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1 Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore BATHYSCAPHE For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: A bathyscaphe is a self-propelled vehicle used for deep-sea dives. Bathyscaphes can dive deeper than a person with scuba gear, and even deeper than submarines. Design features reveal that the bathyscaphe was engineered with one goal in mind: to reach the deepest depths of the ocean. In fact, the word "bathyscaphe" takes the first part of its name from the ancient Greek word for "deep": bathys. ("Scaphe" indicates a light, bowl-shaped boat.) The bathyscaphe is made of two main components: a crew cabin and a float. The heavy steel cabin is designed to resist pressure, which increases the deeper you go. The pressure at the bottom of the ocean can be 1,130 kilograms per square centimeter (16,000 pounds per square inch). Thats enough to crush submarines, so the cabins ability to withstand pressure is important for the crew inside! A bathyscaphes float has air tanks and gasoline tanks. These tanks allow the vehicle to propel and maneuver itself, as well as dive and ascend. The vehicles gasoline tanks are lighter than water. This allows the bathyscaphe to float on the oceans surface rather than sink immediately. Gasoline is also incompressible, meaning it does not shrink, or compress, under pressure. This enables the bathyscaphe to maintain equal pressure between its interior and the sea, even at extreme depths where water is highly pressurized. A bathyscaphe relies on its gas tanks to maneuver and perform important navigational functions. 1 of 6

2 The bathyscaphe begins to descend when the floats air tanks are slowly filled with water. The more water in the tanks, the deeper the bathyscaphe can travel. The air tanks are located to the side of the gasoline tanks, which help maintain equal pressure inside and outside the float structure. In order to descend to great depths, a bathyscaphe is also equipped with coneshaped containers, called hoppers, filled with heavy iron pellets. The pellets are ballast, used to control a ship's weight. The weight of the ballast, reaching up to 16 tons, allows the vehicle to sink. To ascend, the bathyscaphe releases the heavy iron ballast, held in place by magnets. This magnetic system allows the bathyscaphe to ascend even in the event of a power failure. Exploration The bathyscaphe can descend farther and faster into the ocean than its predecessor, the bathysphere. The bathyspheres cabin was suspended from a cable and could not move with as much freedom as the self-propelled bathyscaphe. This makes the bathyscaphe an important innovation in oceanic exploration. Swiss oceanographer Auguste Piccard designed the bathyscaphe. His most successful vehicle, the Trieste, was launched in 1953 and dived to 3,150 meters (10,300 feet). In 1958, the United States Navy purchased the Trieste and designed a new cabin that would enable it to reach the floor of deep ocean trenches. Equipped with this new cabin, the Trieste reached the deepest known point on Earth, the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, on January 23, Located 10,916 meters (35,813 feet) below the oceans surface, the Challenger Deep is deeper than the height of Mount Everest! An amazing feat of oceanic navigation, the Trieste expedition remained the only 2 of 6

3 manned dive to reach the Challenger Deep until the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition in March In that expedition, Canadian inventor and filmmaker James Cameron became the first person to dive solo to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Cameron and the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE team relied on research and challenges presented by the Trieste in developing their sophisticated submersible, the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER. In particular, they relied on the experience of Don Walsh, an American oceanographer who descended to the Mariana Trench in the Trieste and became an integral part of the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE mission. The Trieste is now housed at the U.S. Navy Museum in Washington, D.C., although other nations continue to pursue deep-sea exploration using bathyscaphes. The so-called "Sea Pole" class of bathyscaphe, for instance, was developed in China in the early 2000s. Little is known about this vehicle, except it is constructed of titanium and has a more streamlined, teardrop shape than earlier bathyscaphes. Vocabulary Term Part of Speech Definition air tank sealed container filled with air. ascend verb to go up. Auguste Piccard ballast bathyscaphe ( ) Swiss scientist and inventor of the bathyscaphe. heavy material, usually water, used to provide stability for large ships or other oceangoing vessels. vehicle used to explore the deep ocean. Developed after the bathysphere. 3 of 6

4 Term bathysphere Part of Definition Speech vehicle used to explore the deep ocean, suspended below the surface by a cable. Developed before the bathyscaphe. cabin area in a vehicle where crew or passengers live. cable strong set of cords or wire ropes. Challenger Deep component part. deepest measured point in the ocean (part of the Mariana Trench), about 11,000 meters (36,198 feet), located in the South Pacific Ocean. compress verb to press together in a smaller space. cone DEEPSEA CHALLENGE shape that is circular at its base and narrows to a point, often looking triangular. ongoing expedition to study the deepest point in the ocean, with a record-breaking descent to the Challenger Deep in March descent the process of going down. dive verb to descend beneath the surface of water. enable verb to empower or allow. engineer person who plans the building of things, such as structures (construction engineer) or substances (chemical engineer). equip verb to prepare or provide the right equipment. gasoline tank canister able to be filled with liquid petroleum. hopper cone-shaped chamber in which loose material is stored. material that does not shrink, or compress, under incompressibleadjective pressure. innovation something new. integral adjectivevery important. interior internal or inland. 4 of 6

5 maintain verb to continue, keep up, or support. maneuver a skillful movement. manned Mount Everest navigation adjectivecarrying one or more people. highest spot on Earth, 8,850 meters (29,035 feet). Mount Everest is part of the Himalaya range, in Nepal and China. art and science of determining an object's position, course, and distance traveled. ocean large body of salt water that covers most of the Earth. oceanographer person who studies the ocean. ocean trench a long, deep depression in the ocean floor. pellet small, rounded object. pioneer person who is among the first to do something. pressure scuba, force pressed on an object by another object or condition, such as gravity. (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) adjective portable device for breathing underwater. able to move with its own engine, motor, or other self-propelled adjective means of propulsion. submarine vehicle that can travel underwater. submersible small submarine used for research and exploration. titanium chemical element with the symbol Ti. Trieste Term unmanned deep-diving underwater vessel that descended to the Mariana Trench with a crew of two in adjectivelacking the physical presence of a person. vehicle device used for transportation. Articles & Profiles Part of Speech Definition Naval History and Heritage Command: Bathyscaphe Trieste 5 of 6

6 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved. 6 of 6

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