Frontenac, Lennox & Addington Science Fair Expo-sciences de Frontenac, Lennox & Addington Prefair Report

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1 1201 Mary Snider Expo-sciences de De-Icing Ice The purpose of my project is to discover what ice melters melt ice the quickest and to help people stay safe in the winter.my question is how do different melters affect the speed that ice melts. My hypothesis is that kosher salt or store bought ice melter will melt the ice the fastest because there is a small layer of water on ice and the part of the salt sometimes dissolves and makes a salty water that covers the ice and may speed up the length up the melting time. The materials i will use are: 6 small bowls or mixing bowls ice cubes (2 per bowl) Graduated cylinder 2tsp of table salt 2tsp of kosher salt 2tsp of sand 2tsp of sugar 2tsp of store bought ice melter a note book and pencil Procedure: For the procedure I will get 6 mixing or small bowls and place two ice cubes in each. In 5 of the bowls i will quickly put 1tsp of my materials into each of the bowls. The 6th bowl will have only the ice in it. I will then put the bowls into the fridge. I will write down the starting time in my notebook. Once the ice cubes in at least one of the bowls has become at least half melted, I will take the bowls out of the fridge and measure how much water has melted using a graduated cylinder and record it in my note book. I will try to leave as much of the material in the bowl as possible. I will leave the bowls out and wait for all of the ice to melt. I will record the time all of the ice has melted in each bowl. I will repeat this 2 times. I do not have the results yet but, I will have the ready in time for the fair.

2 1202 Lachlan McCurdy Expo-sciences de Floating On Air This experiment is on magnetic levitation trains. To study how a vehicle or train can operate over a track using permanent magnets, several models were produced to test different arrangements. Two models were made to test a scale maglev train. A single rail with side guides, and a dual rail using magnets to support the sides. These demonstrated the technical challenges with trying to produce levitating trains in real-world applications. My project board has my hypothesis, background research, photo gallery, ex.1 description, ex.2 description, ex.1 results, ex.2 results, ex.1 conclusion and discussion, and ex.2 conclusion and discussion. The model trains demonstrated that while permanent magnets can be used to levitate a train vertically, it is difficult to keep the train stable over the track. The magnetic forces act to push the train away from the track not only vertically, but horizontally. Additional systems are needed to support the trains in place. These additional supports demonstrate the challenges in using magnetic levitation as a transportation system.

3 1203 Lily Saunders Expo-sciences de How much weight can magnetic slime hold? My partner and I are going to be measuring how much weight magnetic slime can hold or move. We are going to be making a variety of slimes with ingredients such as borax, white glue, shaving cream and lens cleaner. All of these recipes will include either iron oxide powder or magnetic filings and each slime will be tested to see how much weight it can hold or pull. My partner and I are going to be making a poster board to display the project. Magnetic filings and iron oxide powder will react to the magnets differently when mixed with the other slime ingredients and we will test how they react as well. We plan to conduct our experiments at my home in the kitchen and record our findings. We will take pictures as well and present them on the display board. My partner and I enjoy making slime and have made many varieties to play with. We discovered that slime can become magnetic with the right ingredients and wanted to find out more! The research we have done so far has only made us more interested to find out how the different magnetic ingredients will make the slime react.

4 1204 Richard Ovey Expo-sciences de Nuts and Bolts The title of "Nuts and Bolts" came from the Meccano(TM) used to construct the apparatus. The inspiration came from sailing a dinghy and observing the many pulleys and levers used to operate a sailing boat. The aim was to use an original, self-built apparatus to test the hypothesis that adding more pulleys to a block and tackle would reduce the effort required to move a load with a lever, just as pulleys are used in conjunction with levers on a sailing boat. The apparatus was constructed to allow up to four pulleys to be added to both the block and tackle as the independent variable. It also allowed different lever arm ratios to be tested as a control variable in order to give a wider range of results to test the hypothesis. Measurements of the force required to hold a fixed weight of 1500g in position were taken, giving twelve sets of results for the different combinations of independent and control variables. In order to eliminate the effect of friction in the apparatus, the force required to hold the weight was measured first as the load was raised and then as it was lowered into position. Five measurements of each were taken to give a mean lifting force and a mean lowering force. The overall mean of these two was taken as the force value for that combination of control and independent variables. When the overall mean values of the force were plotted on a graph, the results of the experiments showed that the addition of pulleys to the block and tackle reduced the force required to hold the weight as expected which confirmed the hypothesis. The result was true for each of the different lever arm ratios.

5 1205 Rhys Nicholson Expo-sciences de Taking Flight Scientifically: A Paper Airplane Study Purpose: The purpose of my study was to find out which paper airplane flew the furthest when launched from an automatic launcher, and to analyze which of the following factors made the airplanes fly the furthest: wing area, aspect ratio, centre of gravity, body rigidity and the presence of tail flaps. Hypothesis: My hypothesis was that glider-type planes would fly the furthest because of their large lift. Methods: I built an automatic launcher out of tupperware, wood, elastic and styrofoam, and chose 5 airplanes to test. To calculate the lift: drag ratio for each plane, I launched each plane 6 times from a flat launching position and measured the distance travelled. Next, I tested the planes when flown from a 35 degree launch angle. I flew each plane 7 times and measured its flight distance. Results: My results showed that planes with narrow and sleek wings, and tail flaps flew the best. Other parameters tested like wing area, centre of gravity and body rigidity did not correlate with flight distance. The L:D ratio calculated did not perfectly correlate with slanted launch performance, although it was highly predictive. Conclusions: I concluded that the potential drag of the plane (as measured by its aspect ratio) seemed to be the most important factor in determining flight performance. This was opposite to my hypothesis. No other parameter reliably predicted flight performance, suggesting that each design feature has a complicated effect on flight performance. All of these features work together to affect a paper airplane's lift and drag. Limitations:The limitations of my study included the small number of test flights, but this was somewhat limited by the planes' durability. Some planes had quite a wide range of flight distances but others did not. More flights might have improved the accuracy of my results. Using an automatic launcher rather than a human arm meant that the launching force was always constant, but the force applied may be quite different, since humans use a long wind up, flick of the wrist, and a follow through. This might have affected my results. Future Studies: In the future, I might want to build a robot arm that can simulate human airplane launching, but with a constant force. I also might do more detailed experiments to understand exactly the effects of one plane design over another e.g. do flights with same plane, with and without tail flaps.

6 1206 Mirren Henson Expo-sciences de Taste the Chemistry How to make the best and the tastiest molecular spaghetti in the world. Chemistry can be tasty when you use the right ingredients. Culinary chemistry is used in fancy restaurants all over the world to showcase flavours and textures, but how does it all work? I will find the best way to use sodium lactate and calcium alginate to create the best noodles in terms of consistency, length, width and texture. I will change the amounts of the chemicals to find the optimal noodle and share the recipe with the world! The noodles are edible but don't have any flavour or colour so food colouring and a bit of sugar will be added to make them more exciting to eat. The project will include research on each chemical, how they interact and work together to make this amazing spaghetti. It will also include other uses for this culinary chemistry as well as how it is already being used in the world today. Plus there will be noodles to taste.

7 Expo-sciences de 1207 Alyssa Whalen, Zoe O'Brien Will it dissolve? For our science project we have a series of liquids like cold water, warm water, vinegar, milk, soda pop and juice. then we will see which liquid makes the gummy bears dissolve the fastest. Then we will see which ones actually make the gummy bears dissolve and which ones do not. We do not know how long this project will take, but we know it will not take too long. our hypothesis is that the warm water will dissolve the gummy bear fastest. basically we just put the gummy bears in the liquid and then leave it and take pictures daily. Gummy bears are made of Gelatin and Sugar, these two components are very easy to dissolve in different types of liquids and in conclusion that is why we think the gummy bears will dissolve. we are going to put the same amount of liquid in each plastic cup and one gummy bears in each cup.we put hard work in to this project and We put a lot of thinking into this project as well. We think this is a very fun and kid friendly project, we hope you think the same as we do. by Zoe and Alyssa see you there.

8 1208 Sam King Expo-sciences de Wondering About Wings The efficiency of airplanes is important because airplanes use fossil fuels and can be significant contributors to air pollution. Aviation pollution causes 4-9% of global climate change, so if we can reduce air pollution from planes, it will be better for human health and for the environment. I built an apparatus that allows Styrofoam wings to lift when I apply wind using a fan. My project is to find the airfoil shape that will allow me to use the lowest fan (wind) speed to get it to hover at a set height. Using this apparatus, I determined which of five wing profiles that I made out of Styrofoam was the most efficient. I hypothesized that the 'deep camber' wing (tear-drop shaped in crosssection) that I already had on my airplane was quite efficient, but that I could improve on it by increasing the camber (making it thicker and higher). My hypothesis was not entirely correct. I found that when I made a wing with a deep camber profile that also had a curved bottom (my wing profile #3), it performed better than a regular deep camper shape (my wing profile #1). I have since observed that birds, such as hawks and vultures, that glide for long distances have a very similar wing profile to my best wing profile (#3) which is curved on the bottom. The wings of birds are also curved on the underside and I hypothesize that underside curve helps them to achieve lift.

9 1209 Mattea Miles Expo-sciences de Blobs In A Bottle I am doing a lava lamp with chemical reactions. I am doing a experiment to see how it's gonna turn out. I am also testing if the amount of tablets ruin the whole project. I think it's gonna go well but an experiment is an experiment so you never know. In my project, I'm going to be using these materials: alka seltzer, food coloring, water, oil, and a flash light. In my project, I'm going to put in a 3/4 cup of water. Then i'm putting veg. oil all the way to the top, Then drop in some alka seltzer tablets in to the bottle with eight big drops of food coloring. I'm going to wait until they drop down into the oil and then put the half's of alka seltzer tablets. When the tablets reach the water at the bottom of the bottle, everything is supposed to bubbly and start fizzing in the bottle. I put the food coloring in so that when it stats to get bubbly and fizzy, it'll give the thing a little color so it'll look like a lava lamp. Then when you go to bed you can also put that flash light under the bottle and it will light up like a real homemade lava lamp.