Impact of Prior Flight Experience on Learning Predator UAV Operator Skills

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1 Impact of Prior Flight Experience on Learning Predator UAV Operator Skills Human Factors of UAVs Workshop May 24-25, 2004 Dr. Elizabeth Martin, AFRL/HEA Brian Schreiber, Lockheed Martin Dr. Don Lyon, L3COM

2 Background and Purpose A USAF Corona South 4-star general officer summit in 1997 called for a study to help determine: Type of officers needed as Predator AVOs How much and what type of flying experience is needed Training requirements survey found Predator AVOs believe: Manned aircraft flying experience necessary for effective Predator employment Pre-Predator training requirement roughly equivalent to UPT

3 Predator Ground Control Station

4 General Study Design Performance assessed using AFRL/HEA s Predator UAV Synthetic Task Environment Three tasks Basic maneuvering Landing task Reconnaissance-like task Performance measures validated using Predator AVOs Study didn t measure communication, airspace management, & other operational knowledge

5 Experimental Setup

6 Study Participants 99 participants, 7 levels of flying experience 6 experienced RQ-1A pilots 18 RQ-1A selectees (experienced pilots without RQ-1A experience) 15 recent grads from T-38 training 16 recent grads from T-1 training 15 civilian instrument-rated pilots 13 civilian private pilots 16 ROTC students with no flying experience Each participant flew basic maneuvering, landing & reconnaissance tasks in STE for hours

7 Task 1 Basic Maneuvering Conditions: Seven 60- or 90-second maneuvers requiring change in altitude, airspeed, heading Maneuvers 1-3: Change 1 parameter Maneuvers 4-6: Change 2 parameters Maneuver 7: Change all three parameters Repeat each maneuver until performance criteria are met Performance criteria were RMS altitude, airspeed, & heading deviation Outcome measures: trials to criterion, total RMS error, variability & smoothness

8 Basic Maneuvering Task Feedback

9 Basic Maneuvering Results Group effect on number of basic maneuvering trials to criterion was not significant (p = 0.074) Experience groups differed significantly in total RMS error score (p = 0.003) Groups also differed significantly in total variability (p = 0.002) & smoothness (p < 0.001)

10 Basic Maneuvering Results: Total Error 3 Sum of Normalized RMS Error (z) Predator AVOs T-38 Grads Predator Selectees Instrument T-1 Pilots Grads Private Pilots ROTC

11 Task 2 Approach & Landing Conditions Normal Crosswind Performance Measurement Criteria Measures of approach & landing precision (RMS glidepath error, impact point & speed, etc.)

12 Approach & Landing Feedback

13 Approach & Landing Results Groups differed significantly in total landing trials to criterion (p < 0.001) Other interesting group differences in frequency of dangerous landings Nose-wheel-first landings ( p < 0.04) Hard landings (p < 0.02)

14 Approach & Landing: Trials to Criterion Total Landing Trials to Criterion Predator AVOs T-38 Grads Predator Selectees T-1 Grads Instrument Pilots Private Pilots ROTC

15 Task 3 Reconnaissance

16 Reconnaissance Task Conditions Goal: maneuver so that target is visible by target camera through hole in clouds Difficulty varied by cloud-hole position, wind direction/speed, no-fly zones 30 ten-minute scenarios Performance Measurement Criteria Overall camera time on target Number of valid passes over target Penalty frequency & time for no-fly & other violations Nose-to-target camera switches

17 Reconnaissance Task EO Display

18 Reconnaissance Task Map & Feedback Display

19 Reconnaissance Task Results Significant differences in overall time on target (p < 0.001) Significant differences in number of passes (p < 0.016) Predator AVOs switch to nose camera infrequently

20 Reconnaissance Results: Total Time on Target Mean Time on Target Per Scenario Predator AVOs T-38 Grads Predator Selectees Instrument T-1 Grads Pilots Private Pilots ROTC

21 Reconnaissance Results: Number of Passes on Target 9.0 Number of Passes on Target Predator T-38 Grads AVOs Predator Selectees Instrument T-1 Pilots Private Grads Pilots ROTC

22 Conclusions Experienced Predator operators performed consistently better than other groups T-38 & civilian instrument pilots performed nearly as well as Predator selectees

23 QUESTIONS?

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