Correlating Laboratory Approaches to Foamer Product Selectione
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1 Gas Well Deliquification Workshop Sheraton Hotel, February 17 20, 2013 Correlating Laboratory Approaches to Foamer Product Selectione Shane Rorex, R&D Group Leader Foamers/Defoamers
2 Outline Definition of Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) Measuring DST of various foamer chemistries on two synthetic brines Correlating DST with foam test results Conclusions 2
3 Dynamic Surface Tension (Bubble Pressure Method) The dynamic surface tension can be measured as the relationship between the maximum pressure inside the capillary tube, the hydrostatic pressure inside the capillary, and the inner radius of the capillary. The relationship can be expressed using the equation below: After foam testing, the dynamic diffusion behavior and surface tension of each σ = P max P 0 r of the three surfactants were 2 tested and observed using the bubble pressure method. These measurements were taken using a σ = surface tension dynes/cm P max = maximum pressure in the capillary P 0= hydrostatic pressure in the capillary 3
4 Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) of various foamer chemistries is important for selecting a foamer based on dynamic diffusion behavior Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) has been helpful in determining effective foamer chemistries prior to conducting field testing. Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) is not a substitute for conducting foam tests on live fluids 4
5 Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) measurements were performed using a Kruss BP100 bubble pressure tensiometer 5
6 Foam Testing Procedure Hamilton Beach Malt Mixer Pour 200 ml of produced fluid or synthetic brine into blender cup A pre-determined volume of foamer is added to represent the treatment rate tested Blending is carried out for 30 seconds, and the foam is transferred to a 1,000 ml graduated cylinder Foam height is observed and reported in ml Half-life is the time at which 100 ml of the produced fluid have separated back out of the foam. Half-life is observed and reported in seconds Feb Mar. 2, Gas Well Deliquification Workshop 6
7 Synthetic Brines tested from Field Water Analyses Brine #1 Haynesville Shale Brine #2 Grand Junction, CO 7
8 Brine #1- Haynesville Shale Ammonium Lauryl Ether Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 8
9 Brine #1- Haynesville Shale Cocamidopropyl betaine showed the best performance for Brine #1 These surfactant molecules diffused to the liquid/air interface rapidly Surface tension for brine #1 was the lowest when used with cocamidopropyl betaine 9
10 Foam Test Results (Foam Height/Half-Life) Brine #1- Haynesville 10
11 Brine #1- Haynesville Shale Cocamidopropyl betaine showed the best performance on foam tests Cocamidopropyl betaine produced a superior foam height when used on Brine #1. Cocamidopropyl betaine produced the most stable foam represented by the longest half-life 11
12 Brine #2- Grand Junction, CO 12
13 Brine #2 Grand Junction, CO Ammonium Lauryl Ether Sulfate demonstrated the best performance for Brine #2 C12 Olefin Sulfonate was similar in performance These surfactant molecules diffused to the liquid/air interface rapidly compared to the other surfactants Surface tension for brine #2 was the lowest when used with Ammonium Lauryl Ether Sulfate 13
14 Foam Test Results (Foam Height/Half-Life) Brine #2 Grand Junction, CO 14
15 Brine #2 Grand Junction, CO C12 Olefin Sulfonate produced a slightly higher foam height Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate produced the most stable foam represented by the longest half-life Both surfactants compared very closely on performance as demonstrated by dynamic surface tension and foam testing 15
16 Conclusions Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) measurements on synthetic brine can be correlated to foam testing results In addition to aiding in product selection, Dynamic Surface Tension (DST) measurements can also be for new product formulation. 16
17 Copyright Rights to this presentation are owned by the company(ies) and/or author(s) listed on the title page. By submitting this presentation to the Gas Well Deliquification Workshop, they grant to the Workshop, the Artificial Lift Research and Development Council (ALRDC), and the Southwestern Petroleum Short Course (SWPSC), rights to: Display the presentation at the Workshop. Place it on the web site, with access to the site to be as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee. Place it on a CD for distribution and/or sale as directed by the Workshop Steering Committee. Other use of this presentation is prohibited without the expressed written permission of the author(s). The owner company(ies) and/or author(s) may publish this material in other journals or magazines if they refer to the Gas Well Deliquification Workshop where it was first presented. 17
18 Disclaimer The following disclaimer shall be included as the last page of a Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Course. A similar disclaimer is included on the front page of the Gas Well Deliquification Web Site. The Artificial Lift Research and Development Council and its officers and trustees, and the Gas Well Deliquification Workshop Steering Committee members, and their supporting organizations and companies (here-in-after referred to as the Sponsoring Organizations), and the author(s) of this Technical Presentation or Continuing Education Training Course and their company(ies), provide this presentation and/or training material at the Gas Well Deliquification Workshop "as is" without any warranty of any kind, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the information or the products or services referred to by any presenter (in so far as such warranties may be excluded under any relevant law) and these members and their companies will not be liable for unlawful actions and any losses or damage that may result from use of any presentation as a consequence of any inaccuracies in, or any omission from, the information which therein may be contained. The views, opinions, and conclusions expressed in these presentations and/or training materials are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Sponsoring Organizations. The author is solely responsible for the content of the materials. The Sponsoring Organizations cannot and do not warrant the accuracy of these documents beyond the source documents, although we do make every attempt to work from authoritative sources. The Sponsoring Organizations provide these presentations and/or training materials as a service. The Sponsoring Organizations make no representations or warranties, express or implied, with respect to the presentations and/or training materials, or any part thereof, including any warrantees of title, non-infringement of copyright or patent rights of others, merchantability, or fitness or suitability for any purpose. 18
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