CONTENTS. 1. Introduction Fire Department Objectives Hazardous Materials Incident Recognition Control Zones 3

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1 FIRE TACTICS AND PROCEDURES EMSC OGP EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN August 26, 2004 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CONTENTS SECTION TITLE PAGE 1. Introduction 1 2. Fire Department Objectives 1 3. Hazardous Materials Incident Recognition 2 4. Control Zones 3 5. Personal Protective Equipment 8 6. Resources: Medical Branch 9 7. Resources: Fire Branch 9 8. Resources: Haz-Mat Branch 10 Chief-in-Charge of Haz-Mat Operations Haz-Mat Battalion SOC Battalion Safety Operating Battalion Haz-Mat Company Haz-Mat Technician Units Rescue Companies SOC Support Ladder Companies CPC Ladder Companies Haz-Tac Battalion Haz-Tac Ambulance i

2 Section Title Page 9. Incident Commander Operations: First Arriving Unit General Considerations Operations: First Arriving Ladder Companies Operations: First Arriving Engine Companies Operations: Medical Branch Units Operations: Haz-Mat Resources Large Scale Hazardous Materials Incident Emergency Equipment Inter-Agency Support System Incident Termination Procedures Post Incident Review Cost Recovery Hazardous Materials Identification 37 D.O.T. Rail Car Identification D.O.T. Road Car Identification NFPA 704 Diamond Glossary Sources ii

3 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The FDNY Emergency Response Plan (ERP) for Hazardous Materials has been established to carry out the responsibilities delineated in the New York City Hazardous Materials Response Plan and City Charter, and to comply with federal legislation (Superfund Amendment and Re-authorization Act (SARA), Title 3 and the Code of Federal Regulations [CFR] [q]. The FDNY Emergency Response Plan for Hazardous Materials will guide and direct the actions of all responding Fire Department personnel at hazardous materials operations. 1.2 In the event of any incident involving a hazardous material where there exists danger to the health or safety of emergency personnel or the general public, the senior ranking Fire Department representative on scene, referred to as the Incident Commander (IC), will implement the FDNY Emergency Response Plan for Hazardous Materials, using the Incident Command System (ICS). 1.3 The ERP for Hazardous Materials is not meant to be a comprehensive study of each of the subjects discussed. Plans for specific events involving hazardous materials will be addressed in other response plans. Formal training in these areas will complement this document to provide more information for the technical, administrative and managementoriented skills. 2. FIRE DEPARTMENT OBJECTIVES 2.1 Any hazardous materials incident represents a potentially dangerous situation. Chemicals that are combustible, explosive, corrosive, toxic or reactive, along with biological agents and radioactive or nuclear materials, can adversely affect the general public or the environment as well as emergency responders. While operations at each incident are unique, there are commonalities. Objectives for any hazardous materials incident include: Recognize the incident as a hazardous materials release Ensure the health and safety of responders Rescue and decontaminate victims Notify other responders and resources of the incident Triage, treat and transport patients from the incident Isolate the hazardous material by establishing a perimeter, Exclusion Zone, Contamination Reduction Zone and Support Zone Identify the material(s) and the hazards associated Protect the public through evacuation or sheltering-in-place Control the hazardous materials release Ensure fire control of the hazardous material or nearby combustibles Ensure law enforcement notification, evidence preservation and chain-of-custody documentation Recover and terminate the incident 1

4 3. HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT RECOGNITION 3.1 Early recognition of incident hazards and potential risk is essential. The initial responsibility for assessment of incident hazards lies with first responding units. 3.2 All uniformed members of the Fire Department receive entry-level hazardous materials training in their respective academies and refresher courses. This training, OSHA/NFPA Awareness level for medical personnel and OSHA/NFPA Operations level for firefighters, provides every member with the knowledge and clues to recognize the signs of a hazardous materials incident. 3.3 Key clues are: Occupancy and Location A. Dispatch information provided by the caller regarding the building or site, the nature of the incident or complaint, i.e. persons overcome, unknown fumes B. Knowledge from previous incidents or Apparatus Field Inspection Duty (AFID) C. Critical Information Dispatch System (CIDS) information D. Federal and state inventory forms required of sites that store hazardous materials E. Chemical databases tracked by Hazardous Materials Company 1 (HMC1) and other Haz-Mat resources F. Business name, i.e. XYZ Electroplating, Inc Container Shapes and Sizes A. Bulk highway and rail containers identified in the D.O.T. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) B. Pressure and non-pressure containers C. Design of and materials used to construct containers D. Permanent pipelines for liquid and gas products Markings and Colors A. Tank specification plates B. NFPA 704 Marking System for hazardous materials at fixed sites C. Product identification stenciled on container shell Placards and Labels A. D.O.T. diamond placards on highway and rail containers identified in the D.O.T. ERG B. D.O.T. hazard labels on non-bulk and intermediate-size containers identified in the D.O.T. ERG C. United Nations labels found on containers shipped internationally 2

5 3.3.5 Shipping Documents and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) A. Shipping documents found in transportation vehicles such as trucks (bill of lading), railcars (waybill), ships and barges (cargo manifest) and airplanes (air bill) identifying the hazardous materials carried, the quantities, the types of containers and other important clues. B. Specific data sheets (MSDS) required for federally listed hazardous materials that provide product identification, chemical and physical properties, health hazards, protective clothing, extinguishing agents and additional information Sensory Perception: Sight, Hearing, Smell, and Touch A. One or more victims exhibiting immediate symptoms B. High-pitched sound of gas under pressure escaping from a container breech C. Unplanned or unauthorized explosions D. Chemical odors E. Visible vapor clouds or other reactions created by a chemical release F. Suspicious or out-of-place packages 4. CONTROL ZONES A hazardous materials incident generally involves the escape of the product from its container or containment system. Response to an incident requires actions to minimize or prevent these discharges. Scene security and control involves preventing or reducing the exposure to any civilian or responder, as well as preventing the transfer of hazardous substances by civilians, members and equipment from the Exclusion Zone to the Support Zone. Scene control involves: 4.1 Physical arrangements and control of work areas such as: Establishing physical barriers to exclude the public and unnecessary personnel from dangerous areas using apparatus, tape or other barriers Establishing checkpoints with limited access to and from the site or areas within the site; NYPD may be requested and utilized for this objective Minimizing personnel and equipment on-scene consistent with safe and effective operations Establishing control zones based upon expected or known levels of contamination to reduce the potential for transfer of contamination. Three contiguous areas will be established: Exclusion Zone (contaminated) - "Hot Zone" Contamination Reduction Zone - "Warm Zone" Support Zone (non-contaminated) - "Cold Zone" 3

6 4.2 Exclusion Zone Hot Zone The Exclusion Zone or Hot Zone is the innermost area of the scene and is considered contaminated or "hot." All personnel entering the Exclusion Zone must wear appropriate personal protective equipment An Access Control Point must be established at the periphery of the Exclusion Zone to control the flow of personnel and equipment between the Exclusion Zone and the Contamination Reduction Zone and to ensure the established procedures for access and egress are followed The Hotline, the boundary of the Exclusion Zone, should be established initially based on the type of released material(s) and the initial instrument readings. The Hotline should be a safe distance from any potential exposure The Hotline may be readjusted based on additional observation and/or measurements. RED barrier tape should be used to identify the Exclusion Zone People, equipment and apparatus leaving the Exclusion Zone should be considered contaminated and must be decontaminated before leaving the scene. 4.3 Contamination Reduction Zone Warm Zone The Contamination Reduction Zone (CRZ) or Warm Zone lies between the Exclusion Zone and the Support Zone The Contamination Reduction Zone is an area provided to prevent or reduce the transfer of contaminants that may have been picked up by personnel or equipment exiting the Exclusion Zone All decontamination activities occur in the Contamination Reduction Zone The Contamination Control Line is the boundary between the CRZ and the Support Zone. This boundary separates the possibly contaminated area from the uncontaminated area YELLOW barrier tape should be used for perimeter identification of the Contamination Reduction Zone Entry into the Contamination Reduction Zone from the Support Zone will be through an Access Control Point. Personnel entering at this location will be wearing the appropriate level of PPE for working in the CRZ Exiting the Contamination Reduction Zone to the Support Zone requires the removal of any suspected or known contaminated protective clothing and/or equipment, following appropriate decontamination procedures Moving further away from the Exclusion Zone may allow for personnel to operate in a decreased level of PPE. 4

7 4.3.9 Decontamination Decontamination is the process of reducing levels of toxic or otherwise harmful substances from personnel, equipment and apparatus. This process is one of the most important steps in ensuring personal safety at a hazardous materials incident. A. The thoroughness and extent of decontamination operations required at an incident depends on the safety and health hazards of the contaminant(s). For example, light oil presents a minimal hazard and can be removed from protective clothing by flushing it with water. In contrast, a more toxic material will require a careful and detailed approach to decontamination. B. Emergency Decontamination may be necessary in potentially life-threatening situations to remove contaminants from victims as expeditiously as possible and may or may not involve the formal establishment of a decontamination system. C. Gross Decontamination can be either emergency decontamination or nonemergency decontamination. Its purpose is to remove large amounts of contaminants in a short period of time. Two common methods of Gross Decontamination used in emergencies are: 1. Wet Decontamination Wet Decontamination involves the use of handlines, fixed site emergency showers or the Mass Decontamination procedure. 2. Dry Decontamination Dry Decontamination involves either the removal of outer clothing or all garments worn by the individual. This may be the necessary method if atmospheric conditions are such that wetting the victim may cause other severe injuries such as hypothermia or if the reaction of the material with water may cause more harm than the material itself. D. Technical Decontamination is a more thorough decontamination process and follows Gross Decontamination. Technical Decontamination may involve the use of special solutions or equipment carried by Haz-Mat units. It is conducted to prevent secondary contamination by people or equipment leaving the incident scene. Victims have generally been medically stabilized and time is not critical. E. For the safety of all fire and medical personnel, as well as hospital staff, victims should be decontaminated prior to medical treatment and transport whenever possible. F. Separate decontamination areas should be established for emergency personnel; members may be operating on a limited supply of air and must be decontaminated as expeditiously as possible. 5

8 4.4 Support Zone Cold Zone The Support Zone is the outermost area of the site and is considered uncontaminated The Support Zone is designated as a controlled area for authorized support personnel and equipment No contaminated persons, equipment or apparatus are permitted in the Support Zone. 4.5 Area Dimensions Considerable judgment is needed to ensure that safe working distances for each area are balanced against practical work considerations. During long-term operations, zones may be adjusted The following criteria are to be considered in determining the area dimensions: A. Physical and topographical barriers B. Weather conditions C. Monitoring measurements D. Explosion/exposure potential E. Physical, chemical, toxicological and other characteristics of the contaminant(s) F. Clean-up activities 6

9 CONTROL ZONE DIAGRAM 7

10 5. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) 5.1 Structural firefighting gear is designed to protect firefighters from heat and flame. 5.2 Hazardous materials can contaminate protective clothing, respiratory equipment, tools, vehicles and other equipment used at an emergency scene. 5.3 First responders should avoid leaks, spills and obvious sources of hazards, as well as direct and indirect contact with potentially contaminated areas and victims. Full firefighting gear and SCBA shall be used at all times as a minimum of protection against exposure. Non Haz-Tac EMS personnel shall use appropriate PPE when treating decontaminated patients. Safe work practices can minimize exposure and contamination. 5.4 The use of chemical protective clothing (CPC) and equipment requires specific skills acquired through training. CPC is available to members of Haz-Mat Company 1, Haz-Mat Battalion, Rescue Companies, HMTUs, SSLs, CPC Ladder Companies, Haz-Tac units, Special Operations Command (SOC) and Safety Battalion. This type of special clothing may only protect against one chemical, yet be readily penetrated by other chemicals for which it was not designed. It offers little or no thermal protection in case of fire. No one suit offers protection from all hazardous materials. 5.5 The level of special protection required in each zone at an incident will be determined by the IC based on incident size-up and monitoring data provided by the officer in charge of the Haz-Mat resources. 5.6 The levels of chemical protective clothing defined by OSHA and the NFPA are: Level A: The highest level of skin and respiratory protection available to the responder. This consists of positive pressure SCBA inside vapor-tight chemical clothing Level B: The highest level of respiratory protection, but a lower level of skin protection than Level A. This consists of positive pressure SCBA and a chemical ensemble that provides splash protection. Level A and Level B protective equipment is available for use by members specifically trained in its use Level C: This level of protection offers minimal skin and respiratory protection. This level presupposes that the types of air contaminants have been identified, concentrations measured, the atmosphere is not oxygen deficient and the filter cartridges provided are designed for the known contaminant(s). Note: Full-face air purifying respirators (APRs) and powered air purifying respirators (PAPRs) are part of the Level C ensemble Level D: This level of protection provides minimal protection and is used to guard against nuisance contamination only. 5.7 Structural firefighter protective clothing i.e. bunker gear is not classified as chemical protective clothing. 8

11 6. RESOURCES: MEDICAL BRANCH Members of the Emergency Medical Service (other than Haz-Tac personnel) respond to an incident for the purpose of treating decontaminated civilians or responders. 6.1 Level of Training Members are trained to the Awareness Level and are able to recognize the presence of a hazardous material, evacuate from the release area or spill and request assistance. 6.2 Available PPE Available PPE is for protection against bloodborne pathogens and biological agents common to the incident types encountered. The air-purifying respirator (APR) assigned to each member is for escape purposes only EMS personnel (other than Haz-Tac) are not trained or equipped to use specialized chemical protective clothing (CPC) or special control equipment. EMS actions are limited to those described in Department procedures or as directed by the Incident Commander. 6.3 Available Units Basic Life Support Units (BLS) Advanced Life Support Units (ALS) Conditions Cars Chief Officers Logistical Support Units (LSU) Mobile Emergency Response Vehicles (MERV) CFR-D Engines 7. RESOURCES: FIRE BRANCH Firefighters assigned to engine and ladder companies, battalions and divisions are trained at a minimum to the Operational Level. 7.1 Members trained to the Operational Level respond to an incident site for the purpose of protecting persons, property or the environment from the effects of a hazardous materials release. 7.2 Actions are limited to that which may be accomplished using SCBA and structural firefighter protective clothing as described in Department SOP, D.O.T. Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) and the Hazard Action Guides. 9

12 7.3 Each designated riding position on fire apparatus has been assigned an air-purifying respirator (APR) that can only be used when authorized by the IC. This can only be done after: The air contaminant has been identified The oxygen level is between 19.5% and 23.5% The concentration of the material has been measured The filter cartridge is specific for the contaminant Air monitoring is on-going 8. RESOURCES: HAZ-MAT BRANCH Haz-Mat Resources include units or individuals that respond to releases or potential releases with chemical protective clothing (CPC), monitoring and mitigation capability. Objectives include assisting or rescuing victims, stopping and controlling the spill or release and coordinating with other citywide agency responders in the recovery and termination of the incident. Members of Haz-Mat resources assume a more aggressive role than a First Responder trained to the Awareness or Operational Level. Haz-Mat trained units are trained to the Technician I, Technician II, or Specialist Level and may approach the point of release. Duties require more specific knowledge of the various substances and special training in chemical protective clothing for use in the area of release. Training also includes knowledge and procedures for the use of specialized survey instruments, containment equipment and decontamination methods. All Haz-Mat responders assigned to tasks will always operate in teams or units. No individual assigned to activities in isolated zones will operate alone. Note: For a more detailed description of the Haz-Mat resources than what is listed, refer to the Hazardous Materials Tactics and Procedures Documents. 8.1 Chief-in-Charge of Haz-Mat Operations Chief-in-Charge of Haz-Mat Operations is assigned overall administration of Haz- Mat resources. This includes training, equipment procurement, research and development, standard tactics and procedures and interagency coordination The Chief-in-Charge is notified by FDOC and will respond as needed. At hazardous material incidents the Chief-in-Charge will support the Haz-Mat Battalion and advise the IC. 8.2 Haz-Mat Battalion The Haz-Mat Battalion Chief supervises the Haz-Mat resources at Code 1 hazardous material incidents and above. The Battalion Chief and Firefighter are trained to the Technician II level and receive additional specialized training. Note: Members designated as a Technician II have satisfactorily completed the 80-hour Technician Course. This course trains members in CPC, monitoring instrumentation, decontamination, mitigation and termination of a hazardous materials release. 10

13 8.2.2 At most small incidents the Haz-Mat Battalion will operate from a position that directly supervises entry teams and on-scene Haz-Mat units. The Haz-Mat Battalion will report directly to the IC and remain in radio contact if not nearby to provide progress reports to the IC At larger, more complex incidents the Haz-Mat Battalion may operate at the Command Post with the IC in an advisory role until relieved by the Chief-in- Charge of Haz-Mat Operations. 8.3 SOC Battalion The SOC Battalion operates within the Haz-Mat Branch/Group and may be special called to hazardous materials incidents. The SOC Battalion Chief and Firefighter are trained to the Technician II level and receive additional specialized training At most small incidents the SOC Battalion will operate in the Contamination Reduction Zone and directly supervise member and civilian decontamination. The SOC Battalion will maintain radio communications with both the IC and the Haz-Mat Battalion. This includes the supervision of the Decon Support Unit At larger, more complex hazardous materials incidents, the SOC Battalion may directly supervise entry teams and on-scene Haz-Mat units At hazardous materials incidents that involve unusual rescue operations, the SOC Battalion Chief will oversee the rescue operations. A special-called Battalion Chief shall fill the role of the SOC Battalion in supervising decontamination procedures. 8.4 Safety Operating Battalion Safety Operating Battalion oversees the overall safety within the incident control zones and monitors the control and mitigation activities of Haz-Mat personnel for compliance with standard operating procedures The Battalion Chief and Aide are trained to the Technician II level in addition to their Safety training The Safety Battalion may be special called to hazardous materials incidents Upon arrival, the Safety Operating Battalion will report to the Incident Commander Duties may include: Evaluate control zones and Access Control Points Ensure Staging Area and Operations are located in a safe environment Verify wind direction Monitor time/duration of incident Determine best response patterns for incoming units Oversee decontamination procedures 11

14 8.5 Haz-Mat Company 1 (HMC1) Haz-Mat Company 1 members are Specialist Level, completing over 400 hours of training The primary responsibilities of Haz-Mat Company 1 are: A. Continuous monitoring of the release area for potential effects on responders, civilians, property and the environment B. Identification of the released material and its hazards C. Control of spills and leaks D. Containment or neutralization of the released material E. Coordination of activities with other city agency personnel to recover from and terminate the incident Members of HMC1 may advise the Incident Commander in conjunction with the HMTUs on-scene on strategies and support. If Haz-Mat Company 1 is not on-scene, HMTUs may consult with HMC1 via 800 MHz, department radio or cell phone for technical advice. 8.6 Haz-Mat Technician Units (HMTU) Haz-Mat Technician Unit members are Technician II Level, completing over 120 hours of training These units are trained in air monitoring instruments and tactics as well as basic control, containment and decontamination procedures. HMTUs carry all levels of CPC and equipment for containment and decontamination in a second apparatus HMTU primary responsibilities include: A. Initiate on-scene monitoring to determine risk levels for rescue and control activities. Initial monitoring may be done in firefighting PPE and SCBA to determine proper level of PPE. B. Initiate rescue tactics if determined to be an acceptable risk C. Initiate control and containment activities D. Establish rescuer decontamination area prior to entry. This may be done by an engine company with a handline and fog nozzle if timing is critical and Haz-Mat resources are not on-scene. E. Begin the identification process of the released material, its associated hazards and its health effects F. Complete recovery and termination activities if within the units capabilities 12

15 8.7 Rescue Companies Rescue Companies are trained to the Technician II level. These companies carry CPC and some metering devices, but lack mitigation equipment Members of Rescue Companies can be used for assessment, search and rescue and can assist in entry, metering and mitigation. 8.8 SOC Support Ladder Companies Members of SOC Support Ladder Companies are trained to operate at the Technician I level, a level above Operations. SSLs are assigned in all boroughs to provide a quick response to incidents anywhere in the city. Note: Members designated as a Technician I have satisfactorily completed the 40-hour Technician Course. This course trains members in CPC, monitoring instrumentation and decontamination procedures necessary for handling a hazardous materials release SSL members are trained in all levels of CPC and basic air monitoring equipment and tactics and can operate in the Exclusion Zone. SSL members transport Haz-Mat response equipment in a support vehicle. Note: During emergencies and unusual incidents, these support vehicles can operate independently from their associated Ladder Company. These vehicles will be identified as a Rapid Response Vehicle (RRV) and be assigned a number corresponding to its associated SSL Company Primary responsibilities for SOC Support Ladder Companies include: A. Conduct air monitoring to identify safe zones if not already in progress B. Assist with rescue of victims if HMTU or HMC1 is on-scene and conducting air monitoring C. Conduct contamination monitoring of victims after Gross Decontamination to determine if Technical Decontamination is needed D. Conduct contamination monitoring of victims after Technical Decontamination to determine effectiveness E. Assist in Member and Civilian Decontamination operations as directed 8.9 CPC Ladder Companies Several ladder companies are trained to operate as CPC Ladder Companies. The primary objective of the CPC Ladder Companies is to perform rescue operations of non-ambulatory victims in the contaminated area or Exclusion Zone Members of CPC Ladder Companies are trained in all levels of CPC but should only operate in the Exclusion Zone when Technician companies are monitoring the environment. CPC Ladder Companies are only equipped with PPE and do not have any monitoring devices. 13

16 8.10 Haz-Tac Battalion The Haz-Tac Battalion operates conditions vehicles that are staffed by a Lieutenant trained as a Haz-Mat Medical Technician. Haz-Tac Battalion members are trained in all levels of CPC and specialize in triaging and treating contaminated victims The Haz-Tac officer is responsible for supervising the operation of Haz-Tac Ambulance personnel at the scene of a hazardous materials incident. The officer coordinates Haz-Tac activities with and reports to the Haz-Mat Branch Director on the scene of all hazardous materials related assignments Haz-Tac members satisfactorily complete a 64-hour course that includes training in using all levels of CPC, recognizing chemical exposure symptoms and treating contaminated victims Haz-Tac Ambulances Following the issuance of a Class Order from OMA, Haz-Tac members are trained to administer antidote treatments wearing the appropriate PPE for the zone they are operating in The primary assignments for Haz-Tac personnel are: A. Conduct medical management of exposed civilians and responders prior to and during decontamination operations B. Conduct medical monitoring of entry team members Haz-Tac personnel are trained in decontamination procedures. 14

17 9. INCIDENT COMMANDER 9.1 General Considerations The Incident Commander is the senior ranking fire officer on scene. The IC is responsible for all Fire Department incident activities, planning, preparation of reports, incident termination and post incident analysis The IC will implement actions that are necessary and within the capability of the resources and equipment available at the time. Additional resources may be requested when necessary. Succeeding Commanders will further evaluate the needs of the incident and refine, reinforce or expand the scope and depth of response activities The Incident Commander must be trained to the Operations level and be knowledgeable in and able to implement the Department s ERP Hazardous materials incidents may vary in severity and magnitude that will require flexibility in allocating necessary resources. The Incident Commander should use the proper Code signals to ensure the appropriate response for the particular incident. Response planning, procedures and notifications to other City, State or Federal resources will be determined by the IC and will follow established interagency procedures. 9.2 Scene Size-up The IC should conduct a site survey and size-up while monitoring progress reports from the initial Hazard Assessment Team. Some items to consider are: Nature, source and extent of the problem Potential for exposures to be negatively impacted Life hazard(s) Rescue or evacuation Resources on scene Evaluation of on-going operations 9.3 Ensure Scene Safety The IC should ensure persons entering or leaving a control zone check in and out at the Access Control Point(s) Access and egress must be secured and protected for the safety of persons in control zones. Doors, stairways and ladders should be secured. Ramps, ditches and excavations should be made as secure as possible in the event that rapid escape from the site is required. 15

18 9.4 Ensure Hazard Analysis is Performed If the presence of hazardous materials is known prior to commencing operations, the IC will confirm site control and hazard assessment assignments for the first arriving companies Each member should be alert to the signs, evidence and indications of the presence of hazardous substances during fires and emergencies. A. If the presence of hazardous materials is determined, the IC must immediately assign a company to perform a hazard assessment to determine the health and safety effects on members operating in the area. The IC will then determine whether operations can continue or should be changed to a defensive operation. B. Assign hazard identification and control to the first Technician Unit on-scene until relieved by Haz-Mat Company On-scene information gathering must be limited to that which can be obtained within the limits of each responder s level of training and protective equipment to prevent responder injury or incapacitation The IC should gather and evaluate pertinent information prior to members entering into or undertaking activities that would place units in a contaminated environment The possibility that hazardous materials may possess multiple hazards should always be considered. 9.5 Determine Evacuation or Sheltering-in-Place of civilians There are two ways to protect the public from the effects of hazardous material discharges into the environment: evacuation and sheltering-in-place. A. Evacuation: involves moving threatened persons to a shelter in another area. B. Sheltering-in-place: involves giving instructions to people to remain where they are until the danger passes. Evacuation is clearly safer with respect to the hazards, but has certain limitations and may pose new problems. Evacuation takes time and may not be possible if large numbers of persons or a large volume of vapor is present. In some cases, evacuation through a toxic atmosphere may actually cause more harm than sheltering-in-place. 16

19 9.5.2 Evacuation is best considered when: A. There is an immediate danger of fire or explosion B. The potential for a discharge is great, it has not taken place, and there is time to relocate people C. The discharge has taken place but people are sufficiently protected to permit time for evacuation D. People not yet in the path of a release will be threatened by changing conditions Large-scale evacuation will require a coordinated effort by many agencies, and the resources of the OEM On-Scene Coordinator should be requested The decision to shelter-in-place is appropriate when the hazardous material will not affect the structure and its occupants, or the hazard will pass a structure with little infiltration Sheltering-in-place is the preferred alternative when: A. Pre-planning has identified options for problem areas such as hospitals, jails, nursing homes, and public assemblies B. Evacuation cannot be properly managed with the manpower, resources and facilities presently available C. The hazardous material displays the following characteristics: 9.6 Establish the following facilities Command Post 1. Low to moderate toxicity 2. Totally released and dissipating 3. Small quantity solid or liquid leak 4. A migrating vapor of low toxicity and quantity and people are safer indoors than outside 5. Release can be rapidly controlled at the source The Command Post should be located uphill and upwind of the hazard area. The IC should notify all units on scene as well as those still responding of its location. This information should be transmitted by the dispatcher to other agencies if notified of the incident Staging Area If necessary and possible, a preliminary Staging Area upwind and uphill should be designated. The intent is to limit unnecessary exposure of personnel and equipment. 17

20 9.6.3 Safe Refuge Area(s) The Safe Refuge Area is established in the Contamination Reduction Zone for people removed from the hazardous area before decontamination Casualty Collection Point The Casualty Collection Point is an area established in the Support Zone for Medical Branch personnel to triage and treat decontaminated victims. 10. OPERATIONS: FIRST ARRIVING UNIT GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 10.1 The initial actions of first due units will depend on the following: Dispatch information Information received at the location Initial observations 10.2 Units responding to an alarm indicating a hazardous material incident should be aware of access and egress routes and wind direction Given the limited capability of units arriving first at the scene of a hazardous materials incident, premature commitment of companies and personnel to unknown, potentially hazardous situations/locations must be avoided. A cautious, methodical and deliberate size-up combined with immediate site security limits needless exposure of responding personnel and reduces the vulnerability of the public and the environment Units responding to an alarm of fire, a medical call or an unknown type of emergency should follow standard operating procedures for that incident. If during the operation it is determined that a hazardous material is present (CIDS information, visual observation, information received on scene), units must adjust the plan of action. A hazard assessment must be made to determine if a release of the hazardous material has occurred. An attempt to identify the material and its hazards should become a top priority If it is determined that the material has been released and members do not have the proper PPE, units must withdraw from the area. A defensive posture should begin with the transmission of a signal with the appropriate code. Hazard and risk assessments should continue until Haz-Mat resources arrive to begin offensive operations in the appropriate level of PPE As soon as the presence of a hazardous substance is detected or suspected, First Responders should take the following actions: Use assigned PPE as a minimum to be protected from unnecessary exposure to contaminants. 18

21 Transmit the signal and communicate available information to the IC or dispatcher, including: A. Name of the material involved B. UN/NA 4-digit ID number C. Quantity of material involved D. Type of release, (e.g. explosion, leaking valve, broken bag, etc.) E. Color of vapor, liquid or solid F. Whether it is fuming or not G. Are any reactions taking place with exposed materials? H. Symptoms patients are exhibiting (this should also go to EMS) I. Any other pertinent information Determine if any life hazard exists and if victims are trapped Isolate the hazard Control access to the hazard area Establish an initial staging area for other responders Take steps to identify the hazard and evaluate the risk without endangering onscene personnel Consult the D.O.T. Emergency Response Guidebook and Hazard Action Guidebook to develop a plan of action Implement the plan within the capability of the available personnel and protective clothing and equipment Rescue: Risk versus Benefit If initial units determine that there is a known life hazard prior to the arrival of Haz-Mat resources with CPC, a risk analysis must be done to determine whether they should attempt rescue of the victim Initial rescue actions should concentrate on removing able-bodied (ambulatory) persons from immediate danger. Involvement in complicated rescue situations should be carefully evaluated before being attempted When the probability is high that the victim is not viable, rescue or recovery should not be attempted if it will place the rescuer at unnecessary risk. The danger of exposure to unknown chemicals or a potential explosion may also make the risk unacceptable. 19

22 The following should be considered in attempting a rescue during a hazardous materials emergency: A. Are victims visible or can be heard? B. Is the victim conscious or responsive? C. Is the leaking material pooling or vaporizing in the area of the victim? D. Are the victims in an open area or in a confined space where concentrations might be higher? E. Has the material or its properties been identified? F. Is special equipment or PPE needed to assist in rescue? G. Does the trapped victim require lengthy extrication? H. If the victim cannot be removed safely by rescuers, can the atmosphere around the victim be changed as an alternative? If a decision is made to attempt a rescue, plan for: A. Back-up team to rescue or assist the entry team B. Decon handline in place and dedicated to the entry team C. Medical personnel staged nearby for triage immediately after decontamination 10.8 Apparatus positioning First Alarm Units positioning apparatus at a hazardous materials incident should consider the following points: Stop a distance from the location and approach cautiously while sizing up the incident. The apparatus can always be moved forward when it is determined to be safe Position apparatus away from the incident if not needed, allowing entry for Haz- Mat and other resources Position apparatus at the corners to control access and egress to the entire block Position apparatus to allow adequate room for ingress and egress of ambulances. 11. OPERATIONS: FIRST ARRIVING LADDER COMPANIES 11.1 First Arriving Ladder Company Hazard Assessment The First Arriving Ladder Company is responsible for hazard assessment Members of the First Arriving Ladder Company will be divided into teams. The team concept is to provide for the safety and accountability of all the members. No person involved in the operational activities of these teams is to work alone. 20

23 Officer: Supervise hazard assessment activity of assigned members A. Obtains briefing from IC B. Assigns and instructs teams regarding hazard assessment activities and limitations C. Coordinates apparatus placement with other responding units D. Reports information to IC E. Monitors Handie-talkie/radio Ladder Chauffer: Apparatus placement A. Positions apparatus out of the hazard area and as a barrier for site access control as ordered B. Coordinates apparatus placement with other responding units C. Remains with apparatus until further ordered D. Establishes physical barriers to area access using apparatus, barrier tape, traffic cones, traffic signs, etc E. Monitors Handie-talkie/radio First Arriving Ladder Team 1: Hazard identification A. Identify occupancy and location of hazards, from upwind if possible B. Identify container shape and approximate size C. Identify any visible markings, colors, placards/labels, etc D. Search for shipping documents and MSDS E. Provide primary search reports for locations entered F. Report information available and stand-by G. Monitor Handie-talkie/radio First Arriving Ladder Team 2: Information resources A. Back-up Team for Team 1 B. Access Hazard Action Guidebook & D.O.T. Guidebook, locating appropriate Guide, isolation and evacuation recommendations C. Confirm Guide Number, isolation distance and evacuation information. Verify with Second Arriving Ladder Company D. Report information to Officer E. Monitor Handie-talkie/radio 21

24 11.2 Second Arriving Ladder Company-Site Access Control The Second Arriving Ladder Company is responsible for controlling access to the site and for establishing the initial Exclusion Zone. Some members of this company will be divided into teams Officer: Coordinate / limit site access A. Obtains briefing from IC B. Assigns and instructs teams regarding hazard assessment activities and limitations C. Advises IC regarding the need for police assistance in area security and control D. Reports information to IC E. Monitors Handie-talkie/radio Second Arriving Ladder Chauffer: Apparatus placement A. Positions apparatus out of the hazard area and as a barrier for site access control as ordered B. Coordinates apparatus placement with other responding units C. Remains with apparatus until further ordered D. Establishes physical barriers to area using apparatus, barrier tape, traffic cones, traffic signs, etc. E. Monitors Handie-talkie / radio Second Arriving Ladder Team 1: Information resources A. Assist First Ladder with site assessment, back-up or information resources B. Report information to Officer C. Monitor Handie-talkie/radio Second Arriving Ladder Team 2: Initial Exclusion Zone A. On orders of the Officer, establish physical barriers as an initial Exclusion Zone using RED Haz-Mat barrier tape, utility rope, traffic cones, etc B. Remain outside Exclusion Zone to deny access until relieved or as ordered C. Monitor Handie-talkie/radio 22

25 12. OPERATIONS: FIRST ARRIVING ENGINE COMPANIES 12.1 First Arriving Engine Company Water Supply Officer: Supervise water supply activities A. Obtain briefing from the IC B. Supervise apparatus and line placement C. Instruct team regarding activities and PPE D. Monitor handie-talkie/radio Establish the initial water supply. Based on the existing conditions, a line should be stretched but not placed into operation until ordered by the IC pending the outcome of the initial hazard assessment. The premature, unnecessary or incompatible use of water can compound the hazard. The unit will stand-by out of the hazard area The initial handline should be placed upwind and uphill for the safety of the members When determining the size and placement of the handline with fog nozzle consider the following: A. Proximity to access/egress control points for decontamination of team members and/or victims B. Protection of exposures C. Run-off of the stream D. Nearby sewers and drains that may be affected Members of the First Arriving Engine Company will remain together as a unit unless otherwise ordered by the IC If necessary, members of the First Arriving Engine Company may perform CFR-D duties Second Arriving Engine Site Access Control Officer: Supervise Site Access A. Obtain briefing from the IC B. Supervise apparatus placement C. Instruct members regarding hazard assessment activities, limitations and PPE D. Coordinate with Second Ladder in Site Access Control E. Monitor Handie-talkie/radio 23

26 The Second Arriving Engine Company is responsible for assisting and coordinating with the Second Ladder Company to control access to the site Members of the Second Engine Company will remain together as a unit unless otherwise ordered by the Incident Commander to perform duties appropriate to specific tactical objectives. This may include assisting the First Arriving Engine in water supply or line placement, site control or evacuation If necessary, members of the Second Arriving Engine Company may perform CFR-D duties Third Arriving Engine The Third Arriving Engine Company should be assigned CFR-D duties for the safety of Fire Department members as well as victims removed that have been exposed or injured If the First or Second Arriving Engine Company is already assigned CFR-D work, then the Third Arriving Engine should be assigned to water supply and decontamination or site control as needed. 13. OPERATIONS: MEDICAL BRANCH UNITS 13.1 First Arriving BLS and ALS Units Establish contact with the Incident Commander Transmit to dispatcher incident type, signs and symptoms observed, number of patients, best access into incident and request for additional resources Operate upwind of hazardous materials release in the Support Zone Don available PPE as necessary A. Helmet B. Safety coat C. Nitrile gloves underneath work gloves D. N95 respirator E. Goggles/eye protection F. APR mask/hood (for escape purposes or deteriorating environmental conditions) Note: The N95 respirator and goggles are not sufficient PPE for chemical vapors Establish a staging area for incoming resources 24

27 Perform Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) on decontaminated patients in the Support Zone A. START enables responders to quickly evaluate patients respiration, circulation and central nervous system status and triage them quickly and efficiently. B. Using START, patients are triaged into one of four categories: 1. Black Tag (Deceased): patients have no ventilations present after one attempt is made to reposition the airway 2. Red Tag (Immediate): patients have ventilations present after repositioning the airway, have a respiratory rate greater than 30 breaths per minute, have an absent radial pulse or are unable to follow simple commands. 3. Yellow Tag (Delayed): patients have a respiratory rate less than 30 breaths per minute, radial pulse is present, is able to follow simple commands, but the patient has an injury that does not fit into either the Immediate or Minor categories. 4. Green Tag (Minor): patients are walking wounded Utilize Casualty Collection Points (CCP) in the Support Zone until adequate resources are able to remove patients from the scene to designated hospitals 13.2 EMS Supervisor on Initial Assignment Report to Incident Commander Assume command of the Medical Branch Establish Groups, Sectors, etc. to participate in the Incident Command System, as necessary Evaluate scene safety/security Ensure all EMS members are utilizing proper PPE and that all non Haz-Tac members are operating in the Support Zone Coordinate best access and staging area for incoming EMS units Identify or evaluate triage and treatment strategy Gather information regarding: A. Type of event B. Number of patients C. Signs and symptoms of victims D. Identification of hazardous material 25

28 Communicate directly with OMA On-Call Medical Director to confirm request and issuance of a Class Order, if necessary. Evaluate need for and request deployment of CHEMPACK(s) and/or controlled substances from the WMD Controlled Substances Depot(s), if necessary. Note: A Class Order is authorization for the use of a specific treatment or antidote kit. The Class Order is issued by a FDNY OMA Medical Director who is on scene, or is relayed by a FDNY OMA Medical Director through On-line Medical Control or FDNY Emergency Medical Dispatch Special call additional resources as needed A. Mobile Emergency Response Vehicles B. Logistical Support Units C. Advanced Life Support Units D. Basic Life Support Units E. Haz-Tac Resources (MERV) (LSU) (ALS) (BLS) (HTA/HT Conditions/HT Bat) Oversee medical care of patients Ensure hospitals are notified via Emergency Medical Dispatch (EMD) Consider alternate modes of transportation for multiple casualties (i.e. city bus) and hospital selections based on a route strategy Ensure patients are decontaminated prior to being treated and transported. Redirect contaminated patients to the Contamination Reduction Corridor Ensure decontamination of personnel as necessary 13.3 Triage, Treatment, Transport Haz-Tac members may triage and treat contaminated patients After Gross and Technical Decontamination, patients will be triaged and treated by EMS personnel at the Casualty Collection Point(s) in the Support Zone All exposed patients must be transported to a healthcare facility due to possible delay of onset of symptoms The worried-well are ambulatory persons who are exhibiting no signs or symptoms of exposure, but are requesting treatment either due to fear of the delayed effects of some hazardous materials. These people may have been somewhere in the vicinity of the release or they may have actually been exposed. These worriedwell should be directed to a designated area where they can be properly assessed and, if appropriate, interviewed by police and healthcare personnel. The number of worried-well is likely to be several times the number of persons actually affected. 26