Mechanical Ventilation
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1 Mechanical Ventilation Understanding Modes Rob Chatburn, RRT-NPS, FAARC Research Manager Respiratory Therapy Cleveland Clinic Associate Professor Case Western Reserve University 1
2 Overview Characteristics of modes Pressure control vs volume control Graphical representations of modes Breath types Mandatory vs spontanous Assisted vs unassisted Breathing patterns Definitions, indications, examples Graphical representations Computer control of mechanical ventilation 2
3 Characteristics of a Mode 1. Breathing Pattern Control variable Breath sequence 2. Control Type Setpoint, auto-setpoint, servo, adaptive, optimal 3. Control Strategy Phase variables Operational logic 3
4 Control Variables P vent = E x V + R x V Ventilator can control only one variable at a time Independent variable is control variable 4
5 Volume Control Tidal volume and flow preset Airway pressure changes with lung mechanics Advantage: Minute ventilation and gas exchange stable Disadvantage: Volume and flow may not be optimal 5
6 Pressure Control Airway pressure preset Volume and flow change with lung mechanics Advantage: Better patient flow synchrony Possibly better oxygenation Potentially reduced risk of volutrauma Disadvantage: Gas exchange may not be stable 6
7 Minute Volume Volume Control Influence Diagram Tidal Volume Rate Cycle Time Inspiratory Flow Inspiratory Time Expiratory Time I:E 7
8 Resistance Minute Ventilation Pressure Time Constant Tidal Volume Ventilatory Frequency Control Compliance Inspiratory Time Expiratory Time Influence Diagram I:E Ratio Continuous Flow Rate Pressure Gradient (Affects shape of pressure waveform) Peak Inspiratory Pressure End Expiratory Pressure Mean Airway Pressure 8
9 Volume/Flow Control Inspiration Expiration Pressure Control Inspiration Expiration Pressure Paw Paw Volume P lung Flow 0 Time (s) 0 Time (s) 9
10 Dual Control Volume control to Pressure Control: Attempts to deliver a constant tidal volume while limiting peak pressure Pressure control to Volume Control: Attempts to limit peak pressure but assures tidal volume delivery Disadvantage: Requires high degree of understanding Difficult to adjust and maintain 10
11 Characteristics of a Mode 1. Breathing Pattern Control variable Breath sequence 2. Control Type Setpoint, auto-setpoint, servo, adaptive, optimal 3. Control Strategy Phase variables Operational logic 11
12 Breath Types What is the difference between mandatory and spontaneous breaths? 12
13 Breath Types Mandatory Spontaneous no no Think Patient controls start yes Patient controls size yes 13
14 Definition of Assisted Breath Assisted Ventilator does work on patient. Un-Assisted Ventilator does no work on patient. Loaded (work imposed on patient) Patient does work on ventilator. 14
15 Identification of Assisted Breaths Assisted Airway pressure rises above baseline during inspiration (or falls below baseline during expiration). Un-Assisted Airway pressure stays constant during inspiration or expiration. Loaded (work imposed on patient) Airway pressure falls below baseline during inspiration and rises above baseline during expiration. 15
16 Assisted Spontaneous Breaths Pressure Support Volume Support Automatic Tube Compensation Proportional Assist Ventilation SmartCare 16
17 Potential Confusion An assisted breath may be spontaneous or mandatory A spontaneous breath may be assisted or unassisted A mandatory breath is assisted by definition 17
18 Characteristics of a Mode 1. Breathing Pattern Control variable Breath sequence 2. Control Type Setpoint, auto-setpoint, servo, adaptive, optimal 3. Control Strategy Phase variables Operational logic 18
19 Continuous Mandatory Ventilation (CMV) Mandatory breaths Machine triggered and/or machine cycled Spontaneous breaths During mandatory breaths only, not between Key clinical concept Level of support independent of frequency (if patient is breathing) 19
20 Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (IMV) Mandatory breaths Machine triggered and/or machine cycled Spontaneous breaths Between and during mandatory breaths Key clinical concept Level of support is proportional to set frequency (if spontaneous breaths unassisted) Historically used as a mode of weaning 20
21 Continuous Spontaneous Ventilation (CSV) All breaths spontaneous Patient triggered and cycled No backup rate in case of apnea Breaths may or may not be assisted Full support may be achieved (if no apnea) 21
22 Characteristics of a Mode 1. Breathing Pattern Control variable Breath sequence 2. Control Type Setpoint, auto-setpoint, servo, adaptive, optimal 3. Control Strategy Phase variables Operational logic 22
23 8 Basic Breathing Patterns Control Variable Volume Pressure Dual Breath Sequence Continuous Mandatory Ventilation Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Continuous Mandatory Ventilation Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Continuous Spontaneous Ventilation Continuous Mandatory Ventilation Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation Continuous Spontaneous Ventilation Symbol VC-CMV VC-IMV PC-CMV PC-IMV PC-CSV DC-CMV DC-IMV DC-CSV 23
24 VC-CMV CMV Often referred to as Assist/Control Characteristics VC results in more even distribution of ventilation among lung units with equal resistance and unequal compliance than PC Selection of flow and sensitivity is critical Indications Need for total ventilatory support Need for precise regulation of blood gases Example Precise regulation of PaCO 2 in patients with traumatic brain injury 24
25 Muscle Pressure A B C no inspiratory effort small inspiratory effort large inspiratory effort VC-CMV CMV waveforms Ventilator Pressure reduced pressure indicates patient effort throughout inspiration machine triggered patient triggered set tidal volume Volume set flow Flow 25
26 VC-IMV Characteristics Spontaneous breaths may be assisted Selection of mandatory flow and spontaneous pressure support critical Indications Relatively normal lung function Rapid recovery from sedation or respiratory failure Recent data suggest it is worst choice for weaning Example Treatment of neuromuscular disease like Gullian- Barre syndrome 26
27 Muscle Pressure A B C no inspiratory effort medium inspiratory effort small inspiratory effort VC-IMV waveforms Ventilator Pressure set pressure support Are spontaneous breaths assisted? machine triggered set tidal volume patient triggered Volume set flow Flow 27
28 PC-CMV CMV Characteristics PC results in more even distribution of ventilation among lung units with equal compliance and unequal resistance than VC Pressure control results in higher mean airway pressure and earlier lung opening than VC Indications Problems with oxygenation or synchrony Example Treatment of ARDS patients with oxygenation problems 28
29 Muscle Pressure A B C no inspiratory effort small inspiratory effort large inspiratory effort PC-CMV CMV waveforms Ventilator Pressure set pressure limit Volume Flow patient triggered time cycled machine triggered 29
30 PC-IMV Characteristics Relatively simple mode Used historically for infants Spontaneous breaths may be assisted Indications Problems with oxygenation or synchrony Adequate ventilatory drive Example Treatment of premature infants with RDS 30
31 Muscle Pressure A no inspiratory effort B medium inspiratory effort large inspiratory effort C PC-IMV waveforms Ventilator Pressure Volume Flow 31
32 PC-CSV CSV Characteristics No assist = CPAP Assist Pressure Support Proportional Assist Automatic Tube Compensation Indications Weaning Reduce work of breathing or stabilize oxygenation Examples Nasal CPAP for neonates recovering from RDS Noninvasive ventilation of adults 32
33 Muscle Pressure A B C no inspiratory effort small inspiratory effort large inspiratory effort PC-CSV CSV waveforms Ventilator Pressure Spontaneous breaths are not assisted (CPAP) Volume Flow 33
34 DC-CMV CMV Characteristics Mandatory breaths adapt to changing lung mechanics Indications Unstable lung mechanics or ventilatory drive Example Treatment of patient with pneumonia and intermittent secretion problems 34
35 Muscle Pressure A large inspiratory effort B no inspiratory effort DC-CMV CMV waveforms Ventilator Pressure set pressure limit pressure limit over-ridden pressure-to-volume Bird VAPS Volume set volume target volume met before flow decays to set limit volume target not met volume cycled flow cycled setflowlimit inspiratory flow equals flow limit Flow patient triggered switch from pressure control to volume control 35
36 A B Muscle Pressure small inspiratory effort DC-CMV CMV waveforms Ventilator Pressure plateau pressure set Pmax plateau pressure volume-to-pressure Dräger Pressure Limited Ventilation set tidal volume volume limited Volume volume limited time cycled time cycled Flow switch from volume control to pressure control 36
37 Muscle Pressure A B C DC-IMV waveforms set Pmax set Pmax Ventilator Pressure plateau pressure set tidal volume Volume time cycled set flow time cycled Flow 37
38 Pressure Support Pressure or flow triggered, pressure limited, inspiratory flow cycled Level of ventilatory support determined by pressure limit Sometimes set to approximately support resistive work of breathing (through endotracheal tube) 38
39 Muscle Pressure A B C no inspiratory effort small inspiratory effort large inspiratory effort PC-CSV CSV waveforms Ventilator Pressure setpressurelimit pressure rise time increased Spontaneous breaths are assisted Volume patient triggered flow cycled flow cycle threshold Flow 39
40 Proportional Assist Pmus = Enormal volume + Rnormal flow P ( E + E ) volume+ ( R + R ) flow mus = normal abnormal normal abnormal ( normal load ) ( abnormal load ) P mus = + ( normal load ) ( abnormal load ) Pmus + Pvent = + Pvent = abnormal load = Eabnormal volume + Rabnormal flow operator settings (volume and flow amplification factors) 40
41 Muscle Pressure A B C no inspiratory effort small inspiratory effort large inspiratory effort PC-CSV CSV waveforms Ventilator Pressure Spontaneous breaths are assisted (Proportional Assist) Volume Flow 41
42 Automatic Tube Compensation Pvent = abnormal resistive load = Rtube 2 flow operator sets tube diameter ventilator calculates resistance factor 42
43 Characteristics of a Mode 1. Breathing Pattern Control variable Breath sequence 2. Control Type Within breaths Between breaths 3. Specific Control Strategy Phase variables Operational logic 43
44 Evolution of Ventilator Control Types Tactical Control (within-breaths) setpoint (PC-IMV) auto-setpoint (Pmax) Operator servo (Automatic Tube Compensation) operator-selected, static setpoints Strategic Control (between breaths) adaptive (CMV+AutoFlow) optimal (ASV) ventilator-selected, dynamic setpoints static model Operator Ventilator Model Ventilator Patient Patient Intelligent Control (between patients) knowledge based artificial neural network ventilator-selected, dynamic setpoints dynamic model ability to learn from experience Model Ventilator Patient 44
45 Tactical Control All the modes discussed so far All require the operator to set Pressure (PIP, PEEP) Volume (tidal volume, minute ventilation) Flow (peak inspiratory flow) Time (inspiratory time, frequency, I:E) 45
46 Strategic Control Characteristics Breathing pattern may be PC-CMV, PC-IMV, PC-CSV Pressure limit automatically adjusted to compensate for changes in compliance to meet target tidal volume Indications (Self) Weaning Reduce work of breathing or stabilize oxygenation Reduce clinician workload Examples Post-operative patients with normal lungs Mixed ICU patients COPD exacerbation 46
47 Muscle Pressure A B C no inspiratory effort large inspiratory effort Adaptive Control Ventilator Pressure pressure limit automatically reduced volume target volume overshoot Volume time cycled Flow machine triggered patient triggered 47
48 Hamilton Galileo Adaptive Support Mode Optimum control Clinician enters Patient ideal body weight Percent of predicted minute ventilation to support Ventilator monitors minute ventilation lung mechanics (expiratory time constant) Automatically adjusts minute ventilation mandatory breath frequency pressure limit inspiratory time Sets frequency to minimize WOB as if patient was breathing spontaneously 48
49 Any medical instrumentation that requires constant input from a human operator is obsolete Hamilton Medical 49
50 Intelligent Control Characteristics Classification of patient condition Manual (eg, by diagnosis) Fuzzy logic Rule based expert system or artificial neural network Indications Weaning Respiratory failure of various types Trauma Examples Post-operative patients with normal lungs Mixed ICU patients Emergency department 50
51 Commercial Example SmartCare (Dräger Evita XL) Knowledge Based Control 1. Automatically adjust pressure support: breathing rate, tidal volume and end tidal CO Automatically test patient tolerance of a lower pressure support level without leaving the comfort zone. 3. Attempts extubation with PS at resistive WOB. Artificial intelligence Fuzzy logic interprets patient condition Rule based expert system treats condition Operator sets patient weight history (neuro or COPD) type of airway 51
52 Characteristics of a Mode 1. Breathing Pattern Control variable Breath sequence 2. Control Type Setpoint, auto-setpoint, servo, adaptive, optimal knowledge based 3. Specific Control Strategy Phase variables Operational logic 52
53 Mode Description Utility Describe the difference in modes Pressure Support Volume Support Describe the difference in ventilators Pressure support (PB7200) Pressure support (Servo-i) 53
54 Mode Description Summary (without the brand jargon) Pressure Support Only Level 1 needed PC-CSV Volume Support Requires Level 2 PC-CSV with adaptive control 54
55 Adaptive Pressure Control Pressure Regulated Volume Control AutoFlow VC+ PC-SIMV + Volume Guarantee 55
56 Mode Description Summary (without the brand jargon) Level 3 Pressure Support PB 7200 Cannot adjust rise time (limit variable) Cannot adjust cycle threshold (cycle variable) Servo-i Adjustable rise time (limit variable) Adjustable cycle threshold (cycle variable) 56
57 Resources Get the book college level textbook 300 pages Training Software
58 Too Complicated? 58
59 Final Thought If you explain something so simply that even a fool can understand it, then only a fool will understand it." FP Primiano Jr 59
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