO AND T. MITSUDA. (From the Physiological and Biochemical Laboratories, Cambridge.) Creatine of the amphibition muscles in the breeding season.
More informationEXPERIMENT XI. Careful!! Improper handling of the vacuum line may result in the release of SO 2 which is an irritating and suffocating gas.
Chem 366-3 Page XI - 1 EXPERIMENT XI INFRARED SPECTRUM OF SO2 (S&G, 5th ed. Expt 36, 6th ed. Expt. 35) 1. Pre-Lab preparation. The description of this experiment has disappeared from the more recent editions
More informationJ. Physiol. (I941) I00, I98-21I 6I :6I2.825
198 J. Physiol. (I941) I00, I9821I 6I2.22.02:6I2.825 THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN LACK ON THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION BY F. C. COURTICE From the Departments of Physiology and of Surgery, Oxford (Received 24 March
More informationConcepTest PowerPoints
ConcepTest PowerPoints Chapter 10 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for
More informationPURE SUBSTANCE. Nitrogen and gaseous air are pure substances.
CLASS Third Units PURE SUBSTANCE Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout. Air is a mixture of several gases, but it is considered to be a pure substance. Nitrogen and
More information12. School travel Introduction. Part III Chapter 12. School travel
12. School travel 12.1 Introduction This chapter presents the evidence on changes in travel patterns for the journey to school in the three towns over the period of the Sustainable Travel Town project.
More informationNoxious Fumes and Gases
Noxious Fumes and Gases The tissues of the body require oxygen 0 2 for normal metabolic processes (ie. the oxidation of food to produce energy). They must also eliminate CO, which is the waste product
More informationHow do forensic scientists determine the time of death?
How do forensic scientists determine the time of death? The eyes of a victim can hold answers to the time of death, as a thin cloudy film is developed over the eye within 3 hours after death has occurred.
More information23 RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS TARRAGONA, SPAIN APRIL 2007
23 RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS TARRAGONA, SPAIN 16-20 APRIL 2007 AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE INTERRELATION BETWEEN THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BALLISTICS OF FIRING A TP-T TANK AMMUNITION M. H.
More informationExperiment 18 Properties of Gases
Experiment 18 Properties of Gases E18-1 E18-2 The Task In this experiment you will investigate some of the properties of gases, i.e. how gases flow, their phase changes and chemical reactivity. Skills
More informationExamLearn.ie. The Air & Oxygen
ExamLearn.ie The Air & Oxygen The Air & Oxygen The air is a mixture of gases, which forms a blanket around the earth. Another name for the air is the atmosphere. *To investigate the percentage of oxygen
More informationWorksheet: Solubility
1. According to your Reference Tables, which substance forms an unsaturated solution when 80 grams of the substance is dissolved in 100 grams of H 2 O at 10 C? (A) KI (B) KNO 3 (C) NaNO 3 (D) NaCl 2. The
More informationDURING the course of certain investigations it became
VOLUMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ETHER OR CYCLOPROPANE, CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN IN ANESTHETIC MIXTURES By F. J. PRIME DURING the course of certain investigations it became necessary to be able
More informationtransients' of large amplitude can be imposed on the arterial, cardiac and Since both coughing and the Valsalva manoeuvre raise intrathoracic pressure
351 J. Physiol. (I953) I22, 35I-357 EFFECTS OF COUGHING ON INTRATHORACIC PRESSURE, ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW BY E. P. SHARPEY-SCHAFER From the Department of Medicine, St Thomas's Hospital
More informationpartial pressure is to be applied to the dissociation curve of fully oxygenated
6I2. I27. I THE DETERMINATION OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF THE MIXED VENOUS BLOOD. Part I. The effect of oxygenation and the critical oxygen tension. BY M. C. G. ISRAELS (Platt Physiological Scholar)
More information(Received 9 September 1940)
257 J. Physiol. (I 94I) 99, 257-264 6I2.2II A METHOD OF RECORDING THE RESPIRATION BY J. H. GADDUM From the College of the Pharmaceutical Society, 17 Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C. 2 (Received 9 September
More information[285] NOTE ON A SIMPLE GAS-CIRCULATING PUMP
[285] NOTE ON A SIMPLE GAS-CIRCULATING PUMP BY W. LEACH (With 2 figures in the text) I N the course of designing an apparatus for investigating certain respiration problems, it was found that some form
More informationWhich student do you agree with (if any)? Please explain your reasoning.
Practice Test 1 1. Shown below is a speed-time graph for a cart moving in front of the motion sensor. For convenience it has been divided into five sections (A,B,C,D,E). B C D A E During each of the five
More informationLOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES revised by Igor Bolotin 03/05/12
LOW PRESSURE EFFUSION OF GASES revised by Igor Bolotin 03/05/ This experiment will introduce you to the kinetic properties of low-pressure gases. You will make observations on the rates with which selected
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level *3373524824* STATISTICS 4040/23 Paper 2 October/November 2013 Candidates answer on the question paper.
More informationGas Laws. 2 HCl(aq) + CaCO 3 (s) H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) + CaCl 2 (aq) HCl(aq) + NaHCO 3 (s) H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) + NaCl(aq)
Gas Laws Introduction: Although we cannot see gases, we can observe their behavior and study their properties. For example, we can watch a balloon filled with helium gas floating in air and conclude that
More informationHeat Engine. Reading: Appropriate sections for first, second law of thermodynamics, and PV diagrams.
Heat Engine Equipment: Capstone, 2 large glass beakers (one for ice water, the other for boiling water), temperature sensor, pressure sensor, rotary motion sensor, meter stick, calipers, set of weights,
More informationObjective To identify a pure liquid substance using the physical properties of solubility, density, and boiling point.
Chemistry 1020 Identification of an Unknown Liquid Objective To identify a pure liquid substance using the physical properties of solubility, density, and boiling point. Text reference solubility, density,
More informationMemorandum Background: Results and Discussion:
Memorandum To: Dr. Abercromby From: Jason Rapp and Matthew Stumbo Date: January 17, 2012 Subject: Vacuum Chamber Basics Technical Memo Background: We explored several aspects of vacuum chambers, in preparation
More informationChapter 3 Atmospheric Thermodynamics
Chapter 3 Atmospheric Thermodynamics Spring 2017 Partial Pressure and Dalton Dalton's law of partial pressure: total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases which do not interact chemically is equal to
More information6I2.2I6:6I alveolar pressure. It follows that the evident alteration in the respiratory rhythm is an alteration in amplitude.
6I2.2I6:6I2.223.11 SOME EFFECTS OF CARBONIC ACID ON THE CHARACTER OF HUMAN RESPIRATION. BY J. BARCROFT AND R. MARGARIA' (Turin). (From the Physiological Laboratory, Cambridge.) THE following facts concerning
More informationBioAerosol Nebulizing Generator. Operation and Maintenance User Manual
BioAerosol Nebulizing Generator Operation and Maintenance User Manual INTRODUCTION The BANG or BioAerosol Nebulizing Generator is a unique nebulizer for the generation of aqueous aerosols at a low air
More informationCHE 4115 Chemical Processes Laboratory 2 Experiment 1. Batch Distillation
CHE 4115 Chemical Processes Laboratory 2 Experiment 1 Batch Distillation BACKGROUND Distillation is one of the most commonly used unit operations in chemical engineering. In general, a distillation operation
More informationthroughout. The constant-flow respiration was administered through a intravenously at appropriate intervals (in addition to the general
414 6I2.22I:6I2.2I5.5 GASEOUS INTERCHANGES THROUGH THE VISCERAL PLEURA OF THE CAT. By M. KREMER, A. T. WILSON AND SAMSON WRIGHT. (Department of Physiology, Middlesex Hospital Medical School.) (Received
More informationA COMPARISON OF THERMAL POLYGONS FOR BRITISH FRESHWATER TELEOSTS
178 A. ELLIOTT A COMPARISON OF THERMAL POLYGONS FOR BRITISH FRESHWATER TELEOSTS Introduction ALEX ELLIOTT (J. A. Elliott, 51312 Muirhead House, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LG, Scotland.) Almost
More informationSampling Considerations for Equilibrium Dissolved Oxygen [DO] Sensors
Sampling Considerations for Equilibrium Dissolved Oxygen [DO] Sensors Abstract Boiler water in the low parts per billion dissolved oxygen concentration range can be significantly contaminated by oxygen
More informationof Carbon Dioxide (CO 2
CHAPTER 10 Phase Changes of Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Objectives This experiment is an introduction to phase changes of pure substances and an introduction to some simple microtechniques for doing experiments
More informationTEST REPORT SIMPROVEMENTS TO A SMOKE GENERATOR FOR USE IN WIND TUNNELS' R.W. BASSETT and H.S.
TEST REPORT SIMPROVEMENTS TO A SMOKE GENERATOR FOR USE IN WIND TUNNELS' by R.W. BASSETT and H.S. FOWLER E. P. Cockshutt, Head D. C. Ma-Phail Engine Section Di. ---or SUMMARY In order to overcome disadvantages
More information(Received 16 January 1946)
186 J. Physiol. (I946) I05, I86-I90 6I2.2I5.9 THE ABSORPTION OF FLUIDS FROM THE LUNGS BY F. C. COURTICE AND P. J. PHIPPS From the Experimental Station, Porton and the Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford (Received
More informationA SIMPLE TITRATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY ON ONE DROP OF URINE
J. clin. Path. (1951), 4, 491. A SIMPLE TITRATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY ON ONE DROP OF URINE BY From the Pathological Laboratory, the Peace Memorial Hospital, Watford (RECEIVED FOR
More informationPhase Changes * OpenStax
OpenStax-CNX module: m42218 1 Phase Changes * OpenStax This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 Abstract Interpret a phase diagram. State Dalton's
More informationMethods Used in Measuring Surface Seawater pco 2 Aboard RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer
F:\NBPalmer\Palmer_methods.doc Page 1 09/16/02 11:55 AM 1. Introduction: Methods Used in Measuring Surface Seawater pco 2 Aboard RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer Taro Takahashi, Colm Sweeney, Stewart C. Sutherland
More informationThe Formation and Fate of the Operculum and Gill-chambers in the tadpole of Rana temporaria.
The Formation and Fate of the Operculum and Gill-chambers in the tadpole of Rana temporaria. By Gwendolen T. Brock, M.Sc, D.PM1. (Oxon.). With 16 Text-figures. THIS work has been undertaken with the object
More informationEFFECTS OF LASER WINDOW DEGREDATION ON LASER POWER AND DISTRIBUTION IN LASER SINTERING. Ben Fulcher, David K. Leigh
EFFECTS OF LASER WINDOW DEGREDATION ON LASER POWER AND DISTRIBUTION IN LASER SINTERING Ben Fulcher, David K. Leigh Harvest Technologies Belton, Tx 76513 Abstract Laser power is a key parameter in the laser
More informationDevelopment of High-speed Gas Dissolution Device
Development of High-speed Gas Dissolution Device Yoichi Nakano*, Atsushi Suehiro**, Tetsuhiko Fujisato***, Jun Ma**** Kesayoshi Hadano****, Masayuki Fukagawa***** *Ube National College of Technology, Tokiwadai
More informationRespiratory Protective Equipment
Page 1 of 5 Health and Safety Fact File - Protective Clothing Respiratory Protective Equipment Respiratory protective equipment (RPE) selected for compliance with the COSHH regulations must conform to
More informationLung Volumes and Capacities
Lung Volumes and Capacities Normally the volume of air entering the lungs during a single inspiration is approximately equal to the volume leaving on the subsequent expiration and is called the tidal volume.
More informationTHE literature on this subject, which was reviewed recently (CAMPBELL, doses of amytal, and in addition received A.C.E. mixture during the
-~~ -v GAS TENSIONS IN THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE. By J. ARGYLL CAMPBELL. From the National Institute for Medical Research, Hampstead. (With six figures in the text.) (Received
More information29th Monitoring Research Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Technologies
IMPROVED CALIBRATION AND OPERATION OF A STABLE-GAS QUANTIFICATION MANIFOLD AS PART OF A RADIOXENON COLLECTION SYSTEM ABSTRACT Richard M. Williams, James C. Hayes, and Randy R. Kirkham Pacific Northwest
More informationThe Effect of Adaptation on the Taste Threshold Observed with a Semiautomatic Gustometer
The Effect of Adaptation on the Taste Threshold Observed with a Semiautomatic Gustometer GEORG VON BEK9SY From the Laboratory of Psychophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge ABSTRACT A special "gustometer"
More informationGas exchange measurement in module M- COVX
Gas exchange measurement in module M- COVX This document explains how the gas exchange measurement in the gas module M-COVX works. 1. Basic equations To obtain the oxygen consumption VO2 of a patient,
More informationDetermination of the physical properties of different types of milk claws and air leaks in the claw according to rotameter-milk bucket methods
Agronomy Research 14(2), 590 603, 2016 Determination of the physical properties of different types of milk claws and air leaks in the claw according to rotameter-milk bucket methods H. Unal * and H. Erdogan
More informationSUBMARINE BASE, GROTON, CONN. REPORT NUMBER 855
NAVAL RESEA DICAL ÄTORY SUBMARINE BASE, GROTON, CONN. REPORT NUMBER 855 IMPLEMENTING AN EXCHANGE FROM NITROGEN TO HELIUM IN A LARGE HYPERBARIC CHAMBER by. Kenneth R. Bondi, D. Douglas Wray and James E.
More informationCHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY CHEG 239W. Control of a Steam-Heated Mixing Tank with a Pneumatic Process Controller
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY CHEG 239W Control of a Steam-Heated Mixing Tank with a Pneumatic Process Controller Objective The experiment involves tuning a commercial process controller for temperature
More informationVapor Pressure of Liquids
Vapor Pressure of Liquids In this experiment, you will investigate the relationship between the vapor pressure of a liquid and its temperature. When a liquid is added to the Erlenmeyer flask shown in Figure
More informationGas Laws. Figure 1: Experimental Set-up with Leveling Bulb. GCC CHM 151LL: Gas Laws GCC, 2019 page 1 of 8
Gas Laws Introduction Although we cannot see gases, we can observe their behavior and study their properties. This lab will apply several concepts from Ideal Gas Laws. You will use your knowledge of chemical
More informationDetermination of R: The Gas-Law Constant
Determination of R: The Gas-Law Constant PURPOSE: EXPERIMENT 9 To gain a feeling for how well real gases obey the ideal-gas law and to determine the ideal-gas-law constant R. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS: KClO
More informationMATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET G.P. RED OXIDE PRIMER
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET G.P. RED OXIDE PRIMER 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION: TRADE / COMMERCIAL NAME General Purpose Red Oxide Primer CHEMICAL FAMILY Alkyd resin & aliphatic hydrocarbons UN
More informationCharacterizing a Cu/Mn Alloy for Extracting Oxygen from Inert Gas. Streams
Characterizing a Cu/Mn Alloy for Extracting Oxygen from Inert Gas Streams Grace Lenhard Prattsburgh Central School LLE advisors: Walter Shmayda and Matthew Sharpe Laboratory for Laser Energetics University
More informationAir Eliminator Series
Air Eliminator Series Air Separation Equipment FILE NO: 9-1 DATE: August 2010 SUPERSEDES: 9-1 DATE: January 2009 Air Eliminator Series Air Separation Equipment Modern sealed heating and cooling systems
More informationLSX Low Smoke Convertor Operations Manual
LSX Low Smoke Convertor Operations Manual V.05.25.05 Table of Contents Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Introduction Warning Technical Specifications Operating Procedure Control
More informationImportance of TOD. 1st question at most murder scenes: "How long has this person been dead?
Death Importance of TOD 1st question at most murder scenes: "How long has this person been dead? It's crucial to know when the crime was committed. it can help narrow the search for a suspect or it can
More informationWhat is air track? 1 Introduction
What is air track? 1 Introduction The SAHF model was thought up by Australian Shan Raffel in the early 2000 s. After much debate with colleagues, and under the influence of American Ed Hartin the model
More informationOptimizing Gas Supply for Industrial Lasers
Optimizing Gas Supply for Industrial Lasers Laser cutting of metals and other materials has grown rapidly due to developments in laser power, advancements in CNC automation, and decreasing costs. The industrial
More informationEVALUATION OF SOLAR POWERED POOL PURIFICATION DEVICE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EVALUATION OF SOLAR POWERED POOL PURIFICATION DEVICE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY On May 3, 1992, the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) began the evaluation of a solar powered pool purification device designed and
More informationALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1
ALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1 Summary: These notes examine the general means by which ventilation is regulated in terrestrial mammals. It then moves on to a discussion of what happens when someone over
More informationAQUARIUS. Operating Instructions for the. Type 70 Electrolytic Gas Soldering / Welding Unit. Table of Contents
AQUARIUS Operating Instructions for the Type 70 Electrolytic Gas Soldering / Welding Unit Table of Contents 1. Important General Remarks 2 2. Safety Instructions 2 3. Description of the Soldering Unit
More informationGas Laws. 2 HCl(aq) + CaCO 3 (s) H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) + CaCl 2 (aq) HCl(aq) + NaHCO 3 (s) H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) + NaCl(aq)
Gas Laws Introduction: Although we cannot see gases, we can observe their behavior and study their properties. For example, we can watch a balloon filled with helium gas floating in air and conclude that
More informationAMT-Ex Dewpoint Transmitter
AMT-Ex Dewpoint Transmitter Instruction Manual Alpha Moisture Systems Alpha House 96 City Road Bradford BD8 8ES England Tel: +44 1274 733100 Fax: +44 1274 733200 email: mail@amsytems.co.uk web: www.amsystems.co.uk
More informationTECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION IEC TS 61245 Edition 2.0 2015-03 Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage ceramic and glass insulators to be used on d.c. systems INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ICS
More informationUSE OF TIRE PRESSURE TO IMPROVE THE CALIBRATION OF THE BICYCLE W...
Page 1 of 8 PROPOSED USE OF TIRE PRESSURE TO IMPROVE THE CALIBRATION OF THE BICYCLE WHEEL IN THE MEASUREMENT OF ROAD-RACING COURSES ABSTRACT NEVILLE F WOOD nfwood@hotmail.com Revised 6/3/05 I have shown
More informationLaboratory Hardware. Custom Gas Chromatography Solutions WASSON - ECE INSTRUMENTATION. Custom solutions for your analytical needs.
Laboratory Hardware Custom Gas Chromatography Solutions Custom solutions for your analytical needs. Laboratory Hardware Wasson-ECE Instrumentation offers hardware-only solutions for advanced chromatography
More informationEnd of Chapter Exercises
End of Chapter Exercises Exercises 1 12 are conceptual questions that are designed to see if you have understood the main concepts of the chapter. 1. While on an airplane, you take a drink from your water
More informationPHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
PROCEEDI NGS OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY, March 18, 1911. A method for determining the total in man. By C. GORDON DOUGLAS. respiratory exchange In this method the whole of the expired air is collected
More informationImproved Forms of Maximows' Automatic Pipette.
169 Improved Forms of Maximows' Automatic Pipette. F. M. Andrews Indiana University. Grafe' figures and describes the automatic pipette of Maximows (Fig. 1). The pipette as given by Maximows is very practical
More informationApplication for diminishing or avoiding the unwanted. effects of traffic congestion
Application for diminishing or avoiding the unwanted effects of traffic congestion Explanation of process Traffic congestions occur mainly through lack of consideration for the driver from the traffic
More informationEnd of Chapter Exercises
End of Chapter Exercises Exercises 1 12 are conceptual questions that are designed to see if you have understood the main concepts of the chapter. 1. While on an airplane, you take a drink from your water
More information8. Now plot on the following grid the values of T (K) and V from the table above, and connect the points.
Charles s Law According to Charles s law, the volume of a fixed mass of gas varies directly with its Kelvin temperature if its pressure is constant. The following table contains Celsius temperature and
More informationGas Exchange ACTIVITY OVERVIEW SUMMARY KEY CONCEPTS AND PROCESS SKILLS KEY VOCABULARY. Teacher s Guide B-75 L A B O R ATO R Y
Gas Exchange 17 40- to 2 50-minute sessions ACTIVITY OVERVIEW L A B O R ATO R Y SUMMARY This activity explores the role of the respiratory system in the regulation of gases in the blood. Students investigate
More informationCONTENTS. 9. Opening of gas systems containing H 2 S. 1. Introduction. 8. Protection of Personnel.
CONTENTS 1. Introduction. 2. Properties and toxicity of H 2 S. 3. Physical effects of H 2 S. 4. Pyrophoric iron sulphide. 5. Identification of H 2 S hazard. 6. Entry to H 2 S risk area. 7. Detection of
More informationOperating Guidelines for PermSelect Modules Liquid Contacting
Operating Guidelines for PermSelect Modules Liquid Contacting PermSelect PDMSXA-2500 (0.25m 2 ) PermSelect PDMSXA-7500 (0.75m 2 ) PermSelect PDMSXA-1.0 (1m 2 ) PermSelect PDMSXA-2.1 (2.1m 2 ) PermSelect
More informationSection 15. Well Disinfection
Section 15 Well Disinfection After constructing or repairing a well or pump, the entire well and pumping system must be disinfected in order to kill harmful microorganisms (germs and bacteria) that may
More informationThis document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents
1999L0092 EN 27.06.2007 001.001 1 This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents B DIRECTIVE 1999/92/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
More informationEMISSION CHAMBERS. Bulk and Surface Emission Detection for the RAD7 User Manual
EMISSION CHAMBERS Bulk and Surface Emission Detection for the RAD7 User Manual TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 4 1.1 Closed Loop Configuration 4 Fig. 1 Emission Chamber Closed Loop
More informationBOYLE S / CHARLES LAW APPARATUS - 1m long
BOYLE S / CHARLES LAW APPARATUS - 1m long Cat: MF0340-101 (combination Boyle s and Charles without mercury) DESCRIPTION: The IEC Boyle's & Charles Law apparatus is a high quality instrument designed to
More informationA Study of Pressure Safety Valve Response Times under Transient Overpressures
A Study of Pressure Safety Valve Response Times under Transient Overpressures B C R Ewan, Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, University of Sheffield, Mappin St, Sheffield, S1 3JD. C Weil, 7
More informationIncompressible Potential Flow. Panel Methods (3)
Incompressible Potential Flow Panel Methods (3) Outline Some Potential Theory Derivation of the Integral Equation for the Potential Classic Panel Method Program PANEL Subsonic Airfoil Aerodynamics Issues
More informationDISTILLATION PRESSURE CONTROL TROUBLESHOOTING THE HIDDEN PITTFALLS OF OVERDESIGN
Distillation Absorption 2010 A.B. de Haan, H. Kooijman and A. Górak (Editors) All rights reserved by authors as per DA2010 copyright notice DISTILLATION PRESSURE CONTROL TROUBLESHOOTING THE HIDDEN PITTFALLS
More informationExperimental Verification of Integrated Pressure Suppression Systems in Fusion Reactors at In-Vessel Loss-of -Coolant Events
Experimental Verification of Integrated Pressure Suppression Systems in Fusion Reactors at In-Vessel Loss-of -Coolant Events K. Takase 1), H. Akimoto 1) 1) Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI),
More informationThe University of Hong Kong Department of Physics Experimental Physics Laboratory
The University of Hong Kong Department of Physics Experimental Physics Laboratory PHYS2260 Heat and Waves 2260-1 LABORATORY MANUAL Experiment 1: Adiabatic Gas Law Part A. Ideal Gas Law Equipment Required:
More information1 of 5 Standard Operating Procedure Effective Date: 2 November 2015 Version: 003 Reviewed: SOP_TP_02_Thermal Properties_ Calorimetric Analysis Page #: 1 of 5 Standard Operation Procedure Calorimetric Tests
More information29 Pressure, Temperature relationship of a gas
Chemistry Sensors: Loggers: Gas Pressure, Temperature Any EASYSENSE Logging time: EasyLog Teacher s notes 29 Pressure, Temperature relationship of a gas Read The ideal gas laws tell us that if we keep
More informationCryogenics is the science of ultra low temperatures. Low temperatures are achieved by the liquefaction of gases.
CRYOGENICS SAFETY Introduction Cryogenics is the science of ultra low temperatures. Low temperatures are achieved by the liquefaction of gases. The gases which are most widely used in industry and research
More informationCHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The research included the development and verification of the earlier apparatus, and the collection and validation of moisture diffusion data under both isothermal and
More informationPRE LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT: Lab Section Score: /10 READ THE LAB TEXT BEFORE ATTEMPTING THESE PROBLEMS!
EXPERIMENT # 6 Name: PRE LABORATORY ASSIGNMENT: Lab Section Score: /10 READ THE LAB TEXT BEFORE ATTEMPTING THESE PROBLEMS! 1. Calculate the height of a corresponding column of mercury (in mm) that is at
More informationRespiration in Organisms MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS NCERT
10 Respiration in Organisms MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Sometimes when we do heavy exercise, anaerobic respiration takes place in our muscle cells. What is produced during this process? alcohol and lactic
More information