Hyndland Secondary School Biology Department

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Hyndland Secondary School Biology Department Body in Action Homework and Question Booklet 1 Body in Action (a) Movement... 2 Skeleton... 2 Joints... 3 Body in Action (b) The need for Energy... 5 Heart.

.. 19 1 This booklet is available online from the Hyndland Secondary School website. Any grids for graphs are also available on the site should you wish them for practice.

1 Hyndland Secondary School Biology Department Body in Action Homework and Question Booklet 1 Body in Action (a) Movement... 2 Skeleton... 2 Joints... 3 Body in Action (b) The need for Energy... 5 Heart... 5 Lungs... 7 Blood... 9 Problem Solving Body in Action (c) Co-ordination Eyes & Ears Brain & reflexes Body in Action (d) Changing Levels of Performance This booklet is available online from the Hyndland Secondary School website. Any grids for graphs are also available on the site should you wish them for practice. There is also a handy hints booklet which will help you should you get stuck, where appropriate this booklet also includes links to websites giving a more general help with the section. Answers booklet will also be made available when the section has been completed in class. Hyndland Secondary School 1 Biology Department

2 Body in Action (a) Movement Skeleton Marks 1. State the three functions of the skeleton. G 2. Name four organs that the skeleton protects. 3. The diagram below represents a human skeleton. a) Name the parts of the body which are protected by the parts labelled X. Y and Z. b) A bone is soaked in dilute acid for several days. It becomes flexible because it still contains elastic fibres. What part of the bone has been removed by the acid? 4. The information in the boxes below refers to parts of the skeleton and organs of G the body.. Copy and complete the diagram to match the organs with the parts of the skeleton which protects them. Hyndland Secondary School 2 Biology Department

3 Joints Describe the range of movement allowed by a hinge joint and give an example of a hinge joint. Describe the range of movement allowed by a ball and socket joint and an example of a ball and socket joint. give Describe the function of a ligament. Describe the function of the cartilage. 9. What two substances is bone composed of? 10 Describe the function of a tendon. 11. Explain why tendons are inelastic. 12. Explain the need for a pair of opposing muscles at a joint. 13. The diagram opposite represents the bones and muscles of the human arm. Describe the state of Each of the two labelled muscles when the arm is moved in the direction shown. 14. G The diagram opposite shows a model of the human leg in a resting position and the other in a different position. Which two muscles contracted to bring about the changes from rest to the new position? Use the letters to answer the question. Hyndland Secondary School 3 Biology Department

4 The diagram below shows a ball and socket joint in the human body. a) Where might you find a ball and socket joint in the human body? b) Describe the function of the following parts of the joint (i) Cartilage (ii) Ligaments (iii) Synovial membrane. c) Predict the effect damaged cartilage would have on the individual. Decide if each of the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. In your answer, write TRUE or FALSE. Where you choose FALSE, rewrite the sentence replacing the underlined word or words with the correct word or words. a) A hinge joint allows movement in every direction. b) Ligaments attach muscle to bone c) Cartilage reduces friction at a joint. The diagram below shows some structures in the human leg. 18. a) Copy and complete the two tables using letters from the diagram. b) What type of joint is shown at Joint X? c) Describe the range of movement which joint X would allow. Copy the following sentence and choose the correct option to complete it. Hyndland Secondary School 4 Biology Department

5 Body in Action (b) The need for Energy Heart 19. Describe the structure and function of the following blood vessels: a. Artery b. Capillary c. Vein Which blood vessel supplies the heart with blood? Name the four chambers of the heart. Describe the passage of blood through the body, starting and finishing with the vena cava. State the location of the valves in the heart. Which side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall and why? G The diagram opposite shows some structures of the human heart. a) Name chambers A and C. b) Using the letters A, B, C & D write the order which the blood flows through the heart. c) Describe the function of heart valves. d) Why is the wall of heart chamber C thicker that of chamber D? Which of the following shows the correct order in which blood flows through the heart? Choose the correct letter. Hyndland Secondary School 5 Biology Department

6 26. The diagram below shows some structures of the human heart. a) Which of the blood vessels A, B or C carries oxygenated blood and which carries deoxygenated blood? b) Name the blood vessel which supplies the heart with blood. Hyndland Secondary School 6 Biology Department

7 Lungs 27. During respiration which gas is taken in and which gas is released? Describe the passage of air from the nose to the air sacs. Explain the function of the following in the trachea and bronchi: a. Cilia b. Cartilage c. Mucus 30. Use the following words to describe gas exchange between air sacs and the surrounding blood vessels: diffusion, high concentration, low concentration Describe the features of the lungs that make them efficient at gas exchange. C The diagram below represents the thorax in the human. (a) (b) Hyndland Secondary School 7 Biology Department

8 33. The diagram below shows part of the human breathing system. 34. a) Identify by letter and then name two muscular structures which bring about changes in lung volume. b) Identify the trachea from the diagram. c) The trachea contains cartilage and cilia. Explain the difficulties a person would experience if there was no cartilage or cilia in the trachea. Copy and complete the sentence below, choosing the correct option in each case. 35. The table below contains terms relating to the breathing system. a) Identify a substance important in trapping dust particles. b) Identify a structure which allows the diffusion of gases. c) Identify two structures involved in changing lung pressure. Hyndland Secondary School 8 Biology Department

9 Blood 36. Describe the function of red blood cells Describe the function of the plasma. Explain the role of haemoglobin in oxygen transport. Describe gas exchange between the body cells and surrounding capillaries. Describe the features of the capillary network that makes them efficient at gas exchange. The following sentences describe the transport of gases in the blood to muscles. Use word or phrases from the list to copy and complete the sentences. You may use each word or phrase, once, more than once or not at all. Hyndland Secondary School 9 Biology Department

10 Problem Solving 41. Read the passage below carefully and answer the questions, based on the passage which follows. a) Give one reason, mentioned in the passage why seals need to remain submerged for unusually long periods. b) Describe two diving adaptations of the Weddell seal. c) The passage names myoglobin as an oxygen storing protein found in muscles. Name the protein, found in red blood cells, which transports oxygen. d) Using the information in the passage copy and complete the table. e) Calculate the ratio of oxygen stored in the lung capillaries of humans to that stored in the lung capillaries of the seal. Hyndland Secondary School 10 Biology Department

11 42.. An investigation was carried out into the effect of increasing the carbon dioxide concentration in the air on a person s breathing. The graph below shows how increasing the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air affects the volume of air inhaled each minute. a) By how much does the volume of air inhaled per minute change when the carbon dioxide concentration is increased from 1% to 6%? b) Compare the effects on the volume of air inhaled per minute, when the carbon dioxide concentration in the air is increased from 0% - 4% with the change when it is increased from 4% - 8%. c) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide entering the lungs per minute when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is 7%. Hyndland Secondary School 11 Biology Department

12 43. The graph below shows the effect on breathing rate and pulse rate of exercise in one individual. a) What is the breathing rate before exercise? b) What is the pulse rate before exercise? c) What was the maximum breathing rate recorded? d) Using the information in the graph, choose the correct conclusion from the choices below. Copy it into your jotter. 44. The table below shows the changes in the volume of blood circulating in a number of parts of the body before and during exercise. a) How many times greater is the flow of blood through the heart muscle greater during exercise than that during rest? What about for the muscles attached to the skeleton? b) Calculate the percentage decrease in blood flow to the muscles of the gut as a result of exercise. Hyndland Secondary School 12 Biology Department

13 45.. Study the table below which refers to blood cells. Use the information provided to answer the questions which follow. a) Which are the largest cells? b) Which cells are present in the greatest numbers? c) Apart from bone marrow where are blood cells made? d) How do blood cells fight infection? e) Which cells need iron in their manufacture? f) Which substance is essential for blood clot formation? Hyndland Secondary School 13 Biology Department

14 Body in Action (c) Co-ordination Eyes & Ears Why are two eyes better then one? State the function of each of the following: a. Cornea b. Iris c. Lens d. Retina e. Optic Nerve Why are two ears better than one? State the function of each of the following: a. Ear drum b. Middle Ear Bones c. Cochlea d. Auditory Nerve e. Semi-circular Canals Explain how the arrangement of the semi-circular canals is related to their function. Copy and complete the sentence below, using words from the list to complete the sentence. Hyndland Secondary School 14 Biology Department

15 52. The diagram below shows some of the structures in the human eye. Five of the structures are arrowed. A D B C E a) The list below gives structures and functions of some parts of the eye. Construct a table and complete it to match the correct letter with function or structure in the list. List Optic Nerve Iris Converts light energy to electrical impulses Changes shape and focuses light onto the back of the eye The retina of the eye contains two types of light sensitive cells rods and cones. The diagram below shows the arrangement of these cells in a part of the retina. a) What is the main difference in the way that rod cells and cone cells are connected to nerve cells? b) State one function of nerves. c) The eyes of whales are placed far back at the side of the head. What is the disadvantage of the fact that they cannot see objects with both eyes at the same time? Hyndland Secondary School 15 Biology Department

16 53. The diagram below shows some structures in the human ear. C a) Copy and complete the table below. b) What can you judge more accurately when using two ears instead of one? 54. The diagram shows the semi-circular canals from the human ear. The canal detects movements of the head. Describe the arrangement of the semi-circular canals and describe how this arrangement helps to detect head movements. Hyndland Secondary School 16 Biology Department

17 55. The diagram shows an investigation into hearing, carried out by four pupils. Each pupil sat in a room surrounded by loudspeakers placed all around. A beep was played from each of the loudspeakers in a random order. The pupil was asked to point in the direction of the loudspeaker which made the sound. A record was made showing if the direction indicated was correct. Each pupils was tested twice, with one ear uncovered, then a second time with both ears uncovered. The results are shown in the table below. a) What was the aim of this investigation? b) From the data what conclusion can be drawn? c) Suggest two variables which would need to be kept constant in order that the conclusion was valid? d) Calculate the ratio of correct to incorrect responses for pupil A with both ears uncovered. e) The total number of beeps when the pupil had both ears uncovered was 48. Calculate the percentage of beeps for which the correct direction was indicated. f) Explain why 4 pupils were tested rather than one. Hyndland Secondary School 17 Biology Department

18 Brain & reflexes 55. What three parts is the nervous system composed of? 56. What is the role of the nerves? 57. Describe what is meant by a reflex action. 58. Explain how a reflex action works (using a reflex arc). 59. What is the role of the CNS? Describe the function of each of the following: a. Cerebrum b. Cerebellum c. Medulla The diagram shows a side view of the brain. C 62. Copy and complete the table to name parts A and B, giving one function of each. 63. Which of the following are reflex responses? Hyndland Secondary School 18 Biology Department

Body in Action (d) Changing Levels of Performance 64 Repeated use of a muscle can lead to what? 65 66 67 68 69 70 80 81 82 Why does this happen?

19 Body in Action (d) Changing Levels of Performance 64 Repeated use of a muscle can lead to what? Why does this happen? What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals? Pulse rate and breathing rate increase with exercise, explain why. In terms of breathing rate, pulse rate and lactic acid levels, compare an athlete with an untrained person. What is meant by recovery time? Why is training beneficial to the body? As a person becomes fitter, what happens to their recovery time? What effect does training have on recovery time? C The graph below shows the effect of a training program on the number of blood capillaries in the heart muscle of an athlete. a) Describe the relationship between the distance run per week and the number of capillaries in the heart muscle. b) What was the percentage increase in the number of capillaries per mm 3 of heart muscle when the distance run per week was increased from 50km to 100 km per week? c) Training increases the efficiency of the heart. d) Explain how an increased number of capillaries in the heart muscle contributes to efficiency. Hyndland Secondary School 19 Biology Department

Structures of the Respiratory System include:

Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System include: ü Oral Cavity ü Nasal Cavity ü Pharynx ü Epiglottis ü Larynx ü Trachea ü Diaphragm ü Lung ü Bronchus ü Bronchioles ü Alveolus ü Pulmonary